Simplex Lattice Mixture Design Research Articles

Effect of free foaming and pre-curing on the thermal, morphological and physical properties of reclaimed tyre rubber foam composites

Foaming of rubber is a well-known technique and foamed rubber products have found application in various industries including cushioning, heat insulation and sound absorption. In the current study, the foaming of reclaimed tyre rubber (RTR), as an alternative to virgin rubber, is explored. The effect of varying the amounts of waste ethylene vinyl acetate (filler), sodium bicarbonate (blowing agent) and dicumyl peroxide (co-curative) on the RTR properties was studied. Composites formulations were obtained by use of the simplex-lattice mixture design and the samples were prepared by following two foaming techniques namely, prepressing and free foaming. Hardness of free foamed samples was found to be lower than that of prepressed samples, owing to effective foaming and the formation of multiple microcells in the former. An increase in blowing agent content resulted in decreased density and thermal stability of the foamed composites. Dicumyl peroxide caused an increase in density but had no effect on thermal stability. The incorporation of a filler in formulations effected an increase in the gel content and thermal stability of the foams. Free foamed samples exhibited higher shrinkage with an increase in both waste ethylene vinyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate. However, dicumyl peroxide significantly increased the shrinkage of prepressed samples, whereas sodium bicarbonate decreased the gel content and thermal stability of both free foamed and prepressed samples. It is demonstrated in the current work that both foaming processes are applicable for RTR and the choice of the processing method is dependent on the desired properties of the composites.

Textural, rheological and pasting properties of dough enriched with einkorn, cranberry bean and potato flours, using simplex lattice mixture design

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the addition of einkorn, cranberry bean and potato flours on the pasting characteristics of the mixture as well as the rheological properties of ...

A simplex lattice design to optimise active modified atmosphere for storing pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) arils: Part II, determining optimum gas for maintaining quality attributes

A simplex lattice mixture design approach was introduced to select and identify optimum gas composition for individual quality attributes of pomegranate arils stored at 10 °C for 9 days. The partial pressure of O2, CO2 and N2 were chosen as factors and visual quality, physicochemical attributes, antioxidant properties and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were taken as response variables. Special cubical models were generated for the response variables and seven interactive terms were selected. Based on coefficients of model parameter estimates (β1, β2, β3, β12, β13, β23 and β123) and ternary contour plots, the component interaction of O2, CO2 and N2 were characterised. Single gas components had a synergetic effect on all response variables, however, binary and ternary interaction effects of gases varied across the responses. CO2 was the most important factor affecting visual colour, instrumental texture and VOCs (Aldehydes, Ketones Monoterpenes). Oxygen played a significant role towards colour attributes, organic acid, promoted surface decay and stimulated alcohol VOCs. Variability of optimum gas mixtures for individual quality parameters was observed, where maximizing the concentrations of the individual sugars, organic acids, TSS, and colour were achieved by using a gas mixture of (6–7 kPa O2 + 7–8 kPa CO2 + 82–90 kPa N2). Maximum release of volatiles responsible for characteristic flavour of the arils was achieved using (2 kPa O2 + 18 kPa CO2 + 80 kPa N2). The results showed that the predicted global optima for maximizing the quality parameters of pomegranate arils under modified atmosphere (MA) condition was close to the experimental values.

A simplex lattice design to optimise active modified atmosphere for storing pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) arils: Part 1, determining optimum gas for physiological responses

Understanding the experimental design and principles guiding gas mixture selection are important in the development of an optimal produce-specific modified atmosphere (MA) system. Exposure to gas combinations below or above the tolerance limit of fresh produce may result in subsequent undesirable changes in product quality and shortened shelf life. Therefore, this study investigated the design of an optimal gas combination for storage of pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) arils using the simplex lattice mixture design approach, and quantified the effects of temperature on the respiration rate of arils stored under an optimal gas atmosphere. The impact of initial gas composition was also determined by evaluating the physiological response and microbial quality (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mould). The correlation of simplex lattice design experimental data to the predicted response parameters were explained effectively by Scheffé’s special cubic model (R2 > 94%). Parameter estimates showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) synergetic effect of single model components for all the response variables. The use of high CO2 concentration (>10 kPa) decreased ethylene production rate and microbial load, while reducing O2 to an acceptable level reduced respiration rate (RR). Based on the results obtained, the optimal gas composition was established as 4.67 kPa O2 +12.67 kPa CO2 + 82.67 kPa N2. Under this optimal atmosphere condition, increasing storage temperature by 10 °C resulted in a threefold increase in RR. These results demonstrate that optimum storage temperature also plays a critical role in the success of MA systems.

Influence Analysis and Optimization for Aggregate Morphological Characteristics on High- and Low-Temperature Viscoelasticity of Asphalt Mixtures.

Aggregate is an indispensable raw material for asphalt pavement construction. This study evaluates the influences of aggregate morphological characteristics on the high- and low-temperature viscoelasticity of asphalt mixtures. Based on simplex lattice mixture design (SLD), asphalt mix samples were designed and prepared with the same gradation but three different types of aggregates. Subsequently, three morphological characteristics of aggregate (roundness, perimeter index, and erosion-dilation area ratio) are presented to characterize fine and coarse aggregates. Then based on Burgers viscoelastic model, uniaxial compression static creep test was carried out to analyze the high-temperature viscoelastic properties for asphalt mortar and mixture. Meanwhile fitting Prony series models have been utilized to represent relaxation modulus conversed from creep compliance and the low-temperature relaxation characteristics can be also discussed. The experimental results indicated that morphological characteristics of aggregate, especially fine aggregates, are strongly correlated with the viscoelastic parameters of asphalt mixtures. However, the complex morphological characteristics of aggregates have opposite influences on the high- and low-temperature viscoelastic parameters. Therefore, when considering both high- and low-temperature viscoelastic properties, the aggregate proportion was optimized for the appropriate morphological characteristics, which will provide a reference for asphalt mixture design.

Experimental and Modeling Study on the Curing Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Varying Proportions of Carbon Black, Modified Bentonite and Raw Bentonite

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing carbon black (CB) with inexpensive and environmentally friendly fillers – bentonite (BNT) and modified bentonite (M-BNT), on the curing properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. A control sample (unfilled NR) and thirteen NR composites filled with varied proportions of CB (x1), M-BNT (x2), and BNT (x3) based on a third degree – simplex lattice mixture design of experiment (DOE) were prepared in this study. Rheometric results showed that 33% substitution of CB with M-BNT provides the highest elastic torque values. Mixture of 10phr CB and 5phr M-BNT (CB/M-BNT/BNT 10/5/0) produces synergistic effect on curing. The presence of CB increases vulcanization rate due to its high basicity and low oxygen content while M-BNT serves as vulcanizing accelerator due to the present amine groups. Coefficients of reduced hierarchical models showed that the main factors contributed mainly on the curing parameters: β1 for the torque values, β2 for the scorch and curing time, and β3 for CRI. High values of coefficient of determination (r2) were computed particularly for MH (98.20%), ΔS (99.13%), ts2(95.68%), tc90(95.70%) and CRI (95.97%) establishing best fit between the model and experimental values.

Mixture Design of NiCoMo Ternary Alloy Nanoparticles Assembled on Graphene Nanosheets and Decorated with Ru Nanoparticles: A Pt/C-like Activity for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

The development of nanocomposites with high activity and stability to generate hydrogen as a green fuel is an interesting challenge for several industrial requirements. Here, ternary alloy nanoparticles of NiCoMo are fabricated electrochemically on graphene nanosheets (GNs) as new nanocomposites using a glassy carbon electrode (GC) base, and then the prepared electrode systems are decorated with ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs). The electrodes are characterized by several surface analysis techniques. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrodes is monitored toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solutions, and the fabrication conditions are optimized systematically based on advanced optimization methods such as central composite design (CCD) and simplex-lattice mixture design (SLMD). Initially, the electrodeposition bath parameters are investigated and optimized by CCD. Then, the SLMD analysis is utilized to obtain the optimal mole ratio of metal ions using HER kinetic data. The resul...

Sensory Directed Mixture Study of Beers Dry-Hopped with Cascade, Centennial, and Chinook

American craft beer style and flavor is often driven by the unique qualities of American hops. Cascade, Chinook, and Centennial hops are used prominently for dry-hopping singly and/or in blends to impart an intense hoppy aroma to beer. A sensory directed dry-hopping mixture study was performed to understand the contribution that each of these hops make to beer aroma. Utilizing a 4th degree simplex-lattice mixture-design, sixteen beers were prepared (including an “unhopped” control) by dry-hopping a common “unhopped” base beer with different blends of ground whole cone hops made from the three hop cultivars. The treatments were evaluated by trained panelists using descriptive analysis, where the response variables used by the panel encompassed the sensory attributes that described the unique aromatic features of these three hops, (i.e., citrus, tropical/fruity, tropical/catty, and herbal). Using these outputs, the sensory contributions of each individual cultivar, as well as mixtures of the cultivars, were examined on a per attribute basis. These results can be used to select combinations or blends of the three hops for use during dry-hopping that provide similar or dissimilar overall aroma intensity and quality in dry-hopped beer.

Synergistic effects in anaerobic codigestion of chicken manure with industrial wastes

La sinergia en la codigestión anaeróbica se describe como interacciones positivas entre sustrato y co sutratos. Los efectos sinérgicos aumentan la producción de metano con respecto a la monodigestión. Actualmente, se cuenta con un conocimiento limitado sobre las aplicaciones de la sinergia como parámetro para la solución de problemas operativos en sistemas anaerobios. En este estudio se determinó la sinergia en la codigestión anaeróbica de gallinaza con residuos industriales (melaza de caña de azúcar, lactosuero, y glicerol crudo). Las proporciones de mezclas fueron determinadas a partir de un diseño de mezcla simplex. La sinergia se evaluó en términos de composición de sustrato e inhibición de amoniaco. La sinergia se evidencia cuando reduce la inhibición del amoníaco y aumenta la producción de metano a medida que incrementa la carga orgánica, siendo el efecto más favorable en mezclas terciarias.

Effects of pretreatment and enzyme cocktail composition on the sugars production from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFBF)

This research was conducted to investigate the interaction effects of pretreatment (steam, acetic acid–steam, acetic acid–glycerol) and enzyme cocktail composition [cellulases C:V:N (Celluclast® 1.5 L: Viscozyme® L: Novozyme® 188), cellulase–hemicellulase CC:CH (Cellic® Ctec 2: Cellic® Htec 2)] on the sugars (xylose, glucose) production from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFBF). The mix ratio of enzyme cocktails which led to optimum enzymatic saccharification of different pretreated OPEFBs were determined through Simplex Lattice mixture design. By using a cocktail of cellulolytic enzyme C:N at the ratio of 7.8:2.2, about 563.34 mg sugars g−1 carbohydrate was recovered from the acetic acid–glycerol pretreated OPEFBF. However, about 696.92 mg sugars g−1 carbohydrate was successfully produced from acetic acid–steam pretreated OPEFBF by using a cocktail of cellulase–hemicellulase enzyme (CC:CH = 6.3:3.7). Upon optimization using RSM, about 96% of xylose (960.47 ± 102.53 mg xylose g−1 xylan) and 85% of glucose (845.75 ± 55.91 mg glucose g−1 glucan) have been recovered from 3% (w/v) glucan of acetic acid–steam pretreated OPEFBF by adding 1.39% (v/v) CC:CH enzyme cocktail (35.19 mg protein g−1 glucan loading) in a 48-h reaction. CC:CH enzyme cocktail has been proved to be the best enzyme cocktail to use in OPEFBF saccharification for high sugars hydrolysate production.

Study on the effects of carbohydrate-protein-coconut oil on the viability of lactobacillus bulgaricus during spray drying, simulated gastrointestinal conditions and unrefrigerated storage by simplex-lattice mixture design

Ideally, probiotics bacteria should be metabolically stable during processing, storage under unrefrigerated condition, survive passage through the upper digestive tract in large numbers for colonisation and proliferation in the large intestine, and have beneficial effects when in the intestine host. This study helps to understand the effect of feed composition towards viability of L. bulgaricus by using carbohydrate-protein-coconut oil mixtures. The encapsulation work was focused on the performance of carbohydrate-protein-coconut oil as the protective barrier. A simplex-lattice design was employed to study the effect of different feed formulation of the carbohydrate-protein-coconut oil mixtures on three response variables; the viability of L. bulgaricus after spray drying, under simulated gastrointestinal condition, and after 6 weeks storage in unrefrigerated environment. Analysis of variance and mixture design techniques were applied to identify the optimal feed composition. The optimal feed composition that results in the viability beyond the therapeutic minimum dose consisted of 30 % gum Arabic, 16.95 % gelatine and 53.05 % coconut oil. The percent of viability after spray drying, under simulated gastrointestinal condition, and after 6 weeks of storage were 4.24 %, 11.43 % and 77.36 % respectively. In conclusion, the mixture of gum Arabic - gelatine - coconut oil shows more protecting to protect against damaging of oxidative stress during storage under unrefrigerated condition.

Effects of Diatomite–Limestone Powder Ratio on Mechanical and Anti-Deformation Properties of Sustainable Sand Asphalt Composite

Diatomite has gained more and more interest as a new resource, since it has potential as a favorable alternative to mineral filler in the construction of asphalt pavement compared with ordinary limestone powder. In this paper, the mechanical and anti-deformation properties of sand asphalt composites with various proportions of diatomite were investigated by a uniaxial compression failure test, a uniaxial compression repeated creep test, and a low-temperature splitting test in order to determine the optimal replacement content of ordinary limestone powder. Five groups of sand asphalts with various volume ratios of diatomite to limestone (0:1, 0.25:0.75, 0.5:0.5, 0.75:0.25, and 1:0) were determined by the simplex-lattice mixture design (SLD) method. The results reveal that the compression strength, anti-deformation properties, and low-temperature crack resistance of sand asphalts are improved through the use of diatomite. Furthermore, the optimal ratio (0.327:0.673) of limestone to diatomite is determined by the SLD method, according to secant modulus and creep strain results.

Application of mixture design for optimum antioxidant activity of mixtures of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum majorana L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Compounds with potent antioxidant properties are gaining interest among food manufacturers and consumers alike. With rising concerns about the safety of synthetic substances being added to food products, companies are beginning to search for natural sources of antioxidants. Because essential oils have well studied antioxidant properties they can be used as food preservatives. What is more, mixtures of essential oils prepared by combining individual essential oils may have a more potent antioxidant profile compared to any single essential oil, without compromising the overall antioxidant potential of the mixture. This may be related to increased biological diversity of a mixture. Hence, the purpose of this work was to demonstrate the usefulness of the simplex-lattice mixture design method for the design of essential oil mixtures with potent antioxidant properties, as well as generate a discussion of potential interactions existing between essential oils. Statistical modeling was utilized to design a mixture of three essential oils: marjoram, basil and rosemary. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained for a 75:8:17 percentage composition mixture respectively. However, the proposed composition of the individual ingredients in the design mixture showed a higher percentage of inhibition (90%) compared to the activity of the single component (ol. marjoram 88%) which was the most active. Hence, statistical planning and the development of utility profiles for mixtures of essential oils can be used to predict the optimal composition as well as determine their antioxidant profile.

Optimization and modeling of teff-maize-rice based formulation by simplex lattice mixture design for the preparation of brighter and acceptable injera

Simplex lattice mixture design was utilized to optimize a brighter and acceptable injera (Ethiopian staple bread). Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from constrained blends of teff (70–100%), maize (0–30%) and rice (0–30%). Investigated responses were proximate, mineral, sensory and lightness (L* value). Nutritional values (g/100 g) ranged from 59.3 to 62.8 (moisture), 1.74 to 2.76 (ash), 11.5 to 14.7 (protein), 2.1 to 2.6 (fat), 3.91 to 5.2 (fiber) and 75.9 to79.4 (carbohydrate). Minerals (mg/100 g) varied from Fe: 17.7 to 25.1, Zn: 1.62–2.10, and Ca: 25.9 to 51.1. Sensory scores for color, taste, texture, number of eyes, eye size, eye distribution, top & bottom surface and overall acceptability were 5.63–7.72, 5.22–6.21, 4.83–7.70, 6.02–7.27, 4.12–5.82, 5.42–6.93, 5.97–7.02, and 5.32–7.25, respectively, while the L* value ranged from 54.9 to 63.1. Optimum formulations of injera in terms of color, overall acceptability and L* value consisted of 70% teff, 0% maize and 30% rice with a desirability of 0.909. Numerical optimization also indicated that better sensory, proximate and mineral qualities are directly related with the proportion of rice; maize and teff, respectively.

Enhancing mechanical properties of epoxy resin using waste lignin and salicylate alumoxane nanoparticles

Extracted lignin from wastewater of Kraft process and lab-made salicylate alumoxane (Sal-A) nanoparticles were used as toughening agents in epoxy matrix. Epoxy/lignin composite, epoxy/Sal-A and epoxy/lignin/Sal-Al nanocomposites with various toughening agent loadings were cured with an aromatic diamine hardener. Lignin as an available cheap material and Sal-A, as multifunctional structures, both containing numerous phenolic hydroxyls on their surfaces, were incorporated into epoxy matrix with the aim of improving thermal and some mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Both particles interacted physically (directly) and chemically (indirectly) with the epoxy chains. Simplex lattice mixture design of experiment was applied for formulation development and optimization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the extracted lignin, Sal-A nanoparticles and synthesized composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to interpret thermal curing process. The presence of lignin and Sal-A nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix decreased the exothermic peak temperature and total heat of curing reaction. In the presence of 2.5 wt% lignin and 1.875 wt% Sal-A nanoparticles, tensile strength of epoxy composites was 22.23% and 30.92% higher than that of reference (pure) epoxy resin, respectively. Vickers hardness of epoxy composites in the presence of 2.5 wt% lignin and 2.5 wt% Sal-A nanoparticles was increased by 17.41% and 15.39%, accordingly.

Application of a mixture design to identify the effects of substrates ratios and interactions on anaerobic co-digestion of municipal sludge, grease trap waste, and meat processing waste

Anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of two municipal sludge wastes (A and C), grease trap waste (B), and meat processing waste (D) were investigated under mesophilic temperature conditions by biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays and kinetic modeling. Wastes ratios in the mixtures were systematically selected based on Simplex Lattice mixture design, and statistical analyses were performed to elucidate possible synergetic and antagonistic effects of wastes interactions on the kinetics and ultimate methane potentials of wastes co-digestion. The mixture of 1/8A+1/8B+1/8C+5/8D (VS basis) showed the highest COD and VS removals of 35.0% and 33.8%, respectively. Substrates B and D with 980 and 641mL/g-VS methane yields, respectively, had the highest BMP. However, with reaction rate constants of 0.047 and 0.070d−1, their methane production was very slow. It was observed that diluting these organic-rich but complex substrates with readily soluble wastes (A and C) enhanced their biogas production rate markedly. Statistical analysis showed that the interactions among the substrates in co-digestion did not have a significant impact on the ultimate cumulative methane yields. Nevertheless, these interactions proved to have synergic and antagonistic effects on the reaction rates, leading to accelerated or hindered methane production rates. As a result, while the methane yield of wastes co-digestion could be predicted by proportional summation of methane yields obtained in mono-digestions of these waste fractions, such linear regressions were unable to provide a good estimation of the rate constants. Quadratic equations, however, were found to estimate the rate constants of the co-digestion process with good accuracy.

Rheological properties of sugarfree milk chocolate: Comparative study and optimisation

The effects of sugar substitutes on rheological characteristics of compound milk chocolate using a simplex-lattice mixture design were evaluated. For this purpose, two bulking agents (maltitol and xylitol) at different levels (0–100%) were used and ten formulations were examined in order to find the optimum levels. All chocolate samples showed shear thinning behaviour. It was found that compound milk chocolate behaved as a Casson fluid. Chocolate formulations containing the highest maltitol substitution resulted in similar flow properties compared to those of the control and hence can be a good alternative. The results demonstrated that chocolate combinations containing 87.8% maltitol and 12.2% xylitol were found as the optimum concentrations producing the most acceptable rheological properties.

Application of simplex lattice mixture design for optimization of active modified atmosphere for pomegranate arils (cv. Wonderful) based on microbial criteria

Abstract Despite the advantages of low O2 and enriched CO2 for extending the storage life of pomegranate arils, limited studies on systematic selection and optimization of gasses to reduce the microbial growth during storage have been reported. Therefore, this study was undertaken to optimize the gas composition for cold storage (10 °C) of pomegranate arils (cv. Wonderful) based on microbiological criteria. Selecting experimental points and optimizing gas concentration were carried out according to the simplex lattice mixture design with three factors (O2, CO2 and N2). Seven gas combinations including low O2 (2–18 kPa), enriched and high CO2 (2–18 kPa) and 80–96 kPa N2 were used in varying concentrations and the bacterial, yeast and mould growth on arils were analysed. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria growth varies between 3.95–5.89 log CFU g−1 and yeast growth was between 3.84–5.91 log CFU g−1, whereas, mould growth was between 2.15–3.63 log CFU g−1 across the modified atmospheres. Data from these analyses were used to fit linear and cubical polynomial models. Pareto analysis and ternary contour plots showed that the main effects (CO2, N2 and O2) as well as their interaction had significant effects on microbial growth. For all microbial criteria’s, the lowest growth was tend to move to the highest CO2 in the modified atmosphere system. On the contrary, the presence of higher O2 concentration stimulated the growth. This was evident that, the gas mixture containing 12.67–18 kPa CO2, 2–4.67 kPa O2 and 80 − 82.67 kPa N2 significantly reduced microbial count on pomegranate arils. Validation of the model showed that the cubical model predicted the microbial counts effectively with high correlation coefficients of R2 > 94% for mould and >99% for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast, whereas, the linear model overestimated bacteria and yeast counts and underestimated mould count.

Floating tablets of minocycline hydrochloride: Formulation, in-vitro evaluation and optimization

Current study was aimed to formulate gastroretentive floating tablets of minocycline hydrochloride with desired floating properties, desired drug release rate, its local action in stomach for treatment of H. pylori infection and prevention of a side effect, pseudomembranous colitis. Simplex lattice mixture design was used to get experimental layout. Methocel K100LV (X1), Methocel K15M (X2) and Carbopol 934 (X3) were selected as independent variables. Ten formulations (F1 to F10) were developed by direct compression and were evaluated for physical parameters, swelling index, floating lag time, floating time and in-vitro drug release rate. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopic studies were performed to determine drug polymer interaction. Floating lag time (Y1), floating time (Y2), cumulative drug release at 3 h (Y3), 6 h (Y4) and 12 h (Y5) were selected as dependent variables. Results showed that floating lag time and floating time were decreased by presence of Carbopol 934 in formulation while increased by Methocel K100LV and Methocel K15M. Presence of Carbopol 934 also caused an increase in drug release rate while Methocel K100LV and Methocel K15M contributed in decreasing release rate. Except F1, all the other formulations showed floating time >12 h. On the basis of optimization criteria, composition of optimized formulation F0 (Methocel K100LV = 77.98 mg and Carbopol 934 = 82.02 mg) was determined by statistical analysis. FTIR spectroscopic studies showed that no interaction found between polymers and drug. Concisely, concluded that Carbopol 934 and Methocel 100LV can be used to fabricate gastroretentive floating tablets of minocycline hydrochloride with good buoyancy properties and sustained release action.

Crossed mixture process design optimization and adsorption characterization of multi-metal (Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)) removal by modified Buxus sempervirens tree leaves

B. sempervirens tree leaves were successfully used to remove Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) from the aqueous solution. In order to improve the uptake capacity of sorbent, it was modified with various chemical agents, such as NaOH, HNO3, NaCl, H3PO4 and SDS. Among the modifiers, NaOH was the best. The Simplex lattice mixture design was successfully employed for optimization of the biosorption process. The effective factors on the biosorption process, such as pH, s (amount of biosorbent) and C (initial concentrations of metal ion), were considered via the use of a crossed mixture process design. The biosorbent was characterized by SEM micrographs, a pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc), a BET analysis of surface area, XPS, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) for elemental analysis/composition. Eventually, FT-IR analysis and different kinetic models and equilibrium modeling studies for the current biosorption process were evaluated.