Simple Logic Research Articles

Experimental verification of active damping of powertrain vibrations with simple fuzzy logic compensation for time-varying control period

To ensure comfortability and lifetime of components, transient vibrations in a vehicle powertrain must be suppressed. This study proposes a novel active vibration control strategy with straightforward fuzzy inference compensation for time-fluctuations of control periods of engines used as actuators. First, a model prediction algorithm including a sampled-data controller (SDC) is applied for addressing the maximal phase lag of the control input caused by the fluctuated control period. Fluctuated renewal timings of the control input that are deviated from those of the periodical operated SDC are defined by fuzzy sets. These fuzzy sets are expressed as “Nearly past timing” and “Nearly future timing.” Using a human-intuition-like fuzzy compensation with only four inference rules, unknown control inputs at fluctuated update timings are reasonably determined from such fuzzy sets and periodical control signals given by the SDC. Experiments using an actual test device are performed to investigate the damping performance of the proposed control scheme. The experimental tests demonstrate that the novel active damping strategy significantly reduces transient vibrations despite the fluctuated control period. Moreover, several different test conditions newly reveal the robustness of the fuzzy compensation against fluctuations of variable regions in the control periods.

A Simple Logic of the Hide and Seek Game

We discuss a simple logic to describe one of our favourite games from childhood, hide and seek, and show how a simple addition of an equality constant to describe the winning condition of the seeker makes our logic undecidable. There are certain decidable fragments of first-order logic which behave in a similar fashion with respect to such a language extension, and we add a new modal variant to that class. We discuss the relative expressive power of the proposed logic in comparison to the standard modal counterparts. We prove that the model checking problem for the resulting logic is $$\textsf{P}$$ -complete. In addition, by exploring the connection with related product logics, we gain more insight towards having a better understanding of the subtleties of the proposed framework.

A qualitative process evaluation using the behaviour change wheel approach: Did a whole genome sequence report form (SRF) used to reduce nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 within UK hospitals operate as anticipated?

The aim of this study was to conduct a process evaluation of a whole-genome sequence report form (SRF) used to reduce nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 through changing infection prevention and control (IPC) behaviours within the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a three-staged design. Firstly, we described and theorized the purported content of the SRF using the behaviour change wheel (BCW). Secondly, we used inductive thematic analysis of one-to-one interviews (n = 39) to explore contextual accounts of using the SRF. Thirdly, further deductive analysis gauged support for the intervention working as earlier anticipated. It was possible to theorize the SRF using the BCW approach and visualize it within a simple logic model. Inductive thematic analyses identified the SRF's acceptability, ease of use and perceived effectiveness. However, major challenges to embedding it in routine practice during the unfolding COVID-19 crisis were reported. Notwithstanding this insight, deductive analysis showed support for the putative intervention functions 'Education', 'Persuasion' and 'Enablement'; behaviour change techniques '1.2 Problem solving', '2.6 Biofeedback', '2.7 Feedback on outcomes of behaviour' and '7.1 Prompts and cues'; and theoretical domains framework domains 'Knowledge' and 'Behavioural regulation'. Our process evaluation of the SRF, using the BCW approach to describe and theorize its content, provided granular support for the SRF working to change IPC behaviours as anticipated. However, our complementary inductive thematic analysis highlighted the importance of the local context in constraining its routine use. For SRFs to reach their full potential in reducing nosocomial infections, further implementation research is needed.

Metal ion-induced assembly of dipeptide-attached perylenediimide for fluorometric "turn on" detection of biologically important small molecule.

A dipeptide-appended perylenediimide (PDI-CFF) fluorescent molecule was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Though the molecule does not dissolve in any individual solvent, it dissolves well in an organic/water mixed solvent system such as tetrahydrofuran/water. This new fluorescent molecule was self-assembled in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture to form both nanofibrous network structures and a nano ring structure. It has shown nanofibril morphology by the interactions with ferric ions (PDI-CFF/Fe3+ system) with diminishing fluorescent property. Interestingly, L-ascorbic acid (LAA) interacts with the PDI-CFF/Fe3+ system, showing turn-on fluorescence. Another interesting feature is that the minimum detection limits for Fe3+ ions and LAA are at the submicromolar levels of 6.2 × 10-8 and 3 × 10-8 M, respectively. Moreover, the fluorescent (10μM) signals can be monitored by the naked eye under handheld UV lamp irradiation at 365 nm, and this is very convenient for the real application. In this study, the molecule offers the opportunity for processing these sequential fluorescence responses in order to fabricate a implication logic gate that includes NOT, AND, and OR simple logic gates using chemical stimuli (ferric ions and LAA) as inputs and fluorescence emission at 536 nm as output. The detailed mechanism of interactions of Fe3+ with PDI-CFF and LAA with the PDI-CFF/Fe3+ system is vividly studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and fluorescence. Moreover, this new molecule was reusable for several times without significant loss of its activity. The construction of logic gates using biologically important molecules/ions holds future promise for the design and development of new bio-logic gates.

АНАЛИЗ ГРАФИКОВ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ТОКА НАСОСОМ И ПРИЧИН УТЕЧКИ ЖИДКОСТИ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ НАСЕЛЁННЫХ ПУНКТОВ

The water supply system with a frequency converter device, used in rural settlements located on the territory of the Chuvash Republic and Nizhny Novgorod region, does not always detect the fact of fluid leakage, which entails inevitable losses of electrical energy. This significantly increases the loss of raw materials and the likelihood of draining the well. It is possible to determine a leak in such water supply systems by digitizing the operating parameters of a borehole pump and transmitting this information using the OwenCloud cloud service developed by OWEN. The purpose of the research is to determine the leakage of liquid in the water supply system of rural settlements based on indirect observation and comparative analysis of the total pump operation time per day. The studies were carried out on working days from February 3 to February 9 and during November 1, 2022. For digitization, a PM210 network gateway was used, which transmitted the operation parameters of the frequency converter (the existing control station) via the RS-485 interface, and then to the cloud environment using SIM cards. The digitized data from the cloud environment was processed in the application program according to a given algorithm with simple logic and the total operating time of the pump per day was determined. Based on these calculations, the presence of a fluid leak in the water supply system was established. Determination of the total pump operation time per day by digitizing and analyzing current consumption indicators will significantly speed up the response time to an emergency situation in the water supply system.

L-2L ladder digital-to-analogue converter for dynamics generation of chemical concentrations.

Cellular response to dynamic chemical stimulation encodes rich information about the underlying reaction pathways and their kinetics. Microfluidic chemical stimulators play a key role in generating dynamic concentration waveforms by mixing several aqueous solutions. In this article, we propose a multi-layer microfluidic chemical stimulator capable of modulating chemical concentrations by a simple binary logic based on the electronic-hydraulic analogy of electronic R-2R ladder circuits. The proposed device, which we call L-2L ladder digital-to-analogue converter (DAC), allows us to systematically modulate 2 n levels of concentrations from single sources of solution and solvent by a single operation of 2n membrane valves, which contrasts with existing devices that require complex channel geometry with multiple input sources and valve operations. We fabricated the L-2L ladder DAC with n = 3 bit resolution and verified the concept by comparing the generated waveforms with computational simulations. The response time of the proposed DAC was within the order of seconds because of its simple operation logic of membrane valves. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the waveforms revealed that the transient concentration can be systematically predicted by a simple addition of the transient waveforms of 2n = 6 base patterns, enabling facile optimization of the channel geometry to fine-tune the output waveforms.

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

Seamless Fault-Tolerant Control for Cascaded H-bridge Converters Based Battery Energy Storage System

This article presents a phase-shifted pulsewidth-modulation-based fault-tolerant approach for the cascaded H-bridge-based battery energy storage system to ride through the single switch fault. When the fault occurs, the faulty cell is bypassed first. Afterwards, the missing voltage levels of the faulty cell are compensated by the remaining healthy cells to maintain the line-to-line voltages balanced. The compensation of the missing voltage levels presented is achieved by simple logic operation without modifying three-phase voltage references and phase-shifted angles of carriers, which enables seamless operation and enhances the system stability. In addition, the detailed active power control strategy used for state-of-charge balancing of the battery units is proposed and discussed. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulation and experimental results.

Penerapan Model Contextual Teaching and Learning dengan Mengunakan Alat Peraga Instalasi Listrik Sederhana untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penalaran Siswa pada Materi Logika di Kelas X Multimedia SMK Negeri 5 Singkawang

Students reasoning abilities in learning mathematics are still low especially in class X Multimedia SMK Negeri 5 Singkawang. This research was conducted based on the lack of reasoning levels of some students in learning mathematics, therefore the researchers tried to overcome these problems in learning mathematical logic. Problems that can be identified are as follows, 1) students' reasoning abilities are lacking, 2) learning models are less effective and previous learning does not use learning media. The purpose of this study was to improve students' reasoning abilities on logic material in class X Multimedia SMK Negeri 5 Singkawang using the CTL (Contextual Teaching and Learning) learning model equipped with simple electrical installation logic demonstration media. The subjects of this study were students of class X Multimedia where the number of students was 36 students. This classroom action research procedure consisted of 2 cycles, each cycle consisting of 1 meeting consisting of 3 x 45 minutes. From the process of the stages in the research that has been carried out, it is evident that the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model used in learning mathematical logic material by using the help of simple electrical installation logic aids can improve student learning reasoning which was originally a completeness level of 13.89% to 80.5% in cycle I while in cycle II to 100% and can also improve the learning process, which was originally still low to be good in cycle I and in cycle II to be very good. The use of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model is complemented by learning media in the form of simple electrical installation logic props capable of increasing students' reasoning on logic material in class X multimedia at SMK Negeri 5. This is proven that the average value of individual test results in cycle I was 74.72 with 80.5% classical completeness. whereas in cycle II the average value of individual test results increased by 91.67 with classical completeness of 100%.

Robustness and reproducibility of simple and complex synthetic logic circuit designs using a DBTL loop.

Computational tools addressing various components of design-build-test-learn (DBTL) loops for the construction of synthetic genetic networks exist but do not generally cover the entire DBTL loop. This manuscript introduces an end-to-end sequence of tools that together form a DBTL loop called Design Assemble Round Trip (DART). DART provides rational selection and refinement of genetic parts to construct and test a circuit. Computational support for experimental process, metadata management, standardized data collection and reproducible data analysis is provided via the previously published Round Trip (RT) test-learn loop. The primary focus of this work is on the Design Assemble (DA) part of the tool chain, which improves on previous techniques by screening up to thousands of network topologies for robust performance using a novel robustness score derived from dynamical behavior based on circuit topology only. In addition, novel experimental support software is introduced for the assembly of genetic circuits. A complete design-through-analysis sequence is presented using several OR and NOR circuit designs, with and without structural redundancy, that are implemented in budding yeast. The execution of DART tested the predictions of the design tools, specifically with regard to robust and reproducible performance under different experimental conditions. The data analysis depended on a novel application of machine learning techniques to segment bimodal flow cytometry distributions. Evidence is presented that, in some cases, a more complex build may impart more robustness and reproducibility across experimental conditions. Graphical Abstract.

V-Type Firing Pattern in Blasting: Evidence to Substantiate the Improved Fragmentation

Firing sequence of blastholes in blasting is an inherent part of the blast design for various reasons that range from the spatial requirements to the control of throw during blasting in surface mines. Despite several such patterns in vogue, role of firing sequences in defining the size of fragmented block sizes is not properly understood. The V-type firing pattern is believed to improve blast fragmentation because of the collision of moving fragments during the blasting process, thus resulting in further breakage. There are practically negligible studies that substantiate this assertion. The role of V-type firing pattern has been explored in this paper with simple logic and some field data. It is observed that the V-type firing pattern produces better fragmentation and controls the throw during blasting. A comparison with diagonal firing pattern, in controlled experiments, makes it evident that V-type firing pattern can be used to advantage for fragmentation improvement.

Simplification logic for the management of unknown information

This paper aims to contribute to the extension of classical Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), allowing the management of unknown information. In a preliminary paper, we define a new kind of attribute implications to represent the knowledge from the information currently available. The whole FCA framework has to be appropriately extended to manage unknown information. This paper introduces a new logic for reasoning with this kind of implications, which belongs to the family of logics with an underlying Simplification paradigm. Specifically, we introduce a new algebra, named weak dual Heyting Algebra, that allows us to extend the Simplification logic for these new implications. To provide a solid framework, we also prove its soundness and completeness and show the advantages of the Simplification paradigm. Finally, to allow further use of this extension of FCA in applications, an algorithm for automated reasoning, which is directly built from logic, is defined.

An Efficient Digital Channelized Receiver for Low SNR and Wideband Chirp Signals Detection

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is essential for obtaining intelligence in modern information warfare. Wideband chirp signals with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are widely used in SAR. Intercepting low-SNR wideband chirp signals is of great significance for anti-SAR reconnaissance. Digital channelization technology is an effective means to intercept wideband signals. The existing digital channelization methods have the following problems: the contradiction of reception blind zone and signal spectrum aliasing, high computational complexity, and low estimating accuracy for chirp signals with a low SNR. This paper proposes a non-critical sampling digital channelized receiver architecture to intercept chirp signals. The receiver architecture has no blind zone in channel division and no aliasing of signal spectrum in the channel, which can provide reliable instantaneous frequency measurements. An adaptive threshold generation algorithm is proposed to detect signals without prior information. In addition, an improved instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) algorithm is proposed, improving low SNR chirp signals’ frequency estimation accuracy. Moreover, a simple channel arbitration logic is proposed to complete the cross-channel combination of wideband signals. Simulations show that the proposed receiver architecture is reliable and robust for low SNR and wideband chirp signal detection. When the input SNR is 0 dB, the absolute frequency root-mean-square error (RMSE) of bandwidth and the center frequency is 0.57 MHz and 1.05 MHz, respectively. This frequency accuracy is great for radio frequency (RF) wideband systems.

Smart Contracts for Managing the Chain-of-Custody of Digital Evidence: A Practical Case of Study

The digital revolution is renewing many aspects of our lives, which is also a challenge in judicial processes, such as the Chain-of-Custody (CoC) process of any electronic evidence. A CoC management system must be designed to guarantee them to maintain its integrity in court. This issue is essential for digital evidence’s admissibility and probative value. This work has built and validated a real prototype to manage the CoC process of any digital evidence. Our technological solution follows a process model that separates the evidence registry and any evidence itself for scalability purposes. It includes the development of an open-source smart contract under Quorum, a version of Ethereum oriented to private business environments. The significant findings of our analysis have been: (1) Blockchain networks can become a solution, where integrity, privacy and traceability must be guaranteed between untrustworthy parties; and (2) the necessity of promoting the standardization of CoC smart contracts with a secure, simple process logic. Consequently, these contracts should be deployed in consortium environments, where reliable, independent third parties validate the transactions without having to know their content.

Terbium-based metal-organic frameworks through energy transfer modulation for visual logical sensing zinc and fluorine ions

Zinc is the second most abundant trace element in the human central nervous system, which is closely related to various physiological activities in the human body. Fluoride ion is one of the most harmful elements in drinking water. Excessive intake of F− may cause dental fluorosis, renal failure, or DNA damage. Therefore, it is urgent to develop sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of Zn2+ and F− ions at the same time. In this work, a series of mixed lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) probes are synthesized using a simple method of in situ doping. The luminous color can be finely modulated by changing the molar ratio of Tb3+ and Eu3+ during synthesis. Benefiting from the unique energy transfer modulation mechanism, the probe has the continuous detection capability of zinc ions and fluoride ions. The detection of Zn2+ and F− in a real environment shows that the probe has a good practical application prospect. The as-designed sensor at 262 nm excitation can sequentially detect Zn2+ concentrations ranging from 10−8 to 10−3 M (LOD = 4.2 nM) and F− levels ranging from 10−5 to 10−3 M (LOD = 3.6 μM) with high selectivity. Based on different output signals, a simple Boolean logic gate device is constructed to realize intelligent visualization of Zn2+ and F− monitoring.

An improved local error estimate in adaptive finite element analysis based on element energy projection technique

PurposeAn improved adaptive finite element analysis based on local error estimate is proposed via the element energy projection (EEP) technique. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned idea.Design/methodology/approachThe computational region for a posteriori error estimation based on EEP method is further confined to a critical set of local elements generated in the previous adaptive step, enhancing efficiency while maintaining accuracy. The adaptive procedure incorporated with hierarchical mesh refinement is then developed.FindingsThe effectiveness of the improved error estimation of the overall adaptive analysis is confirmed by several benchmark examples. The results show that the shrinkage of the local computational region has little negative influence on the accuracy of a posteriori error estimation, thus yielding an improved adaptive procedure with simplified logic and reduced cost.Originality/valueBy localizing the computational region for error estimation, two crucial but cumbersome tricks, i.e. treatments of virtual elements and hanging nodes, are removed, giving the proposed approach full clarity and flexibility. The improved adaptive procedure characterizes simpler and faster computational algorithm and can produce results with required accuracy measured in maximum norm.

Modelling, testing and validation of an innovative AEB control logic on a Hardware-in-the-loop test bench

AEB, autonomous emergency braking, is an active safety system designed to prevent vehicle frontal collision. The most diffused AEB systems are based on simple Bang Bang control logic, which could often avoid, or at least mitigate collision effects, but their effectiveness can still be improved by increasing system repeatability. The aim of this study is to model and test an innovative AEB control logic that will increase system reliability by compensating for the non-immediate response of the braking system to braking requests. Using a hardware-in-the-loop test bench with two different braking systems implemented, the new controller was tested simulating the CCRs and CCRm scenarios, used by Euro NCAP for AEB system assessment. By compensating for the delay introduced by the response of two different braking systems, the innovative control logic stops the VUT, Vehicle Under Test, at the desired safety distance from the GVT, Global Vehicle Target.

Tuning Local Conductance to Enable Demonstrator Ferroelectric Domain Wall Diodes and Logic Gates

AbstractFundamentally, lithium niobate is a good electrical insulator. However, this can change dramatically when 180° domain walls are present, as they are often found to be strongly conducting. Conductivities depend on the inclination angles of walls with respect to the polarization axis and so, if these angles can be altered, then electrical conduction can be tuned, or toggled on and off. In ≈500 nm thick z‐cut ion‐sliced thin films, localized wall angle variations can be controlled by both the sense and magnitude of applied electrical bias. It is shown that this results in diode‐like behaviour, allowing half‐wave rectification at modest frequencies. Importantly, it is experimentally demonstrated that these domain wall diodes can be used to construct “AND” and inclusive “OR” logic gates, where “0” and “1” output states are clearly distinguishable. Extrapolation to more complex arrangements shows that output states can still be distinguished in two‐level cascade logic. Insights show that simple logic circuits can be realized by localized manipulation of domain wall conductivity. Our research complements that by Jie Sun et al. (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2207418 (2022)), where NOT, NOR, and NAND gates are realized by moving conducting domain walls to make or break electrical contacts.

A Compositional Theory of Linearizability

Compositionality is at the core of programming languages research and has become an important goal toward scalable verification of large systems. Despite that, there is no compositional account of linearizability, the gold standard of correctness for concurrent objects.In this paper, we develop a compositional semantics for linearizable concurrent objects. We start by showcasing a common issue, which is independent of linearizability, in the construction of compositional models of concurrent computation: interaction with the neutral element for composition can lead to emergent behaviors, a hindrance to compositionality. Category theory provides a solution for the issue in the form of the Karoubi envelope. Surprisingly, and this is the main discovery of our work, this abstract construction is deeply related to linearizability and leads to a novel formulation of it. Notably, this new formulation neither relies on atomicity nor directly upon happens-before ordering and is only possible because of compositionality, revealing that linearizability and compositionality are intrinsically related to each other.We use this new, and compositional, understanding of linearizability to revisit much of the theory of linearizability, providing novel, simple, algebraic proofs of the locality property and of an analogue of the equivalence with observational refinement. We show our techniques can be used in practice by connecting our semantics with a simple program logic that is nonetheless sound concerning this generalized linearizability.

Differentiation of Wheat Diseases and Pests Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology with a Few Specific Bands

Hyperspectral imaging technique is known as a promising non-destructive way for detecting plants diseases and pests. In most previous studies, the utilization of the whole spectrum or a large number of bands as well as the complexity of model structure severely hampers the application of the technique in practice. If a detection system can be established with a few bands and a relatively simple logic, it would be of great significance for application. This study established a method for identifying and discriminating three commonly occurring diseases and pests of wheat, i.e., powdery mildew, yellow rust and aphid with a few specific bands. Through a comprehensive spectral analysis, only three bands at 570, 680 and 750 nm were selected. A novel vegetation index namely Ratio Triangular Vegetation Index (RTVI) was developed for detecting anomalous areas on leaves. Then, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method was applied to construct the discrimination model based on the spectral ratio analysis. The validating results suggested that the proposed method with only three spectral bands achieved a promising accuracy with the Overall Accuracy (OA) of 83%. With three bands from the hyperspectral imaging data, the three wheat diseases and pests were successfully detected and discriminated. A stepwise strategy including background removal, damage lesions recognition and stresses discrimination was proposed. The present work can provide a basis for the design of low cost and smart instruments for disease and pest detection.