Simple Diagram Research Articles

Contemporary scientometric analyses using a novel web application: the science performance evaluation (SciPE) approach.

We aimed at developing a structured study protocol utilizing the bibliographic web-application science performance evaluation (SciPE) to perform comprehensive scientometric analyses. Metadata related to publications derived from online databases were processed and visualized by transferring the information to an undirected multipartite graph and distinct partitioned sets of nodes. Also, institution-specific data were normalized and merged allowing precise geocoordinate positioning, to enable heatmapping and valid identification. As a result, verified, processed data regarding articles, institutions, journals, authors gender, nations and subject categories can be obtained. We recommend including the total number of publications, citations, the population, research institutions, gross domestic product, and the country-specific modified Hirsch Index and to form corresponding ratios (e.g., population/publication). Also, our approach includes implementation of bioinformatical methods such as heatmapping based on exact geocoordinates, simple chord diagrams, and the central implementation of specific ratios with plain visualization techniques. This protocol allows precise conduction of contemporaneous scientometric analyses based on bioinformatic and meta-analytical techniques, allowing to evaluate and contextualize scientific efforts. Data presentation with the depicted visualization techniques is mandatory for transparent and consistent analyses of research output across different nations and topics. Research performance can then be discussed in a synopsis of all findings.

Representing antibiotic relationships using measurements of efficacy against clinical isolates

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worrying and confusing problem for both patients and medical professionals. Current antimicrobial nomenclature makes it difficult to understand how different antibiotics are related to one another, and their empirical uses and efficacy. Here, I attempt to address this problem by using experimental data from hundreds of thousands of clinical isolates to infer relationships between antibiotics and represent them with simple diagrams. Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a bacterial isolate for a given antibiotic is defined as the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth. Measuring MICs for multiple antibiotics using the same isolate implicitly records the relationships of the antibiotics for a given species. The basic principle is that antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action should give rise to similar mechanisms of resistance, so should have correlated MICs across large numbers of isolates. This information can then be used to calculate distances between antibiotics based on pairwise correlations of their rank-ordered MICs. I apply this approach to a large historical AMR surveillance dataset (the Pfizer ATLAS surveillance dataset, 2004-2017). Results. I demonstrate that clustering antibiotics in this way allows a simple visual comparison of how similar antibiotics are to each other based on their efficacy within a species. The resulting visualizations broadly recapitulate antibiotic classes. They also clearly show the dramatic effects of combining beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors, as well as highlighting antibiotics which have unexpected correlations in MICs that are not predicted from their chemical similarities alone. Conclusion. Large AMR surveillance datasets can be used in a hypothesis-free manner to show relationships between antibiotics based on their real-world efficacy. The resulting 'data-driven' diagrams could be used as simple visual aids to explain the complexity of antibiotic relationships and AMR.

Representing antibiotic relationships using measurements of efficacy against clinical isolates

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worrying and confusing problem for both patients and medical professionals. It is often difficult for non-specialists to understand how different antibiotics are related to one another. Here, I use experimental data from hundreds of thousands of clinical isolates to infer relationships between antibiotics and represent them with simple diagrams. Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a bacterial isolate for a given antibiotic is defined as the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth. Measuring MICs for multiple antibiotics using the same isolate implicitly records the relationships of the antibiotics for a given species. The basic principle is that antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action should give rise to similar mechanisms of resistance, so should have correlated MICs across large numbers of isolates. This information can then be used to calculate distances between antibiotics based on pairwise correlations of their rank-ordered MICs. I apply this approach to a large historical AMR surveillance dataset (the Pfizer ATLAS surveillance dataset, 2004-2017). Results. I demonstrate that clustering antibiotics in this way allows a simple visual comparison of how similar antibiotics are to each other based on their efficacy within a species. The resulting visualizations broadly recapitulate antibiotic classes. They also clearly show the dramatic effects of combining beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors, as well as highlighting antibiotics which have unexpected correlations in MICs that are not predicted from their chemical similarities alone. Conclusion. Large AMR surveillance datasets can be used in a hypothesis-free manner to show relationships between antibiotics based on their real-world efficacy.

Optimal Phase-Shift Control to Minimize Reactive Power for a Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Converter

In a dual active bridge (DAB) dc–dc converter, modulating the phase-shift ratios can suppress reactive power and increase the efficiency under non-unity voltage gain conditions. Derivation of the optimal phase-shift ratios to achieve the minimum reactive power is challenging because a DAB can operate in four different scenarios (forward/backward, buck/boost) and each scenario has five operating modes. This paper first introduces a transformation in which different DAB operating scenarios (forward/backward, buck/boost) can be equivalent to one another; then optimization of only one scenario (forward/buck) is required. Next, for the five modes in forward/buck scenario, based on a graphical method, this paper proves that each operating point of Modes 1, 2, and 5 can be mapped into that of Mode 3 with lower conduction losses, and only two modes require detailed analysis. The optimization process of these two modes are derived step-by-step. Global optimal phase-shift signals that minimize the reactive power under four different DAB operating scenarios (forward/backward, buck/boost) are presented. A simple table and control block diagram are presented for practical implementation of global reactive-power minimization control. Experimental comparison with other modulation schemes verifies the efficiency improvement of the proposed control method.

Reticulated SiC coating reinforced carbon foam with tunable electromagnetic microwave absorption performance

Three-dimensional carbon foam reinforced by the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) SiC coating possessed an enhanced microwave absorbing performance. The effect of the CVD SiC on the properties of the carbon foam was researched. As a result, the microwave absorbing performance improved with the thicker SiC coating as the minimum reflection loss value decreased from −20.67 to −33.65 dB while the bandwidth frequency increased from 5.04 to 5.94 GHz, which was ascribed to the stronger basis dielectric response networks and interface polarization. In addition, the internal relation between the impedance matching value and attenuation coefficient was illustrated to further dig the absorbing mechanism, followed by a simple schematic diagram. Given the excellent performance of the basic material and exceptional structure characteristics, it has the prospect of becoming a superior functional composite in absorbing applications.

Automobile based ultra-short pulse radar for traffic safety and traffic situation control

The paper describes an automobile ultra-short pulse radar designed to monitor the traffic situation in extreme weather conditions. With the help of certain processing algorithms, it is possible to detect the positions of the highlights from the targets on the way of the car and to indicate moving-targets from the underlying surface. A simplified block diagram and characteristics of the used radar is presented. It is demonstrated data obtained detection of a static target (car) and a moving target (human). The presented automobile ultra-short pulse radar provides information both on the background and target conditions and on dangerous obstacles on the vehicle’s route, as well as to select by category (human, truck or car, motorcycle, etc.).

The Research on Automatic Generation and Innovation of Three Degrees of Freedom Planar Multi-link Mechanism

Based on the basic principle of regenerative chains and combined with the innovation method of type synthesis and basic chain structure method, the software is produced with Visual Basic 6.0 and is used to program of the automatic design of regenerative motion chains, the establishment of the motion chain map and the topology library within 3 degrees of freedom below 8 links is completed. At the same time, the single hinge and multiple hinges are selected to achieve the establishment of complete graphs of all single hinge and multiple hinges of 8 links. Based on kinematic chains and topology maps, feature constraints are introduced, examples of multiple hinges are given, and a simplified diagram of the innovation mechanism is formed to realize the integrated design of institutional innovation.

Impact of magnetic field on shear viscosity of quark matter in Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model

We have investigated shear viscosity of quark matter in presence of a strong uniform magnetic field background where Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model has been considered to describe the magneto-thermodynamical properties of the medium. In presence of magnetic field, shear viscosity coefficient gets split into different components because of anisotropy in tangential stress of the fluid. Four different components can be merged to two components in limit of strong field, where collisional width of quark becomes much lower than its synchrotron frequency. A simplified contact diagram of quark-quark interaction can estimate a small collisional width, where strong field limit expressions are exactly applicable. Although, for RHIC or LHC matter, one can expect a large thermal width, for which generalized four components viscosities are necessary. We have explored these all different possible cases in the thermodynamical framework of Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.

Bearing Capacity of Structures Made of Materials with Different Tensile and Compression Strengths

The paper considers the problem of the ultimate load finding for structures made of a material with different limits of tensile strength and compression. The modulus of elasticity under tension and compression is the same. It is assumed that upon reaching the ultimate strength, the material is deformed indefinitely. The calculations use a simplified material deformation diagram — Prandtl diagrams. The limiting state of a solid rectangular section under the action of a longitudinal force and a bending moment is considered. The dependences describing the boundary of the strength of a rectangular cross section are obtained. Formulas allowing the calculation of the values of the limit forces and under the action of which the cross section passes into the plastic state are derived. Examples of the analytical calculation of the maximum load for the frame and two-hinged arch are given. An algorithm is proposed and a program for calculating arbitrary flat rod systems according to the limit state using the finite element method is compiled. The proposed algorithm does not involve the use of iterative processes, which leads to an exact calculation of the maximum load within the accepted assumptions.

Electronic band structure and conduction mechanism of mixed valence Te4+/Te6+ pyrochlore oxides

While many post-transition metals could form mixed valence oxides with high conductivities leading to various interesting applications, oxides of tellurium are usually insulators. The only known mixed valence tellurium oxides that show appreciable electronic conductivities are the $\mathrm{Cs}{(M,\mathrm{Te})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ series. However, experimental and theoretical investigations of the compounds are scarce. To study the effects of $M$ metal substitution of tellurium on the structural and electronic properties of $\mathrm{Cs}{(M,\mathrm{Te})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ mixed valence compounds, a series of oxides with the general formula $\mathrm{CsM}{\mathrm{n}}_{x}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{e}}_{2\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ have been prepared and characterized. Substituting Te in $\mathrm{CsT}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ with as small as 2.5% Mn $(x=0.05)$ changes the structure from rhombohedral to cubic symmetry. Based on the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray absorption near edge structure studies, we found that Mn in the samples with $x\ensuremath{\le}0.33$ is in +3 states, while samples with $xg0.33$ contain a mixture of $\mathrm{M}{{\mathrm{n}}^{3}}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{M}{{\mathrm{n}}^{4}}^{+}$. Detailed studies indicate that there are two substitution schemes depending on the $x$ values. The switching between these two schemes occurs at around $x=0.30\ensuremath{-}0.33$, which results in a change in the trend of electronic conductivity. To describe the electronic properties, simple schematic band structure diagrams of the samples are proposed based on experimental results and density functional theory calculations. ${\mathrm{CsMn}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}(xl0.33)$ contains $\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{4}}^{+}/\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{6}}^{+}$ mixed valency where both species are in the same crystallographic sites. Yet, the Te $5s$ band is split into two parts with $\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{4}}^{+}$ contributing to the valence band maximum and $\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{6}}^{+}$ contributing to the conduction band minimum. Such a splitting indicates that they are distinguishable because of a local distortion in the lattice. We found that energy levels of $\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{4}}^{+}5s$ states relative to the conduction band exhibit a strong correlation with the unit cell parameters. When the cell parameter is small, $\mathrm{T}{{\mathrm{e}}^{4}}^{+}$ is destabilized in the lattice causing its energy level to increase. While metallic conduction has not been achieved in this series of compounds, the detailed investigation in this work deepens the understanding about their electronic structures and sheds light on the possibility of designing type III mixed valence tellurium oxides.

Direct Pressure Alkaline Leaching of Scheelite Ores and Concentrates

The average global recovery rates for processing scheelite ores by physical methods are normally in the range 50 to 70%, and it is problematic to attain a minimum grade of 60% WO3 in the concentrates without penalizing further this yield. Direct hydrometallurgical processing of low-grade concentrates or medium- to high-grade ores may become an interesting global economic alternative as it allows increasing the recovery rate, avoiding major penalizations due to the grade of the concentrate and increasing the added value of the final product. Leaching of scheelite by sodium carbonate presents several advantages such as its selectivity regarding the dissolution of troubling metals like iron and aluminium, allowing for a simple and flexible process diagram. However, it has the disadvantage that it is performed at high temperature and pressure with a high consumption of reagents. The feasibility of leaching is appraised by the extraction yield and selectivity, but also by the operating cost. Considering these aspects, a relevant objective of the research was to transform alkaline pressure leaching into a feasible processing alternative directly applicable to both medium- and high-grade ores and simultaneously to low- and high-grade concentrates produced by physical methods. The research used ore samples and low-grade concentrates from a typical skarn orebody as well as high-grade concentrates from a chalcopyrite-scheelite orebody. Different operating conditions were tested. Temperature, pressure and reagent concentration showed to be fundamental, but not exclusive, in determining the leaching behaviour. The operating conditions are milder than the ones generally proposed in the literature or currently in use in industry, but with higher carbonate consumptions. The research was oriented towards potential industrial implementation allowing for the application of optimization methods and straight scale-up to pilot-plan design and project.

Hyponatremia in children under 100days old: incidence and etiologies.

Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disorders in hospitalized children. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and potentially multifactorial, making management difficult, particularly in neonates. This retrospective study aimed to determine the incidence and etiologies of hyponatremia in hospitalized children under the age of 100days, in our pediatric tertiary care hospital over a 1-year period. The etiology of hyponatremia was determined by reviewing the data noted in each patient's medical reports. Neonatal hyponatremia had a prevalence of 4.3% (86/2012 patients) and was mostly hospital-acquired (74/86 patients). Fifty-nine patients (68.9%) were preterm neonates. The etiology was iatrogenic in 26 cases (30.2%). In other cases, hyponatremia was due to transient (23 patients, 26.7%) or genetic abnormalities of the renal mineralocorticoid pathway (3 patients, 3.4%), SIADH (12 patients, 14%), digestive disease (3 patients, 3.5%), acute renal failure (3 patients, 3.5%), or heart failure (1 patient, 1.2%).Conclusion: Our findings confirm that hyponatremia is a frequent electrolyte disorder in neonates. Various mechanisms underlie this condition, most of which could be prevented by optimized management. The prevalence of genetic hypoaldosteronism and pseudohypoaldosteronism was higher than expected. We provide a simple diagram to help physicians identify the mechanisms underlying neonatal hyponatremia. What is Known: • In neonates, hyponatremia may be multifactorial, making it difficult to treat. • Newborns display partial resistance to aldosterone, and preterms have a defect in aldosterone secretion. What is New: • Four percent of hospitalized neonates had hyponatremia, 86% hospital-acquired. Hyponatremia was due to a transient or constitutional defect of the mineralocorticoid pathway in 26/86 patients (30%) which is higher than expected. • We propose a tree diagram for improving the management of hyponatremia in neonates.

Perceived Attractiveness of Structured Financial Products: The Role of Presentation Format and Reference Instruments

Structured equity-linked products hold a strong position in the asset universe in Europe, although they are often considered to be overly complex. Their risk and return profile is typically presented by simple payoff diagrams and verbal descriptions. The authors propose to complement the payoff diagrams with information on the payoff’s probability distribution and study different presentation formats in an experimental setting with multiple investment decisions. They introduce a flexible framework for designing tailor-made products, which allows them to implement a part of the experiment as an interactive exploration in which the participants experience the risk-return tradeoff and the role of different features of structured products. The authors find that displaying probability histograms can have a strong effect on the perceived attractiveness of the products by revealing the loss probability. In contrast to common practice, the present results suggest that the reference instrument shown in graphical displays should be risk-adjusted to match the risk of the structured product. Otherwise, a preference for lower risk might be misinterpreted as a preference for a specific return profile. These findings can be used to improve information documents for investors such as the “Key Information Document” required by European regulation.

Practical model of the axial magnetic field in the end region of large turbo-generators

PurposeThe axial magnetic field occurs in the end-region of large turbo-generators is known to induce hot points or voltages between laminations, that may cause insulation breakdown and thus stator faults.Design/methodology/approachIt is important to dispose of simple methods for estimating the axial flux rapidly with regard to the operating point of the machine.FindingsThe authors provide a practical model of the axial magnetic field based on a simplified vector diagram. The parameters required to build the vector composition of the flux densities are assessed with a limited number of finite element method simulations of the whole end-region of the machine. These simulations were validated by an experimental test on a real turbo-generator. Then the axial flux density was simply estimated for various operating points.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper concerns the practical model of the axial magnetic field based on a simplified vector diagram.

Regarding the Interaction Diagram of Reinforced Concrete Cross-Section

The paper deals with the problems and ambiguities that were solved while developing a computer program capable of constructing accurate interaction diagrams. These problems are not satisfactorily described in available literature. Within the paper, amongst other things, the issue of strain of concrete at the ultimate load capacity of a cross-section is also discussed. The developed computer program is available for free and it is possible to use it for the calculation and construction of an interaction diagram of a doubly reinforced rectangular cross-section. More specifically, it provides a subprogram that constructs a simplified point interaction diagram as well as a subprogram that constructs an accurate interaction diagram assuming complex nonlinear stress-strain behaviour of materials.

Facile synthesis of photoluminescent MoS2 and WS2 quantum dots with strong surface-state emission

Transition metal dichalcogenides quantum dots (QDs), especially molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) QDs, have attracted great attention as a potential candidate for the application of fluorescent materials. However, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these QDs is still very low, which severely limits their availability for practical applications. Here, we present a simple and green strategy to synthesis highly photoluminescent MoS2/WS2 QDs using femtosecond laser ablation of raw MoS2/WS2 powders in solution. The as-prepared MoS2/WS2 QDs exhibit intense and excellent photostability photoluminescence in blue region with a satisfying PLQY of 22.5%. By detailed characterization and spectroscopic study, we find that abundant surface functional groups, such as C–O, CO, and C–N, can efficiently introduce new surface-state emission centers and result in their intense fluorescent emission. A simplified energy level and electron transition diagram has been proposed to help understand the surface-state emission mechanism.

Computer vision for LCA foreground modelling\u2014an initial pipeline and proof of concept software, lcopt-cv

PurposeThe majority of LCA studies begin with the drawing of a process flow diagram, which then needs to be translated manually into an LCA model. This study presents an initial image processing pipeline, implemented in an open-source software package, called lcopt-cv, which can be used to identify the boxes and links in a photograph of a hand-drawn process flow diagram and automatically create an LCA foreground model.MethodsThe computer vision pipeline consists of a total of 15 steps, beginning with loading the image file and conversion to greyscale. The background is equalised, then the foreground of the image is extracted from the background using thresholding. The lines are then dilated and closed to account for drawing errors. Contours in the image are detected and simplified, and rectangles (contours with four corners) are identified from the simplified contours as ‘boxes’. Links between these boxes are identified using a flood-filling technique. Heuristic processing, based on knowledge of common practice in drawing of process flow diagrams, is then performed to more accurately identify the typology of the identified boxes and the direction of the links between them.Results and discussionThe performance of the image processing pipeline was tested on four flow diagrams of increasing difficulty: one simple computer drawn diagram and three photographs of hand-drawn diagrams (a simple diagram, a complex diagram and a diagram with merged lines). A set of default values for the variables which define the pipeline was developed through trial and error. For the two simple flow charts, all boxes and links were identified using the default settings. The complex diagram required minor tweaks to the default values to detect all boxes and links. An ‘unstacking’ heuristic allowed the diagram with merged lines to be correctly processed. After some manual reclassification of link directions and process types, the diagrams were turned into LCA models and exported to open-source LCA software packages (lcopt and Brightway) to be verified and analysed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that it is possible to generate a fully functional LCA model from a picture of a flow chart. This has potentially important implications not only for LCA practitioners as a whole, but in particular for the teaching of LCA. Skipping the steep learning curve required by most LCA software packages allows teachers to focus on important LCA concepts, while participants maintain the benefits of experiential learning by doing a ‘real’ LCA.

Cost Estimation of CO2 Absorption Plants for CO2 Mitigation – Method and Assumptions

The estimates of post combustion CO2 capture costs reported in the literature range from 50 €/tCO2 to 128 €/tCO2, reflecting differences in the cost estimation methods used, scopes of the analyses, and assumptions made. This variation in calculated costs is important when evaluating the feasibility of a technology and highlights the importance of ensuring consistency and transparency in cost estimations. This study establishes a cost estimation tool that highlights the effects of different assumptions on the overall cost of a capture plant and identifies the crucial technical and economic factors. The input is a simplified process flow diagram and equipment list. Detailed installation factors and the equipment cost are the two main elements used to derive the capital expenditures (CAPEX), which represent a fundamental component of the cost estimation approach. A detailed installation factor sheet is used for the capital cost estimation. The method is applied to a Base case that involves the capture of CO2 from the flue gas of a process industry, giving a capture cost of 62.5 €/tCO2. The Base case results reveal that the steam cost, electricity cost, and capital cost are the main contributors. This method can provide an overview of the main cost drivers, and a sensitivity analysis of the variable input parameters can be performed simply and quickly. The results obtained using this method can be valuable in the early phase of the project and contribute to decision making.

Representing antibiotic relationships using measurements of efficacy against clinical isolates

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worrying and confusing problem for both patients and medical professionals. It is often difficult for non-specialists to understand how different antibiotics are related to one another. Here, I use experimental data from hundreds of thousands of clinical isolates to infer relationships between antibiotics and represent them with simple diagrams. Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a bacterial isolate for a given antibiotic is defined as the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth. Measuring MICs for multiple antibiotics using the same isolate implicitly records the relationships of the antibiotics for a given species. The basic principle is that antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action should give rise to similar mechanisms of resistance, so should have correlated MICs across large numbers of isolates. This information can then be used to calculate distances between antibiotics based on pairwise correlations of their rank-ordered MICs. I apply this approach to a large historical AMR surveillance dataset (the Pfizer ATLAS surveillance dataset, 2004-2017). Results. I demonstrate that clustering antibiotics in this way allows a simple visual comparison of how similar antibiotics are to each other based on their efficacy within a species. The resulting visualizations broadly recapitulate antibiotic classes. They also clearly show the dramatic effects of combining beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors, as well as highlighting antibiotics which have unexpected correlations in MICs that are not predicted from their chemical similarities alone. Conclusion. Large AMR surveillance datasets can be used in a hypothesis-free manner to show relationships between antibiotics based on their real-world efficacy.

Performance Analysis of Four Dimensional Turbo Code (4D-TC) Using Moment Based Simplified Augmented State Diagram (MSASD) Approach: Extension to LTE System

Thought provoking “Turbo Code” (TC) is found to be as one of the competent error control coding schemes not only for its amazing “Bit Error Rate” (BER) act but also for its proficiency in secured data transmission with least errors. However, “TC” is incapable of lessening the knocking down effect because of low “Minimum Hamming Distance (MHD)” $$d_{\hbox{min} }$$ . This problem can be resolved either by designing greater memory driven “TCs” or by conniving a coding system driven by higher number of encoding units. Moreover, the evaluation of “constricted and accurate upper bound” on “BER” can be considered as another interesting scope of research in this regard. Inspired by this research orientation, in this article, the Moment based Simplified Augmented State Diagram (MSASD) has been proposed to evaluate the “Transfer Function” for the assessment of the “upper bound” on the “BER” act of the “4D-TC” scheme. For this purpose, “BER” act of the two memories driven “4D-TC” model has been inspected using “simulation”, “Augmented State Diagram” (ASD) and “MSASD” techniques. Moreover, a qualified investigation has been done on the “BER” performances of the “4D-TC” for different code rates. Furthermore, the “BER” behavior of the “4D-TC” has been compared with “3D-TC” using three different approaches namely, “simulation”, “ASD” and “MSASD”. Finally, a comprehensive BER comparison among different forms of TCs has been performed in LTE system under different fading channel conditions.