Simple Form Research Articles

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of ultra-large particle size asphalt mixture based on fractional derivative constitutive model

The aim of this paper was to accurately grasp and precisely characterize the dynamic viscoelastic properties of Ultra-Large Particle Size Asphalt Mixture (LSAM-50), and fully explore the features and simplified forms of the generalized fractional derivative Zener (GFDZ) model. The constitutive relations of the GFDZ model with n Abel elements were first given, and a modified GFDZ (mGFDZ) model was proposed. Then the master curves of LSAM-50, AC-13 and AC-20 mixtures were constructed, and the expression effects of different models and the dynamic viscoelastic behaviors of different asphalt mixtures were compared. The results showed that LSAM-50 was a typical viscoelastic material similar to traditional mixture. Both dynamic modulus and energy storage modulus decreased with increasing temperature. The phase angle increased first and then decreased with temperature increasing, and the peak value appeared near 40℃ at low frequency. The loss modulus increased first and then decreased with the temperature increasing. When the loading frequency was 0.1 Hz∼25 Hz, the peak value appeared at 0℃∼20℃. The rutting factors of LSAM-50 became larger with temperature reduction and frequency enhancement. When the number of Abel elements reached 2 in the GFDZ model or reached 3 in the mGFDZ model, the model fitting effects would no longer change significantly. The 2-mGFDZ model with only 5 parameters fitted master curves data satisfactorily and the physical meanings of parameters were clear. Comparing among three mixtures, LSAM-50, with the lowest asphalt content, showed significantly superior elasticity and better deformation resistance at medium and high temperatures. At low temperatures, the viscosity behavior of LSAM-50 was slightly inferior, but it may have pronounced plate properties considering the effect of aggregate skeletonization. The research results would promote new pavement structural design and mechanical response analysis.

LSTM-based DEM generation in riverine environment

In the broad field of sensors and 3D information retrieval, bathymetric reconstruction from side-scan sonar imaging is associated with unique technical hurdles. Neural Networks have recently led to promising new solutions in this field, but the available methods tend to be complex and data-intensive in a way typically making their use in a riverine environment impossible. Throughout our work, we have focused on simplifying the problem-handling and treating compatibility with a riverine environment as priority. In our work, Long Short-Term Memory proved to be effective in a surprisingly simple form. Combined with traditional post-processing techniques in the GIS environment, like median filtered focal statistics, our workflow ultimately results in ∼0.259 m median of error on the evaluation dataset of the Dráva River.

Research on Diffraction Patterns of Smartphone Screens

Smartphone screen is composed of pixels which are not of uniform size and arranged evenly. When illuminated by a laser, the reflected beam diffracts, producing a diffraction pattern with structure of mesh shape that exhibits characteristics similar to a two-dimensional reflection grating.In this paper, the general diffraction formula of a two-dimensional non-uniform grating is derived, while a simplified form in a special case is explored. The influence of laser incidence angle on the diffraction pattern is analyzed. The diffraction patterns by formula calculation and Fourier transform are obtained using MATLAB simulation. The rationality of the derived formula is verified through simulation and experiments. Also, the pixel density of the smartphone screen is calculated based on the diffraction pattern obtained from the experiment. The application scenarios of the research results are proposed.Comparing the discrepancy in diffraction patterns of different types of screens whose arrangements of sub pixels in smartphones are also different, the mechanism of grating diffraction is displayed directly. Theoretical calculations, simulations and experiments are applied for comparing and confirming each other.

Getting the intermolecular forces correct: introducing the ASTA strategy for a water model.

Having a force field for water providing good bulk properties is paramount for modern studies of most biological systems. Some of the most common three-site force fields are TIP3, SPC/ε or OPC3, providing a decent range of bulk properties. That does not mean though, that they have realistic inter-atomic forces. These force fields have been parameterized with a top-down approach, meaning, by fitting the force field parameters to the experimental bulk properties. This approach has been the governing strategy also for many variants of four- and more-site models. We test a bottom-up approach, in which the force field is parameterized by optimizing the non-bonded inter-atomic forces. Our philosophy is that correct inter-atomic forces lead to correct geometrical and dynamical properties. The first system we try to optimize with the accurately system tailored atomic (ASTA) approach is water, but we aim to eventually probe other systems in the future as well. We applied our ASTA strategy to find a good set of parameters providing accurate bulk properties for the simple three-site force field forms, and also for AMOEBA, a more detailed and polarizable force field. Even though our bottom-up approach did not provide satisfactory results for the simple three-site force fields (with fixed charges), for the case of the AMOEBA force field it led to a modification of the original strategy, giving very good intra- and inter-molecular forces, as compared to accurate quantum chemically calculated reference forces. At the same time, important bulk properties, in this study restricted to the density and diffusion, were accurately reproduced with respect to the experimental values.

Origins of biological teleology: how constraints represent ends

To naturalize the concept of teleological causality in biology it is not enough to avoid assuming backward causation or positing the existence of an inscrutable teleological essence like the élan vital. We must also specify how the causality of organisms is distinct from the causality of designed artifacts like thermostats or asymmetrically oriented processes like the ubiquitous increase of entropy. Historically, the concept of teleological causality in biology has been based on an analogy to the familiar experience of purposeful action. This is experienced by us as a disposition to achieve a general type of end that is represented in advance, and which regulates the selection of efficient means to achieve it. Inspired by this analogy, to bridge the gap between biology and human agency we describe a simple molecular process called autogenesis that shows how two linked complementary self-organizing processes can give rise to higher-order relations that resemble purposeful dispositions, though expressed in terms of constraints on molecular processes. Because the autogenic model is described in sufficient detail to be empirically realizable, it provides a proof of principle demonstrating a simple form of teleological causality.

Do risk measure scores and diagnoses predict evaluator opinions in sexually violent predator cases? It depends on the evaluator.

Field research increasingly reveals that forensic evaluators are not interchangeable. Instead, they tend to differ in their patterns of forensic opinions, in ways that likely reflect something about themselves, not just the persons evaluated. This study used data from sexually violent predator (SVP) evaluations to examine whether evaluator differences in making intermediate decisions (e.g., instrument scoring, assigning diagnoses) might explain their different patterns of final opinions. Although this study was generally exploratory and not strongly hypothesis driven, we expected that there might be evidence for a simple form of bias in which some evaluators would be more likely than others to consistently "find" indications of SVP status (i.e., consistently assigning higher risk scores and more SVP-relevant diagnoses) and, therefore, be more likely to find behavioral abnormality, the legal construct qualifying someone for commitment as an SVP. The study used data from 745 SVP evaluations conducted by 10 different evaluators who were assigned cases from the same referral stream. Potential evaluator difference variables included behavioral abnormality opinions, paraphilia and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses, and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and Static-99 scores. Evaluator differences explained a statistically significant (p < .001) amount of variance in behavioral abnormality opinions (17%), paraphilia diagnoses (7%), and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised scores (16%). Contrary to our expectation of a simple tendency for some evaluators to find all indicators of SVP status more often than others, evaluators differed in the ways that underlying diagnoses and scores corresponded with their conclusions. The overall pattern was one in which different evaluators appeared to base their final opinions on different factors. Findings reveal further evidence of substantial forensic evaluator differences in patterns of assigning instrument scores and reaching forensic conclusions. But these findings are the first to also reveal wide variability in their patterns of reaching forensic conclusions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

TEACHING AND LEARNING TO CONSTRUCT DATA-BASED DECISION TREES USING DATA CARDS AS THE FIRST INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING IN MIDDLE SCHOOL

This study investigates how 11- to 12-year-old students construct data-based decision trees using data cards for classification purposes. We examine the students' heuristics and reasoning during this process. The research is based on an eight-week teaching unit during which students labeled data, built decision trees, and assessed them using test data. They learned to manually construct decision trees to classify food items as recommendable or not. They utilized data cards with a heuristic that is a simplified form of a machine learning algorithm. We report on evidence that this topic is teachable to middle school students, along with insights for refining our teaching approach and broader implications for teaching machine learning at the school level.

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНЫХ ГАРАНТИЯХ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПРАВ ПОДОЗРЕВАЕМОГО (ОБВИНЯЕМОГО) ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ В УПРОЩЕННЫХ ФОРМАХ

The scientific article examines some procedural guarantees for ensuring the rights of a suspect (ac-cused) in the application of simplified forms of production: an inquiry in an abbreviated form, a spe-cial procedure for judicial proceedings. The terms, participants and possibilities of their actions in the application of simplified forms of proceedings are considered. The author draws attention to the fact that the level of coercion is significantly reduced during production in simplified forms, which is associated with a decrease in the level of opposition to the activities of government entities. The author believes that some procedural guarantees should be expanded by giving the investigator (inquirer) the right to act at his discretion. At the same time, the procedural guarantee associated with giving the public prosecutor the opportunity to object to the satisfaction of the accused's petition for the ap-plication of a special procedure for judicial proceedings is not such, because in practice these objections in most cases are not substantiated, are not motivated and lead to a violation of the accused's right to use a simplified form of proceedings

Bond of steel-FRP composite bar embedded in FRP-confined concrete: Behavior, mechanism, and strength model

In the steel-FRP composite bar (SFCB) reinforced concrete filled in an outer FRP tube, the bond behavior of SFCB in such FRP-confined concrete should differ from that in unconfined concrete. This paper aimed to understand the local bond behavior of SFCB in FRP-confined concrete. Sixty pullout specimens with variables (including the concrete strength, concrete cover-to-bar diameter ratio, and FRP confinement stiffness) were tested. The test results showed that the bond failure mode of SFCB was changed from concrete splitting in unconfined-concrete to pull-out in FRP-confined concrete. The study revealed that the development of FRP confinement promoted significant bond growth after concrete splitting and meaningful post-failure ductility. Greater FRP confinement stiffness resulted in the more pronounced the bond strength enhancement. In addition, a bond-confinement relationship at the bond interface was developed. Accordingly, the enhancement mechanism of SFCB in FRP-confined concrete is clarified: 1) FRP confinement substituted the cracked concrete in resisting to the wedge-action of SFCB; 2) FRP confinement improved the strength and deformability of interface concrete in resisting the shear-action of SFCB; 3) FRP confinement improved the friction. Finally, a bond strength model with a simple form was proposed, which can provide an accurate prediction of the bond strength of SFCB in FRP-confined concrete based on a confinement factor and the existing model in unconfined concrete.

A non‐stationary factor copula model for non‐Gaussian spatial data

AbstractWe introduce a new copula model for non‐stationary replicated spatial data. It is based on the assumption that a common factor exists that controls the joint dependence of all the observations from the spatial process. As a result, our proposal can model tail dependence and tail asymmetry, unlike the Gaussian copula model. Moreover, we show that the new model can cover a full range of dependence between tail quadrant independence and tail dependence. Although the log‐likelihood of the model can be obtained in a simple form, we discuss its numerical computational issues and ways to approximate it for drawing inference. Using the estimated copula model, the spatial process can be interpolated at locations where it is not observed. We apply the proposed model to temperature data over the western part of Switzerland, and we compare its performance with that of its stationary version and with the Gaussian copula model.

Robust Multiplicative Scatter Correction Using Quantile Regression

ABSTRACTA robust method for multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) in infrared spectroscopy is presented. Using quantile regression, the outlier wavelengths (concentration‐dependent wavelengths) that are irrelevant to the regression are identified and therefore excluded from the regression model. This new MCS method, which could be implemented in its simple or extended form, is much simpler than the recently proposed methods and has only one hyperparameter (the quantile value) to be adjusted. To achieve this, a scoring function based on residual analysis can automatically determine the correct quantile value. The method is first explained using simulation data sets and then its validation is explained by analysing some experimental data sets. It was found that our new method can perform well in the presence of strong outlying variables. On the other hand, when the data sets are not associated outlying wavelengths, this method behaves similarly to the conventional MSC method.

A one‐dimensional phenomenological constitutive model of shape memory alloys considering the cyclic degradation of two‐way memory effect

AbstractThis study introduces a one‐dimensional phenomenological constitutive model designed to describe two‐way shape memory effect (TWSME) and its associated cyclic degradation. The model utilizes the logistic function to formulate the phase transformation equation, incorporates the expansion of key parameters into their respective fatigue functions to characterize the fatigue phenomenon, and integrates a phase transformation rate regulation function into the differential form of the phase transformation equation. This integration facilitates the control over the entire phase transformation process and the simulation of incomplete transformations. The model is distinguished by its comprehensive functionality, simple form, ease of calculation, and the clear and direct influence of key parameters. Furthermore, it offers a degree of flexibility because each function within the framework is replaceable. The simulation of the TWSME strain and recovery stress hysteresis loop deformation has been successfully conducted, enabling the description of internal hysteresis loops caused by incomplete transformation. The validity of the model is corroborated by comparing it with existing experimental results.

Historical Study of the Use of Low Seat Dingklik In Java in the Socioeconomic Activities of the Colonial Era (1800-1900)

ABSTRACT Since the 8th century, Indian traders have brought Hindu/Buddhist practices to Java, influencing the culture of sitting low. When furniture came to Indonesia during the colonial era, the Javanese started using low-wooden benches called dingklik for work and informal interactions. Despite having a simple form and being often hidden, dingklik underwent a transformation through socioeconomic activities in Java during the colonial period. Contemporary paintings, photographs, and films were used to analyse dingklik in terms of content, visual elements, and height in socio-economic activity. From an economic perspective, the shape of dingklik was oriented towards mobility so that for carry-on traders, the dingklik had smaller and lighter legs, making it easy to carry. Meanwhile, socially, the form of dingklik was influenced by philosophical symbolism, and for Javanese nobles, it had decorative features similar to royal chairs as symbols of power. This study highlights the shift in the value of traditional Javanese sitting facilities.

AI-IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND LINEAR REPRENDER RENDERING

Image representation and rendering have become critical in numerous applications such as virtual reality, medical imaging, and computer graphics. Traditional rendering techniques often face challenges in efficiently handling complex scenes and achieving photorealistic results while maintaining low computational costs. The problem lies in the high-dimensional nature of image data, leading to slow processing times and reduced scalability. This research presents an AI-enhanced technique called Linear RepRender, which leverages deep learning to transform high-dimensional image representations into simplified linear forms for faster rendering. The proposed method employs a combination of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and linear regression models to reduce image complexity. Specifically, the CNN extracts low-level and high-level features from the image, while the linear regression step approximates the scene’s core visual elements. This hybrid approach significantly improves rendering speed without sacrificing image quality. Furthermore, the method incorporates a loss function optimized for minimizing discrepancies between the rendered and ground truth images. Experimental results demonstrate that Linear RepRender outperforms traditional rendering algorithms, such as ray tracing and rasterization, in terms of computational efficiency and visual accuracy. On a dataset of complex 3D scenes, the proposed method achieved a 35% reduction in rendering time and a 22% improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, Linear RepRender was able to handle up to 1.5 million polygons per scene with minimal visual artifacts, making it suitable for real-time applications.

Optimal default options

Previous studies of optimal default options demonstrate that either opt-out minimization or maximization is optimal under restrictive conditions. We obtain a general characterization of the solution by studying optimal defaults when one of the problem’s parameters approaches a limiting value. We interpret these “asymptotic optima” as approximate optima for non-limiting cases and justify this interpretation through numerical simulations. When the designer and choosers agree about the activity’s value, simple forms of weighted opt-out minimization are asymptotically optimal. Additional results encompass Pigouvian fees, normative ambiguity, and cases in which the designer and choosers disagree about the activity’s value.

A novel modified complementary metamaterial resonator based dual-band bandpass quasi-elliptic filter using half-mode SIW cavity with wide stopband rejection for wireless communication applications

This article presents a novel dual-band metamaterial bandpass quasi-elliptic filter (DBBPF) for wireless communication applications, addressing the critical need for compact, high-performance multi-band filters in modern systems. The proposed filter leverages substrate-integrated waveguide cavity (SIWC) technology combined with innovative complementary metamaterial resonators to achieve significant miniaturization while maintaining excellent electrical performance. The filter’s design incorporates four complementary resonators of modified rectangular shape (CMSRR) on the metalized top face, generating targeted operating bands below the SIW cutoff frequency. To control their resonances, the size of each CMSRR is optimized for electrical dimensions of just 0.154 λ0× 0.115 λ0× 0.028 λ0. We present a comprehensive analysis of both full mode (FMSIWC) and half mode (HMSIWC) configurations, demonstrating dual-bandpass behavior with central frequencies at 5.79 and 9.82 GHz for FMSIWC, and 5.72 and 9.74 GHz for HMSIWC. The electromagnetic behavior of the basic cell of the filter is analyzed based on the frequency characteristics of its permittivity and permeability. A parametric study according to the location of the metamaterial resonators in the filter is conducted to have the optimized dimensions. Additionally, the confinement of the electric field in the two filter configurations is discussed to better understand their behavior. The fabricated HMSIWC filter, implemented on an FR4-Epoxy substrate measuring only 54.60 × 25.75 × 1.5875 mm3, achieves remarkable miniaturization while maintaining desired performance characteristics. Experimental results validate the simulated performance, demonstrating excellent agreement for both configurations. Key performance metrics include fractional bandwidths of 3.77 and 6.98 %, and insertion losses of 1.33 dB and 2.14 dB for the two passbands in the HMSIWC design. This work advances the state-of-the-art SIW filter design by combining half-mode techniques with optimized CMSRR structures, resulting in a compact, high-performance dual-band filter. The proposed DBBPF’s simple design and small form factor make it an ideal candidate for integration into various wireless communication systems, particularly where space constraints are critical.

Considerations On The Nature Of The Co-Operation Proceedings And The Legislative Regulation Of Separate Related Issues

This article explores certain fundamental issues concerning co-operation proceedings as simplified form of judicial procedure, introduces its definition and terminology used therein. The institution above has entered into the field of application in the domestic legal system relatively recently, which means that a number of problems have arisen and will arise in practical work, the prior discussion of a part of which can certainly contribute to the search and application of their most accurate solutions, which also demonstrates the relevance of this study. The problem of this article is to highlight the problems that may arise in the application of the co-operation proceedings, to discuss their legal regulations, to highlight the problematic and effective aspects, and to propose certain solutions as the goal of the work. Boundaries of co-operation, motion of the accused, the decision made by the supervising prosecutor on the motion, issues regarding the opinion of the investigator, "unsuccessful" co-operation, possibility of signing a cooperation agreement as a result of negotiations in the absence of a clearly expressed position of the accused regarding the admission of guilt in the act attributed to him, submitting the motion directly to the prosecutor have been discussed under the article and proposals have been presented. The situations when a person, not being formally accused, essentially co-operates with the preliminary investigation bodies, without being informed that the information under his or her possession could become the subject of co-operation proceedings, are also discussed. The considerations made in the article on the indicated issues can further improve the existing legal regulations to the benefit of private and public participants in the proceedings.

Framework for analyzing the relationship between supply, demand, and flow of recreational services in urban park green spaces

Regular recreational activities in urban park green spaces are beneficial to the physical and mental health of residents. The supply capacity of, the residents’ demand for, and the actual flow of recreational services must be distinguished and evaluated to promote the fair and reasonable layout of urban park green spaces. However, the unit dimensions of the supply, demand, and flow indexes of recreational services are often inconsistent or only in simple semiquantitative forms, which cannot be directly compared and analyzed. Thus, this study constructed a research framework of “potential supply/demand–pressure/accessibility–actual supply/demand” for recreational services, and the framework was tested using the central urban area of Xuchang as the experimental area. Results show the following: (1) A spatial mismatch exists in the supply–demand relationship of recreational services in the study area; this relationship is reflected in the semicircular layer structure from the central and southern areas to the periphery, changing from shortage of supply to oversupply. (2) The actual supply of recreational services is highly correlated with the number of people served, which can explain 50.38% of the change in the actual supply. (3) The potential demand for recreational services is highly correlated with the actual demand. It can explain 78.96% of the change in the actual demand. (4) Accessibility is a non-critical factor affecting the travel rate of residential quarters, while supply pressure is a key factor affecting the utilization rate of park green space. The framework can effectively identify important or low-utilization service-providing areas, unmet service-demanding areas, and important service-connecting areas. It is suitable for the study of the relationship between the supply, demand, and flow of user movement-related services.

Measuring the fire growth potential of combustible solids using a cone calorimeter

The fire growth rate of interior linings, furnishings, and construction materials is measured in full-scale fire tests such as the ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel, the ISO 9705 room fire, and a passenger aircraft fuselage as the flame-spread rate, time-to-flashover, or time to incapacitation, respectively. The results are used to indicate the level of passive fire protection afforded by the combustible material or product in the test without providing any insight into the burning process. These large-scale tests require many square meters of product, are very expensive to conduct, and can exhibit poor repeatability–making them unsuitable for product development, quality control, product surveillance, or regulatory compliance. For this reason, smaller (0.01 m2) samples are tested in bench-scale fire calorimeters under controlled conditions, and these one-dimensional burning histories are correlated with the results of the two- and three-dimensional burning histories in full-scale fire tests by a variety of empirical and semi-empirical fire propagation indices, as well as analytic and computer models specific to the full-scale fire test. The approach described here defines the potential of a material to grow a fire in terms of cone calorimeter data obtained under standard conditions. The fire growth potential, λ (m2/J), is the coupled process of surface flame spread and in-depth burning that is defined as the product of ignitability (1/ E ign) and combustibility (Δ Q/Δ E) obtained from a combustion energy diagram measured in a cone calorimeter at an external radiant energy flux [Formula: see text] (W/m2) above the critical flux for burning, [Formula: see text]. However, the potential for fire growth, λ≡ (1/ Ei gn)(Δ Q/Δ E) is only realized as a hazard when the heat of combustion of the product per unit surface area, Hc (J/m2), is sufficient to grow the fire. The dimensionless fire hazard of a combustible product of thickness b is therefore, Π = λ Hc, while the fire hazard of the component materials is an average over the product thickness, π = Π/ b. The measurement of λ, Π, and π from combustion energy diagrams of heat release Q (J/m2) versus incident energy E (J/m2) is described, as well as a physical basis for a fire growth potential that provides simple analytic forms for λ in terms of the parameters reported in cone calorimeter tests. Experimental data from the literature show that rapid fire growth in full-scale fire tests of combustible materials occurs above a value of Π determined by the severity of the fire test.

DETEKSI DINI KELUHAN YANG LAZIM MUNCUL PADA LANSIA DI UPT PESANGGRAHAN PMKS MOJOPAHIT KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO

The decision to live at Pesanggrahan PMKS Mojopahit can come from the family or the wishes of the elderly themselves. Many elderly people experience physical and psychological complaints, some of which cannot be conveyed. Sometimes this complaint will cause depression. At this time, early detection of these complaints is needed. The method used for physical health examination is blood pressure measurement, a simple laboratory form random blood sugar levels and uric acid levels, mental health using a questionnairegeriatric depression scale. The target is all 48 elderly people at Pesanggrahan PMKS Mojopahit. The results show that the blood pressure of the elderly has a tendency to increase starting from grade 1 to grade 2 hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension as much as 29%. Uric acid levels show that the majority have uric acid levels within normal limits (56%), but 36% have uric acid levels that are high. high, blood glucose levels tend to lead to pre-diabetes mellitus as much as 21% and as many as 12% of elderly people have diabetes mellitus status. The results of mental health detection using GDS show that the majority of elderly people experience moderate depression. It is hoped that the management of the PMKS Mojopahit guesthouse will pay attention to these findings with the following steps; regular check-ups to maintain the health of the elderly, physical activity, leisurely walking and cardio exercise for the elderly, treatment of depression problems through group activity therapy and psychoreligious therapy.