Simplex Lattice Design Method Research Articles

The Development of Antioxidant Nutraceuticals containing Chrysanthemum indicum L. Gummy Candy

Chrysanthemum flowers (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) have been shown to contain flavonoid compounds and exert antioxidant activity. This brings Chrysanthemum indicum potential to be developed as a nutraceutical product. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum flowers before and after the formulation of Chrysanthemum indicum flower extract as a gummy candy. Gummy candy formulas were developed using variations of gelatin and pectin as gelling agents. In this study, Chrysanthemum flower extract was formulated into gummy candy. The physical characteristics evaluated include organoleptic tests, weight uniformity, elasticity, and moisture content. Optimization was performed using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method with the aid of the Design Expert software Ver. 13. The antioxidant activity of the chrysanthemum flower extract and gummy candy extract was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The optimum formula for preparing the gummy candy was 11.51% of gelatin and 1.24% of pectin. The evaluation of weight uniformity, elasticity, and moisture content suggested that there is no significant difference between the optimum formula and the predicted value. Both the chrysanthemum flower extract and chrysanthemum flower gummy candy had strong antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of the extract was 67.80 ± 2.37 mg/mL while the gummy candy IC50 value was 82.93 ± 2.55 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum indicum was slightly decreased after being formulated into gummy candy. These studies suggested that scientists are expected to anticipate the decrease of Chrysanthemum antioxidant activity in the gummy manufacturing process.

Formulation and Evaluation of Natural Pigmented Lipstick from Roselle Flower and Secang Wood Extracts

Lipstick is a cosmetic product for the lips consisting of pigments, oils, waxes, and moisturizers. Natural lipstick is safe to use and contains natural nutrients to maintain lip health. The use of synthetic dyes in lipstick can have adverse effects on the skin and health; hence, the use of natural dyes from various natural sources needs to be considered. Secang wood and Rosella flowers are plants with important compound contents that have antioxidant properties. Secang wood contains brazilin, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenylpropane, and terpenoids. Meanwhile, Rosella flowers that grow in tropical areas have anthocyanin pigments as part of flavonoids that function as antioxidants. This research aims to determine the formulation of lipstick containing extracts of Secang wood and Rosella flowers and to test the antioxidant activity of the preparation. Extraction was carried out by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. Then, a phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the extract content, and a lipstick formula was made by comparing the ratio of Rosella and Secang extracts. The optimal formula selection was performed using the Simplex Lattice Design method with quality testing parameters, including pH, melting point, hardness, and antioxidant activity of the preparation. The data analysis showed that the optimal ratio of the two extracts was 2.5% and 7.5% for Rosella and Secang extracts, respectively. At this composition, the optimum pH value was 5, the melting point was 57˚C, the hardness was 1.87 seconds, and the antioxidant activity was classified as strong.

FORMULATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TESTS OF FACIAL WASH FROM OLIVE OIL AND NIACINAMIDE

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.1pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;" lang="IN">Problems on facial skin that often occur are caused by free radicals. Free radicals can cause cell damage in the form of premature aging which is characterized by a lack of elasticity in the skin, black spots appear, skin looks duller and there is pigmentation. Free radicals can be counteracted by giving antioxidants. Antioxidants are molecular compounds that can release electrons and neutralize free radicals in order to prevent cell damage. One of the natural ingredients that can be used to treat premature aging is olive oil. Olive oil is believed to help maintain skin moisture and elasticity as well as expedite the skin regeneration process, so that the skin is not easily dry and wrinkled. The aim of the research was to determine the results of the physical properties test of olive oil and niacinamide facial wash preparations and to determine the right and optimum formula for the surfactant combination of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and cocamidopropyl betaine. The type of research used is laboratory experimental with the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. According to the results of the physical properties of the 8 formulas, the facial wash preparations met the physical properties tests such as organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, foam stability, spreadability and viscosity which met the requirements according to SNI. Olive oil and niacinamide facial wash preparations have an optimum formula at a concentration of 0.75% SLS and 0.25% cocamidopropyl betaine.</span></p><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; position: relative; top: .5pt; mso-text-raise: -.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">Facial Washes; olive oil; Niacinamide</span></em>

OPTIMIZATION OF DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM TRANSDERMAL PATCH FORMULA USING A COMBINATION OF POLYVYNIL PYRROLIDONE K 30, ETHYL CELLULOSE AND MENTHOL WITH SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN METHOD

Diclofenac potassium is one of the NSAID drugs which can cause gastrointestinal irritation and damage to the small intestinal mucosa including erosion and ulceration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the combination of PVP K 30, ethyl cellulose and menthol on organoleptic, thickness, weight uniformity, moisture and folding resistance of diclofenac potassium transdermal patch.This research is an experimental study that includes an experiment to optimize the formulation of a transdermal patch preparation with the active ingredient potassium diclofenac and a combination of PVP K 30, ethyl cellulose and menthol. The optimization method uses the simplex lattice design method. There are 13 formula designs consisting of a combination of PVP K 30, ethyl cellulose and menthol. Each formula was tested for organoleptic, thickness, weight uniformity, moisture and folding resistance. Then the optimum formula was determined and analyzed using the simplex lattice design method. The combination of PVP K 30, ethyl cellulose and menthol with a simplex lattice design has an effect on the transdermal patch of diclofenac potassium which increases the consistency of the patch surface, reduces the thickness directly proportional to the weight of the patch and increases folding resistance. The proportion of PVP K 30, ethyl cellulose and menthol that can produce the optimum formula for diclofenac potassium transdermal patches with the simplex lattice design on the critical parameters of thickness, moisture, folding resistance and penetration tests, namely PVP K 30 of 14.87%, ethyl cellulose of 10.00% and 5.13% menthol.

Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaf Extract in Nanoemulgel and Antiacnes Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria

Soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) has antibacterial activity with active components of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. This research aims to optimize the use of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 in the nanoemulsion system, which will be added Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent to form a nanoemulgel and to determine antibacterial activity. By utilizing the simplex lattice design method in Design Expert 13.0, the nanoemulsion formula has been successfully optimized involving a mixture of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400. A total of 14 different nanoemulsion formulas were produced through this process. The process of making nanoemulsion is carried out by mixing extracts, oils, surfactants and cosurfactants, homogenized using a vortex, then sonicated. Evaluation of % transmittance, emulsification time, and pH were carried out to determine nanoemulsion physical properties. The nanoemulsion optimal formula was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential and made into nanoemulgel with the addition of Carbopol 940. The optimal formula has a composition of 10.86% VCO, 67.33% Tween 80, 21.81% PEG 400 form homogeneous and clear nanoemulsion with % transmittance of 91.97±1.11%, emulsification time of 56.42±0.72 seconds, and pH of 5.67±0.24. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimal formula were 229.47±38.79 nm, 0.41±0.10, and -39.13±0.19 mV, respectively. Evaluation of nanoemulgel physical properties showed homogeneous, pH value of 5.83±0.24, spreadability of 5.57±0.25 cm, adhesive force of 3.80±0.25 seconds, viscosity of 11479.33±167.49 cP, antibacterial activity against P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with inhibition zone diameters of 9.67±0.47 mm, 7.33±0.47 mm, and 5.67±0.47 mm. respectively. Nanoemulgel soursop leaf extract has suitable physical properties, and antibacterial activity is in the medium category.

Optimization of serum formula active fraction of moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera Lambk) as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the optimum formula for the serum active fraction of Moringa leaves with a combination of carbopol, NaCMC and propylene glycol as antibacterial. Material and methods the fractionation of the extract were tested on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the diffusion method. The ethyl acetate fraction which has antibacterial activity at a concentration of 15% was made into serum preparations with a combination of carbopol, NaCMC and propyleneglycol. Making serum formulas using the simplex lattice design method resulted in 14 serum formulas. Testing of the physical quality of the preparations carried out included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, viscosity, spreadability, and antibacterial activity. The results of the study on the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves with a concentration of 15% had antibacterial activity against S. aureus with an inhibition zone of 14.36 ± 1.1 mm. The TLC test the chemical compounds contained in the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves were flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The optimum combination proportions for serum preparations obtained variation values, namely carbopol 0.67% and NaCMC 3% and propylengliol 5.32%.

OPTIMASI GEL EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Belimbing wuluh leaves (DBW) are a plant that has antibacterial properties with active flavonoid compounds. The leaf extract with a concentration of 10% has a strong inhibitory ability against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria. Gel preparations have several advantages, including having water content with cooling, soothing, moisturizing properties, easy to use, easy to penetrate the skin, and provide a healing effect. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal comparison of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 bases in starfruit leaf extract gel preparations using the Simplex lattice design (SLD) method and to evaluate the antibacterial activity on SA bacteria. DBW extraction uses a maceration extraction method using 96% ethanol. The optimal DBW extract gel formula was determined using the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method using Design Expert 11. Verification of the optimal DBW extract gel formula using one sample T-test. The antibacterial test on SA used the well method and the results were analyzed using One Way Anova. The optimal formula obtained was tested for stability using freeze thaw cycling and acceptability tested. The optimal concentration of CMC-Na and Carbopol 940 produced by the SLD method is CMC-Na of 35% (0.7 g) and Carbopol 940 of 65% (1.3 g) with a total base weight of 2g. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the gel preparation could inhibit SA bacteria with an inhibition zone of 14.43 ± 0.707 mm. The results of the optimal formula verification test obtained a p value of >0.05, so the data obtained was not significantly different and it can be said that the formula for the SLD method results was valid including pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion power. The optimal gel formula obtained shows that the preparation is stable in storage and can be accepted by respondents.

The optimization of gelling agent and humectant in antioxidant gel formula with Carica papaya Linn. leaf extract based on simplex lattice design method

Papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) have very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 21.08 ppm. C. papaya L. leaf can be formulated in gel preparation. The physical properties of gel and its effectiveness as an antioxidant can be affected by excipients, so it is necessary to optimize the formula. The aims of this research were to find the concentration of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as gelling agent and glycerin as humectant to get optimal formula with the best physical properties and measure its antioxidant activity. Simplex lattice design (SLD) method was chosen for formula optimization with Na-CMC range 0.5-4% and glycerin 10-13.5%. The optimal formula was determined based on pH value, spreadability, stickiness and viscosity then determined for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of this research were optimal formula with Na-CMC concentration 1.853% and glycerin 12.147%. The antioxidant activity of the optimal formula was decreased from the extract activity, with an IC50 value 21.08 ppm (very strong) to 61.70 ppm (strong). It can be concluded that the optimal formula for papaya leaf (C. papaya L.) extract gel preparation can be obtained with combination of Na-CMC and glycerin using the SLD method with strong antioxidant value.

Optimization of Non-Effervescet Floating Tablets Ranitidine HCL Formula Using Durian Seed Matrix (Durio Zibethinus Murr) Fully Gelatinized Modified Using Simplex Lattice Design Method

This study investigated the use of fully gelatinated durian seed starch as an excipient in Ranitidine HCl Non-Effervescent Buoyancy Tablets (NEFT). The simplex lattice design method was used to formulate the optimum composition of the formula, including fully gelatinated durian seed starch, PVP K30, and magnesium stearate. Physically modified durian seed starch is expected to increase the release time of active substances in the body. The experiment was conducted for six months by measuring the physical properties of the granule, tablet hardness, solubility, and friability. Results showed that the optimum formula (27.74 mg durian seed starch, 1.5 mg PVP K30, 0.76 mg magnesium stearate) produced ranitidine HCl NEFT tablets with optimal properties. This research may contribute to the development of effective tablet formulations.

The Development of Alternative Dosage Form for Creatine Monohydrate: A Floating Tablet

Creatine monohydrate has been developed as a neuroprotective agent and can penetrate in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. However, its delivery is hampered by its limited capacity of creatine transporter. The floating system is known to increase the residence time of drugs in the stomach; thus, the active substances can be absorbed more optimally. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop creatine monohydrate floating tablets by optimizing the proportion of HPMC K100M and NaHCO2 and evaluating the quality of floating tablets. The formula was designed Simplex Lattice Design method. Tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method and evaluated for granule and tablet parameters. The results showed that HPMC K100M significantly increased flow time, absorption rate, hardness, floating time, swelling index; decreased index tap, fragility, and floating lag time. Meanwhile, an increase in NaHCO2 significantly affects an increase in floating lag time. The optimum formula obtained was 18.87% HPMC K100M and 21.12% NaHCO2. Verification of the optimum formula showed that tablet parameters were not significantly different from the predicted formula. The studies suggest that this prototype can be developed to increase creatine residence time in the stomach.

Optimization of naringenin sunscreen cream formula using the simplex lattice design method

Optimization of naringenin sunscreen cream formula using the simplex lattice design method

Permen Sambal Pecel: A New Variant of Traditional Cuisine from Madiun City

Sambal pecel is a typical food of the City of Madiun. In an effort to maintain the existence and product development, product development needs to be done through variation of sambal pecel products. This study aims to provide an alternative variation of a new product in the form of sambal pecel candy. This new variant of the sambal pecel product is intended to introduce sambal pecel to children. Determination of the formulation for making sambal pecel candy, namely sambal pecel, sucrose, glucose, and water was carried out using an experimental method. In processing the data, researchers used the Design Expert 13 application with the Simplex Lattice Design method. This study gave the result that the form of sambal pecel candy that children like is the lollipop form. Based on the experiment as a whole, the sambal pecel candy formula has a significant effect on organoleptic testing on the hedonic scale value p <0.05. The composition of the pecel sauce chosen by consumers was 25 gr, 80 gr sucrose, 40 gr glucose, and 95 ml water with an average score of 3.89. Highlights:
 
 
 Product Diversification: The study focuses on diversifying traditional sambal pecel into a new product, sambal pecel candy, to attract a wider audience.
 
 
 Child-friendly Introduction: The new candy variant aims to introduce the flavors of sambal pecel to children, promoting the traditional cuisine in a form suitable for young palates.
 
 
 Formulation Experimentation: Through experimental methods and design software, the optimal formulation for sambal pecel candy was determined, considering factors like taste and texture.
 
 
 Keywords: Sambal Pecel Candy, Product Variation, Children, Formulation, Organoleptic Testing

Cosmetic Serum Loaded Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica) Extract: Formulation and Antioxidant Study

Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is a natural antioxidant that can be used in the prevention of skin aging. This study was conducted to determine the comparison of variations in the composition of HPMC, CMC-Na, and Carbomer in the optimum formula of arabica coffee serum, then to determine the physical properties of the preparation, as well as the IC50 value ofarabica coffee extract and arabica coffee serum in the DPPH test. Arabica coffee extract was obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol. Determination of the optimum formula of arabica coffee serum using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The optimum formula of arabica coffee serum was evaluated for physical properties including organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, and adhesion test. The antioxidant activity of arabica coffee extract and the optimum formula of arabica coffee serum was tested using the DPPH method. Data analysis used SPSS One sample T-test statistics. The results showed that the composition variation of HPMC, CMC-Na, and Carbomer in the optimum formula of arabica coffee serum using the Simplex Lattice Design method was 0.1%:0.8%:0.1%. The resulting predicted values are a pH value of 4.88 and a spreadability value of 7.95 cm. The optimum formula of arabica coffee serum has the physical properties of the preparation, namely brown color, coffee aroma, light texture, a cool sensation when applied to the skin, homogeneous, has a spreadability of 7.93 cm, stickiness of 1 second, and pH value of 4.9. The IC50 value of arabica coffee extract and the optimum formula of arabica coffee serum are 8.13 ppm and 250 ppm. The results of the SPSS One sample T-test statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the prediction response and the results of the optimum formula evaluation.

Optimization of Carbopol, CMN-Na, Gelatin, and In Vitro Activity Test of 4-Hydroxy Chalcone Gel as Sunscreen

Abstract: The 4-hydroxychalcone compound is a flavonoid derivative that has benzene rings with unsaturated chains and a chromophore group, which can absorb UV rays and reduce the intensity of radiation exposure to the skin. This study aims to examine the effect of gelling agents on the physical properties of gel preparations, optimum formula stability, and activity of 4-hydroxychalcone gel as a sunscreen in vitro. Base optimization was carried out using Design Expert software version 10 with the simplex lattice design method and variations in gelling agent concentrations, namely carbopol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), and gelatin. The activity of 4-hydroxychalcone sunscreen gel was determined spectrophotometrically by determining the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, the percentage of erythema transmission (%TE), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission (%TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS software. The results showed that the optimum formula composition was obtained at a concentration of 0.67% carbopol, 2% CMC-Na, and 1.83% gelatin. The optimum formula of 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel was stable during storage at room temperature and did not experience syneresis during 72 hours of storage at ± 10°C. The 0.5% 4-hydroxychalcone gel gave an SPF value of 27.37 % TE was 1.76% and % TP was 10.21%, therefore it is categorized as a sunblock.

Optimization of HPMC and Na-CMC as Gelling Agents on Physical Properties and Stability in Sunflower Seed Oil Gel Formulation

Abstract: In recent years, skincare with natural ingredients is being developed for it has fewer side effects and is relatively suitable for all skin types. One of the potential ingredients from the natural ingredients is sunflower seed oil, which has proven to have potential as a skin moisturizer and fight acne bacteria. The purpose of this study was to make a gel formulation of sunflower seed oil by optimizing the combination of the gelling agent of HPMC and Na-CMC. The Simplex Lattice Design method was used to optimize the gel base with Design Expert software version 13. There were 8 gel formulas made and evaluated including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion. The independent variables in SLD were the amount of HPMC and Na-CMC, while the responses included pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The optimal formula suggested by SLD is a combination of 1.451% HPMC and 1.549% Na-CMC. The optimal formula has a pH of 6.813 ± 0.041, a viscosity of 194.8 ± 2.94 dPas, an adhesion of 6.29 ± 0.50 seconds, and a spreadability of 21.5 ± 10.05 cm2. The optimum prediction formula from the software has no significant difference from the test results which show that the method can be used to predict the physical properties of sunflower seed oil gel preparations. The results of the physical stability test also stated that its physical properties were stable in terms of pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion.

Physical properties and stability of grapeseed oil (Vitis vinifera L.) skincare formula with gelling agent combination of Na-CMC-carbopol and HPMC-carbopol

Skincare products made from natural ingredients have become the choice of many people. Grapeseed oil contains ingredients that act as a moisturizer. Na-CMC-carbopol and HPMC-carbopol are gelling agents that are widely used in preparations due to their compatibility with various materials. All three are combined to cover their respective deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the combination of Na-CMC-carbopol and HPMC-carbopol on the physical properties and stability of grapeseed oil gel and to determine the optimum formula. The research method was carried out by optimizing the levels of Na-CMC (2-2.5%), HPMC (2-20%), and carbopol (0.5-1%) with the Simplex Lattice Design method. Eight runs of the resulting formula were gelled and tested for their physical properties to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula obtained was verified with statistical analysis and tested for physical stability. The stability data were analyzed statistically, 95% confidence level. The optimum formula for NaCMC-carbopol was at a concentration of 2.220% Na-CMC and 0.780% carbopol, pH 6.246 ± 0.057, spreadability 12.96 ± 0.48 cm2, adhesion 6.33 ± 0.48 sec, viscosity 166.00 ± 4.88 dPas. HPMC-carbopol at both concentrations of 1% had a pH of 4.973 ± 0.172, a viscosity of 175.20 ± 5.44 dPas, a spreadability of 18.12 ± 1.61 cm2, and an adhesion of 6.94 ± 1.68 sec. All preparations were not significantly different between predictions and experiments. The optimum gel formula had good physical properties and was stable during 3 cycles of cycling stability test.

Optimisation of lozenge formulation from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) extract with various binding materials using a simplex lattice design method

Background: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of citronella grass extract are widely used, but there is no pleasant dosage form for patients who are unable to swallow. Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) extract lozenges were prepared with wet granulation method containing natural or synthetic polymer (PGA/PVP/gelatin) binders. Objective: This study aimed to determine the most optimal lozenge formula using the simplex lattice design method with Design Expert software 13.0.0. Methods: The extract was made using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent. Furthermore, the preparation of tablets and physical, chemical and stability tests were performed. Results: The results of the physical test showed that Formula IV with a ratio of PGA:PVP:Gelatin of 0.5:0.5:0 was optimal with a hardness value of 48.85 ± 0.46 kg/cm2, dissolving time of 684 ± 7 seconds, and friability value of 0.31 ± 0.136%. Chemical testing by the total phenolic content of the extract using the Folin-Ciocalteu method at a wavelength of 750 nm obtained a 78.262 mgGAE/gram extract. Moreover, the optimal tablet obtained a 0.063 ± 0.027 mgGAE/gram extract, and stability testing at room temperature for 28 days found that the obtained lozenges were stable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the combination of PGA (natural polymer) and PVP (synthetic polymer) binders with a ratio of 1:1 can produce optimal and stable citronella grass extract lozenges.

FORMULATION OF NANOEMULGEL CONTAINING EXTRACT OF IMPATIENTS BALSAMINA L. AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Objective: This study aimed to optimize the nanoemulgel formulation for balsam leaves (Impatients balsamina L.) extract and determine its antibacterial activity. Methods: Balsam leaves were extracted using the maceration method using ethanol. The nanoemulsion of balsam leaves ethanol extract was prepared with various oil, surfactants, and co-surfactant concentrations. Characterization was conducted on the nanoemulsion formed, including transmittance, droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The chosen nanoemulsion formula was then transformed into a gel preparation using various gelling agent concentrations, i.e., Carbopol 940 and chitosan, and optimized using the Design-Expert v13 software with the simplex lattice design method. Results: The study discovered the optimum nanoemulgel formula with a desirability value of 0.859. The ratio of Carbopol 940 with chitosan was 1.38% and 0.12%w/w, respectively, with an antibacterial activity inhibition zone against S. epidermidis of 22±2 mm in diameter. Conclusion: The observed responses closely matched the predicted values provided by the optimization method. The optimized nanoemulgel formulation has the potential to develop as an antibacterial dosage form.

OPTIMASI SODIUM LAURIL SULFAT DAN NATRIUM CHLORIDA PADA SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK LIDAH BUAYA: SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN

This study aims to determine the concentration of SLS and NaCl which can produce the best formula of aloe vera extract liquid soap (Aloe vera L.). The method used in this study is the Simplex Lattice Design method. Eight formulas were made with different concentrations of SLS and NaCl, then the parameters of viscosity, specific gravity, foam resistance, and pH were determined. The data obtained was tested with one sample t-test to see the difference between the software's design expert predicted results from the optimization method and the results of laboratory tests. From the results of testing the 8th parameter of the formula, the formula that has the closest desire ability value to 1 was chosen as the optimum formula, namely at a concentration of 180 g of SLS and 65 g of NaCl. From this formula, a one sample t test was carried out between the software's predicted value and laboratory parameter values. The significant values ​​obtained for the parameters of viscosity, specific gravity, foam resistance and pH were 0.570; 0.245; 0.882; 0.069. which means there is no difference in parameter values ​​between the software and the laboratory. It can be concluded that the formula with a variation of SLS of 180 g and NaCl of 65 g is the best formula in the formulation of aloe vera extract liquid soap which produces values ​​that meet quality requirements such as viscosity of 3270 Cp, Specific Weight of 1.079 g/ml, foam resistance of 67%, and pH value 6.73.

OPTIMASI FORMULA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SECARA IN VITRO LOTION O/W SENYAWA KALKON SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA

Chalcone is flavonoids class that have activity as sunscreen. The objective of this research is to find out the optimum formula of chalcone lotion, physical properties and stability of optimum formula lotion o/w, and sunscreen activity by spectrofotometry. The optimum formula was obtained by Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method using Design Expert® version 10. To determine the optimum formula used three responses, namely viscosity, spreading, and adhessiveness. The physical properties of the lotion o/w were carried out including spreading test, adhessiveness test, and viscosity. The physical stability test of lotion o/w was done by cycling test. The sunscreen lotion activity o/w is determined by spectrophotometry by determining SPF, %Erythema Transmission, and %Pigmentation Transmission. Data were analyzed by t-test and One Way ANOVA with 95% confidence level. The results showed that the optimum lotion formula was found in combination of 2.40% cetyl alcohol, 0.36% carbopol, and 5.74% glycerin. The optimum formula of chalcone lotion has a viscosity of 73.48 ± 6.18 dPas, adhesiveness of 7.14 ± 1.26 seconds, and a spreading power of 24.99 ± 1.11 cm2. The results of statistical analysis showed that the lotion has a pretty good stability. Lotion has activity as sunscreen at concentration of chalcone in lotion 0,05% with SPF 36,927 and can provide protection against erythema and pigmentation.