Simplex Lattice Mixture Design Research Articles

Optimization of extraction condition to improve blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity by natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) using the simplex lattice mixture design method

In the present study, a statistical tool called the simplex lattice mixture design method was used to create a new formulation of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) that is derived from a combination of three compounds (lactic acid, maltose, and water) to extract phenolic compounds, including the anthocyanin content, as well as their antioxidant activity from blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa L.). The optimal condition for the highest compounds and antioxidant activity was obtained by simultaneous optimization of the ternary mixture containing lactic acid: maltose: water (66:16:16 v/v/v), which was the most suitable for simultaneous maximization of maximum total phenolic content (TPC) (134 ± 1.6 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (AA) showing a 141 ± 1.4 mmol/TE g, which were measured using the DPPH assay. The ternary mixture containing lactic acid: maltose: water (33:33:33 v/v/v), which was the most suitable for simultaneous maximization of the total anthocyanin content (TAC) (120.3 ± 1.3 mg C3G/g)/TE g. The ANOVA analysis of the mixture design showed that all three responses (TPC, TAC, and AA) were statistically significant, with determination coefficients of 94.41 %, 94.96 %, and 98.38 %, respectively, and fit the quadratic regression models. A chromatographic analysis of the NADES extract of the blackthorn fruit revealed that phenolics (vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid) and anthocyanin (Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, Peonidin-3-O-glucoside and Delphidin-3-O-β-O-glucoside) are the most prevalent bioactive compounds. These results indicate that the simplex lattice mixture design effectively optimized the phenolic and anthocyanin content, thereby preserving their antioxidant activity. This optimization is valuable, as it can potentially enhance the nutritional and functional value of blackthorn fruit extracts that are rich in phenolic compounds and have antioxidant properties. These discoveries could be used in the creation of functional food, dietary supplement, and natural antioxidant for several fields.

Optimization of Wall Materials for Astaxanthin Powder Production from Shrimp Shell Extract Using Simplex Lattice Mixture Design

Shrimp shell waste is an attractive source of value-added bioactive-rich by-products. Shrimp shell extract containing astaxanthin was recovered by solvent extraction method (petroleum ether/acetone/water with a ratio of 15 : 75 : 10) and ultrasound process (amplitude 20% for 15 min at 35°C). The extract was then encapsulated by freeze-drying using wall materials such as maltodextrin (with the dextrose equivalent (DE) of 7 (MD7) and 20 (MD20)) and modified starch (Hi-Cap 100) incorporated at different ratios. Simplex lattice with augmented axial points in the mixture design was applied for the optimization of wall material. The optimal wall materials were 29.4% (MD7), 34.0% (Hi-Cap 100), and 36.6% (MD20), with encapsulation yield (Y) of 94.6%, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 91.8%, astaxanthin content (Ast) of 46.1 μg/g DW, and DPPH scavenging capacity of 64.0%, respectively. The optimized microcapsules had spongy morphology and brittle and flaky mass. The degradation kinetics of bioactive astaxanthin in UV light was evaluated and found to follow first-order reaction kinetics. The microcapsules obtained under optimal wall composition exhibited the highest UV light stability with half-life values of 76.8 h, demonstrating a high stability.

Simplex Lattice Design and Machine Learning Methods for the Optimization of Novel Microemulsion Systems to Enhance p-Coumaric Acid Oral Bioavailability: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Novel p-coumaric acid microemulsion systems were developed to circumvent its absorption and bioavailability challenges. Simplex-lattice mixture design and machine learning methods were employed for optimization. Two optimized formulations were characterized using in vitro re-dispersibility and cytotoxicity on various tumor cell lines (MCF-7, CaCO2, and HepG2). The in vivo bioavailability profiles of the drug loaded in the two microemulsion systems and in the suspension form were compared. The optimized microemulsions composed of Labrafil M1944 CS (5.67%)/Tween 80 (38.71%)/Labrasol (38.71%)/water (16.92%) and Capryol 90 (0.50%)/Transcutol P (26.67%)/Tween 80 (26.67%)/Labrasol (26.67%)/water (19.50%), respectively. They revealed uniform and stable p-coumaric acid-loaded microemulsion systems with a droplet size diameter of about 10 nm. The loaded microemulsion formulations enhanced the drug re-dispersibility in contrast to the drug suspension which exhibited 5 min lag time. The loaded formulae were significantly more cytotoxic on all cell lines by 11.98–16.56 folds on MCF-7 and CaCo2 cells and 47.82–98.79 folds on HepG2 cells higher than the pure drug. The optimized microemulsions were 1.5–1.8 times more bioavailable than the drug suspension. The developed p-coumaric acid microemulsion systems could be considered a successful remedy for diverse types of cancer.Graphical

Hybrid biodiesel production from optimised novel ternary oil mixture (simplex lattice mixture design) using heterogeneous river shell catalyst

ABSTRACT In the current study, a mixture of three distinct oil is taken as feedstock to produce hybrid biodiesel. The simplex lattice mixture design has been applied to obtain an optimum volume proportion of each oil in the mixture with improved oil mixture characteristics. In the mixture design, waste cooking oil, Ricinus communis oil, and Melia azedarach oil are taken as the input component and viscosity, cloud point, calorific value, and FFA as responses. The mixture design contains 17 test runs. The ANOVA analysis of model shows that the regression coefficient found better (close to 1) for all variables. The desirability of the mixture design reached its maximum value of 0.619 at the optimum mixture ratio (v%) of 0.6:0.2:0.2 for Waste cooking oil, Ricinus communis oil, and Melia azedarach oil, respectively. Based on the prediction model, optimized ternary oil has viscosity 132.848 mm2/s, cloud point −5.73°C, calorific value 38.898 MJ/kg, and FFA of 3.225%. Calcined river shell heterogeneous catalyst is used in transesterification reaction. The highest peaks 2θ° of 32.2°, 37.3°, 64.1°, and 67.3° in X-ray diffraction patter shows the formation of heterogeneous biocatalyst from river shell. A biodiesel yield of 83.20% is found using the reaction conditions: methanol oil molar ratio (9:1), catalyst dosage (5 wt %), reaction temperature (60°C), reaction time (130 min), and stirring speed (800rpm). The GC-MS test has been conducted a confirmatory test of hybrid biodiesel. Element analysis shows that the produced hybrid biodiesel satisfies ASTM D675 standard, with a carbon content of 76.018 wt% and hydrogen content of 11.435 wt%. The optimized ternary oil mixture used to produce the hybrid biodiesel is of better quality and conforms to ASTM D675/IS 15,607 standards.

Optimization of the recovery yield of the enzymatic aqueous extraction of oil from wet açaí decocts using Design of Experiment

These last decades, açaí oil has been extensively studied for its biological properties and has gained interest from the health industry. It has thus become necessary to develop eco-friendly extraction techniques. The main objective of this study was the use of experimental designs for the maximization of the recovery yield of the enzymatic aqueous extraction process of açaí oil from wet decocts. A Simplex-Lattice Mixture Design was employed for the optimization of the proportion of three commercial enzymatic preparations. Subsequently, a Central Composite Design was used to identify the optimal values for total enzymatic concentration (0.5-4.5%) and extraction time (2-12h). The “Response Surface Methodology” (RSM) revealed that the maximum yield (60.55 ± 5.98%) was obtained using a 0.49:0.25:0.28 ternary mixture of Celluclast 1.5 L, Viscozyme L and Ultrazym AFP-L at a total enzymatic concentration of 2.85% for 10.9 hours. This study concluded that the enzymatic aqueous extraction of açaí oil is an efficient and sustainable process.

Rheological properties and mechanical strength of self-compacting mortars produced with marble powder and calcined clay

The use of calcined clays [CC], combined in ternary blended with the limestone filler and cement has received considerable attention in recent years. This paper discusses the results on the rheological and compressive strength of three types of calcined clays in combination with marble powder and cement, used as ternary binder in self-compacting mortars. A simplex-lattice mixture design approach was used, with five levels, to establish the different binder combinations. The responses of the system were evaluated in terms of rheological properties and compressive strength. The tests conducted on SCM ternary mixes are slump flow diameter, v-funnel flow time, yield value, viscosity and compressive strength at 28, 90 and 365 days. It was concluded that the replacement of cement with calcined clays and marble powder in ternary mixes reduced the flowability by decreasing slump flow and increasing v-funnel time. However, the combined effect of marble powder and calcined clays is more appropriate to produce flowable SCM mixes while maintaining an adequate viscosity. In terms of compressive strength. A progressively increasing trend was observed for 28 days compressive strength with the increase in marble powder and calcined clays in binary proportions.

Application of Simplex Lattice Mixture design and desirability function in the development and Optimization of SEDDS for protein kinase inhibitor-Pazopanib Hydrochloride

Pazopanib Hydrochloride is a tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor molecule approved by USFDA and European agencies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and other renal malignancies, but it has very poor aqueous solubility. Therefore, it is essential need to improve the solubility and in vitro dispersion or release characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Pazopanib hydrochloride drug solubility in various vehicles and screening of suitable solubilizers for the preparation of self-emulsifying lipid-based drug delivery systems (SE-LBDDS) of a poorly water-soluble drug (BCS class II), Pazopanib HCl by using simplex lattice mixture design. Ternaryplots wereconstructed by using oil (Labrafac WL 1349l), surfactant (Labrasol), and co-surfactant (Transcutol-P), and the concentration ranges were determined by using a simplex lattice design. The composition of pazopanib HCl SEEDS was optimized through various dependent variables (responses)such as solubility (Y1), precipitation after 15 min (Y2), and, particle size (Y3).Solubility study of pazopanib HCl in different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was carried out by shake flask method at 37°C. Three formulation components were chosen based on the maximum solubility results inthe oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant category and included in the experimental design. The results were analyzed by model fitting using the standard least-squares method. Pazopanib HCl were shown maximum solubility i.e. 25.64±0.24mg/g, 57.84 ±2.91mg/g and, 44.61±1.51mg/g in Labrafac WL 1349 (oil), Labrasol (surfactant) and Transcutol-P (co-surfactant) respectively. Hence these chosen formulation component's concentrations were further optimized by using a simplex lattice design (SLD). Derived mathematical polynomial equations and models were exercised to evaluate the impact of formulation input variables on the output variables (responses) using JMP software. The model p-value for both the responses i.e. solubility and particle size were found less than 0.05 hence models were significant. The results of the mathematical analysis demonstrated that the formulation components have a significant impact on the studied responses. Hence simplex lattice mixture design can be used as a powerful quality design to predict the optimized SEDDS formulation.The applicability of simplex lattice design with desirability function helped optimize a SEEDS formulation of pazopanib HCl and the selected model has made it possible to identify the impact of the critical factors to optimize the required responses.

Formulation of halalan toyyiban radish effervescent tablet

Radish is a vegetable high in nutritional and phytochemical contents that are beneficial to the human body, especially for managing kidney stone disease. However, it is less consumed as compared to other vegetables due to its pungent flavour and odour. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to formulate a radish effervescent tablet to enhance the palatability of the vegetable. The radish effervescent tablet was formulated by using Simplex Lattice Mixture Design where the percentages of sucralose and strawberry flavour were chosen as the factors. Five formulations were generated, and sensory acceptance test was conducted on them. Next, the halalan toyyiban principle compliance was evaluated based on the Halal Control Points (HCPs), toxicity assay (brine shrimp lethality assay), anti-urolithiatic properties (turbidimetric assay), and nutritional composition (energy, total protein, total fat, total carbohydrate, and total sugar). Formulation 5 (F5) with 20% citric acid, 12% sodium bicarbonate, 58% radish powder, 2.5% sucralose, and 7.5% strawberry flavour was selected as the most acceptable formulation (p < 0.05). For the halalan toyyiban principle compliance, F5 was evaluated, and it complied with the halalan toyyiban principles. It is halal, non-toxic, and safe for consumption as the LC50 was greater than 1,000 μg/mL (2,223.31 μg/mL) for toxicity test, and exhibited significant potential as an anti-urolithiatic agent (88.13% inhibition). In the future, prototype development of radish effervescent tablet with potential anti-urolithiatic and fast-dissolving properties can be carried out.

Synergistic effects of ternary mixture formulation and process parameters optimization in a sequential approach for enhanced L-asparaginase production using agro-industrial wastes

A novel ternary mixture of inexpensive and nutrient-rich agro-substrates comprising groundnut de-oiled cake, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal has been explored to enhance the L-asparaginase production in solid-state fermentation. To achieve the aim, a hybrid strategy was implemented by utilizing a combination of a mixture design and artificial neural networks. The study initiated with the judicious selection of the agro-substrates based on their low C/N content in comparison to the control using the CHNS elemental analysis. The mixture composition of soybean meal (49.0%), groundnut de-oiled cake (31.5%), and corn gluten meal (19.5%) were found optimum using the simplex lattice mixture design. The agro-industrial substrates mix revealed synergistic effects on the L-asparaginase production than either of the substrates alone. The maximum L-asparaginase activity of 141.45 ± 5.24IU/gds was observed under the physical process conditions of 70% moisture content, autoclaving period of 30min and 6.0 pH by adopting the machine learning-derived artificial neural network (ANN) methodology. The ANN modeling showed excellent prediction ability with a low mean squared error of 0.7, a low root mean squared error of 0.84, and a high value of 0.99 for regression coefficient. Moisture content (%) was assessed to be the most sensitive process parameter in the global sensitivity analysis. The net outcome from the two sequential optimization designs is the selection of the ideal mixture composition followed by the optimum physical process parameters. The application of the enzyme demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against leukemia cell line and therefore exhibited an anti-cancer effect. The present study reports a novel mixture combination and methodology that can be used to lower the cost and enhance the production of L-asparaginase using an agro-industrial substrate mixture.

Effect of Silica/M-BNT/BNT Ternary Filler Loading on the Curing Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of varied proportions of silica/M-BNT/BNT on the curing properties of natural rubber (NR) composites. Thirteen ternary-filled NR composites and a control sample were prepared in this study based on a third degree – simplex lattice mixture design of experiment. It was observed that high loading of silica has a retarding effect on vulcanization rate due to the presence of silanol groups on its surface. Replacement of silica with BNT led to a big reduction in scorch time and increase in vulcanization rate due to the presence of metallic oxides acting as co-activators. The addition of the organoclay M-BNT to silica and BNT resulted to shorter scorch time, an increase in vulcanization rate, and a decrease in minimum and maximum torques improving the processability of the rubber composite. The kinetic model was able to demonstrate the vulcanization behavior of the rubber composites as supported by the very high coefficient of determination (R2) values for all samples. The generated contour plots for maximum torque (MH), minimum torque (ML), scorch time (tS1), cure rate index (CRI), induction time (ti) and rate constant (k1) were able to display the trends observed in the experimental values.

Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris spray drying using various innovative wall materials

In this study, the encapsulation of Chlorella vulgaris by spray drying was optimized by Simplex-Lattice mixture design using different wall materials such as aquafaba, deactivated baker's yeast, inulin and maltodextrin in different ratios. This is the first study in which novel and innovative wall materials such as aquafaba, and deactivated baker's yeast are used for drying and encapsulation of C. vulgaris biomass. Model responses were highly dependent on wall material ratios; encapsulation yield (38.9 %–78.4 %), chlorophyll-a encapsulation efficiency (EE) (35.8 %–98.9 %), and total carotenoid EE (52.0 %–98.8 %). In addition, physicochemical characteristics including pH, moisture content, crude protein content, chlorophyll-a concentration, total carotenoid concentration, water activity, color [a*, b*, L*, chroma (C*), and hue angle (h°)], wettability, and hygroscopicity were determined to characterize the encapsulation process. Both chlorophyll-a and total carotenoid EEs of the samples including 25 % (m/m) microalgae and 75 % (m/m) deactivated baker's yeast were determined to be >90 %. The optimal feed composition for spray drying was determined as 25 % algae with 75 % deactivated yeast.

Prediction of structural properties of activated carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass components using mixture design of experiments

There is significant interest in using biomass to produce activated carbons for applications such as environmental remediation, energy storage, and construction. To date, the research has primarily focused on exploring the potential of individual biomass sources. There is little research on how interactions between the fundamental components of lignocellulosic biomass affect activated carbons' structural properties, and, therefore, their suitability for various applications. This investigation sought to address this knowledge gap by exploring how the relative compositions of cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, and lignin affected the final properties of activated carbons produced through a two-step KOH activation process. A simplex-lattice mixture design was used to understand how the composition affected activated carbon yield, specific surface area, and micropore fraction. Mixture regression models showed that the specific surface area was highest when the activated carbon was composed of 16.7% cellulose nanofibers, 16.7% cellulose nanocrystals, and 66.7% lignin by mass. In addition, the micropore fraction was largest at 76.3% while also maintaining a high surface area, with a precursor mixture of 50% cellulose nanocrystals and 50% lignin by mass. The results of this investigation provide a foundation for future efforts to be able to predict, and tune, activated carbon properties based on biomass composition.

Optimization of a New Antioxidant Formulation Using a Simplex Lattice Mixture Design of Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum M. Grown in Northern Morocco

A statistical Simplex Lattice Mixture design was applied to develop a new formulation based on a combination of three plants grown in northern Morocco: Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum M. We examined the extraction yield, total polyphenol content (TPC), 2'2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results of this screening study showed that C. sativum L. had the highest content of DPPH (53.22%) and TAC (37.46 ± 0.29 mg Eq AA/g DW) compared to the other two plants, while P. crispum M. showed the highest TPC (18.52 ± 0.32 mg Eq GA/g DW). Furthermore, the ANOVA analysis of the mixture design showed that all three responses (DPPH, TAC, and TPC) were statistically significant, with determination coefficients of 97%, 93%, and 91%, respectively, and fit the cubic model. Moreover, the diagnostic plots showed good correlation between the experimental and predicted values. Therefore, the best combination obtained under optimal conditions (P1 = 0.611, P2 = 0.289, P3 = 0.100) was characterized by DPPH, TAC, and TPC of 56.21%, 72.74 mg Eq AA/g DW, and 21.98 mg Eq GA/g DW, respectively. The results of this study reinforce the view of stimulating the effect of plant combinations to achieve better antioxidant activities, thus providing a better formulation using designs of mixtures for the food industry and in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, our findings support the traditional use of the Apiaceae plant species in managing many disorders cited in the Moroccan pharmacopeia.

Synergistic Antioxidant Activity of Four—Component Mixture of Essential Oils: Basil, Cedarwood, Citronella and Thyme for the Use as Medicinal and Food Ingredient

Mixture design is a statistical tool used to obtain the maximum desired effect using the minimum number of experiments. The aim of the presented work was the optimization of the composition of a mixture of essential oils from basil, citronella, cedarwood and thyme using simplex-lattice mixture design method. The optimized parameter was an antioxidant activity measured in DPPH assay and expressed as effective concentration (EC50). The test results showed an interesting synergy between the components of essential oils. The prepared binary and quaternary mixtures were characterized by higher activity than simple average activity. The designed mixture with approximated highest antioxidant activity was composed of: 54.4% citronella essential oil, 33.0% thyme essential oil, 9.2% cedarwood essential oil and 3.4% basil essential oil and its approximated activity was in agreement with experimental values. This work confirmed that it is possible to approximate the best antioxidant composition of four essential oils used as a potential medicinal and food ingredient.

Synergistic effects of essential oils and phenolic extracts on antioxidant activities responses using two Artemisia species (A. campestris and A. herba alba) combined with Citrus aurantium

The aim of the present work was to investigate the synergistic effects of the binary and the ternary combinations of extracts using the following plants: A. campestris (AC), A. herba alba (AHA) and C. aurantium (CA). Antioxidant activities of essential oils (EO) were determined using DPPH and β-carotene assays, whereas, antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts (PE) were determined using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. The antioxidants activities of the extracts combinations were evaluated using the Simplex Lattice Mixture Design. For the EOs, the results showed the existence of a very interesting dilution effect of CA for AC and AHA EOs (up to 1/3 vol fraction for DPPH and up to 1/2 for β-carotene). Alternatively, interesting synergistic effects were recorded in the following area of interest for the PEs “0.15 < AC<0.6 & AHA<1/3 & 1/3 < CA<2/3”. The synergistic effects was observed for the three tested antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS).

Analysis of oil mixing for improvement of biodiesel quality with the application of mixture design method

The study aims to improve biodiesel's fuel quality using optimal oil mixture. Four oils, namely, Karanja, Jatropha, Palm and Waste cooking oil(WCO) were selected and their mixtures were prepared. A simplex lattice mixture design model for biodiesel properties (Kinematic viscosity(KV), Density, Cetane number(CN) and Oxidation stability(OS)) was developed and optimisation of oil mixtures was conducted. Biodiesel fuel properties of the optimum ratio of the mixture of Karanja:Palm oil (51.6:48.4% v/v) are found as KV(3.854 mm2/s), density (860 kg/m3), CN(56.189), and OS (9.565 h), thereby, indicating that the OS of the biodiesel of optimum mixture is improved by 21.47% and CN by 4.2% compared to Karanja biodiesel. Jatropha oil biodiesel does not meet the biodiesel standard (EN 14214), but when mixed with Palm oil in an optimal ratio of 34.8:65.2% v/v (Jatropha:Palm), biodiesel from this optimal mixture obtained are KV(3.822 mm2/s), density(869.95 kg/m3), CN(55.69) and OS(8.16 h) found. So mixing oils improve the biodiesel OS by 46.9% and CN by 11.28% and also satisfies biodiesel standards compared to individual Jatropha oil biodiesel. However, no optimum ratio for the mixture of WCO with Jatropha or Karanja was found suitable for converting biodiesel that can fulfil biodiesel standards.

Investigation of blueberry juice fermentation by mixed probiotic strains: Regression modeling, machine learning optimization and comparison with fermentation by single strain in the phenolic and volatile profiles

Three strains, including L. fermentum, L. plantarum and S. thermophilus, were combined to ferment blueberry juice. Through the sequential simplex lattice mixture design, regression modeling and genetic algorithm optimization, it was found that the combination of S. thermophilus with either L. fermentum or L. plantarum weakened the capacity of Lactobacillus strains to enrich phenolics, and the combinations of these strains had no synergistic effect of synthesizing lactic acid. The resulting optimal inoculation proportion to enrich phenolics was the mixed L. fermentum and L. plantarum at 0.5:0.5. After fermentation for 48 h, total phenolic, ferulic acid, rutin, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside of mixed fermented samples were 82.19 %, 15.22 %, 79.08 % and 98.59 % higher than the unfermented juice, and their contents were all highest among the fermented samples. Moreover, the samples fermented by mixed strains possessed higher amounts of 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-heptanone and 2-pentanone than samples fermented by L. fermentum, S. thermophilus and unfermented samples.

Development of plant-based yogurt

Fermented drinks are regarded as healthy food due to their probiotic nature. Vegan consumers who choose sustainable diet and people allergic to dairy products demand alternatives for dairy products. We aimed to develop a non-dairy plant-based yogurt from peanut, oats, and coconut milk.&#x0D; Yogurt was formulated with addition of sugar, corn starch, pectin, and xanthan gum. Simplex-lattice mixture design was applied to optimize the composition of the yogurt and achieve the desired rheological properties, sensory attributes, and syneresis rate.&#x0D; Our results revealed that the formulation containing 7.13 mL of peanut milk, 10 mL of oats milk, and 7.86 mL of coconut milk showed low syneresis rate, desired viscosity and flow behavior, as well as high overall acceptability. We found that increased amounts of peanut and oats milk improved the product’s viscosity due to high protein contents. However, coconut milk enhanced the taste and flavor of the yogurt. Flow behavior depended on viscosity and stabilizers used in accordance with the power law model. Syneresis rate was influenced by the viscosity of the yogurt. The utilization of corn starch, pectin, and xanthan gum not only improved the texture but also helped achieve the desired viscosity and flow behavior.&#x0D; The nutrient composition, physicochemical properties, and high sensory characteristics of the yogurt based on peanut, oats, and coconut milk allow using it as a cow milk alterative in the diet of people with lactose intolerance.

Triple Bottom-Line Evaluation of the Production of Animal Feed from Food Waste: A Life Cycle Assessment.

This study applies a triple bottom line (TBL) framework that incorporates the environmental, economic, and social impacts of producing animal feed from food waste (FW) collected at the post-consumption stage of the food supply chain. The environmental bottom line (BL) is conducted using life cycle assessment (LCA), the economic BL is calculated using the net present value (NPV), while the social BL is assessed using the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The results within the environmental BL indicate that at a 13.8% recovery rate, animal feed produced from a ton of FW saves 0.33 m2 equivalent of crop land but requires 3.5 tons of water compared to 0.9 tons and 0.78 tons for landfilling and incineration for FW treatment respectively. In addition, the production of animal feed from one ton of FW emits 1064.6 kg CO2-eq, compared to 823.6 kg CO2-eq using landfilling and 781.9 kg CO2-eq when incinerated. The economic BL indicates a profit of $3.65/ton from incinerating FW, compared to cost of $93.8 and $137.6 per ton for animal feed production and landfilling of FW respectively. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to integrate the TBL scores and rank the scenarios accordingly. AHP recommends animal feed and incineration over landfilling by a fourfold higher score. A simulation using an augmented simplex lattice mixture (ASLM) design recommends incineration with energy recovery over animal feed production from FW collected at the consumer stage. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the production of animal feed from FW is environmentally feasible if the safe recovery rate exceeds 48%, is which possible for FW collected at early stages of the food supply chain.Graphical

Preparation and Characterization of Multicomponent Particles for Controlled and Tunable Release of Citicoline

Background: Memory disorders require a steady-state balance of choline and cytidine. Citicoline is prescribed as an exogenous source of choline and cytidine. Objective: The present study proposes a mucoadhesive multiparticulate sustained delivery of citico-line as a supportive control for memory loss. Methods: The formulation of citicoline sodium microparticles was done by ionotropic gelation method using alginate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in three different ratios. The three formulations were preliminary evaluated for the in vitro drug release study. Depending on their release pattern, a simplex lattice mixture design of 21 trial runs, with a set of possible combi-nations of each component of the three formulations, was employed to get an optimized ratio that could attend a predetermined release of drug at 1st, 4th, 6th, and 8th h. The optimized product was characterized for physicochemical evaluation, thermal analysis, in vitro drug release, surface mor-phology, and stability study. Results: Optimization of the design yielded a ratio that could prolong the release as predicted by design. The release mechanism followed non-Fickian diffusion. Differential thermal analysis exhib-ited high drug entrapment in the microparticles. Surface morphology studies revealed that drug re-lease took place by the formation of channels. Stability studies indicated there was no change in the properties even after six months and the moisture retention was meagre. Conclusion: The employed simplex lattice design could be successfully used to make microparti-cles of predetermined release characteristics with a steady-state release of the drug and can be a promising approach to provide an affordable therapy of citicoline to improve its effectivity.