Simple Events Research Articles

Adults’ Understanding and 6-To-7-Month-Old Infants’ Perception of Size and Mass Relationships in Collision Events

Humans first start to perceive the relationship between object size and mass in simple collision events at about 5.5–6.5 months of age. They perceive this link in simple collision events by attending to the size of the moving object and anticipating a greater displacement after collision with a large object and a lesser displacement with a small object. The results this aforementioned experiment is based on infants’ responses to a large and small object propelling a stationary object to the same distance (long distance). It is unknown how infants would perceive the same events if a large and small object propelled a stationary object to size appropriate (congruent) and size inappropriate (incongruent) distances. This paper aims to investigate this with adults (experiment 1) and 6-to-7-month-old infants (experiment 2). The first experiment served to validate our computer-generated collision events, by asking adults (N = 24) to rate the likeness of collision events happening in real-life, based on object size. In the second experiment, we tested this phenomenon in infants (N = 16) using the looking time paradigm. Results from the first experiment revealed that our computer-generated collision events are in line with adults’ assumptions of size-appropriate and size-inappropriate distances that the cube is propelled to by the small and large ball. Adults rated congruent test events as more likely than incongruent test events when asked how real-life-based they were. Results from the second experiment revealed infants distinguished between the sizes by preferring to look at the large ball longer than the small ball. However, the infants did not differ in their looking times for congruent and incongruent test events for small or/and large balls. For that reason, we conclude infants can distinguish between the sizes of the balls but are unable to perceive the size and mass associations in collision events.

Agents’ goals affect construal of event endpoints

Theories of event cognition have hypothesized that the boundaries of events are characterized by change, including a change in the agent’s goal, but the role of higher-order goal information in how people conceptualize events is currently not well-understood. In a series of experiments, we used a novel method to test whether goals can affect how viewers determine when an event ends. Participants read a context sentence stating an agent’s goal (e.g., “Jesse wants to eat the orange for her breakfast”, “Jesse wants to use the orange as a garnish”). Participants then saw an image of a partly complete visual outcome (e.g., a partly peeled orange) and were asked to identify whether an event had occurred (“Did she peel the orange?”). Participants were more likely to accept a partly complete outcome if the outcome satisfied the agent’s goal (Experiments 1 and 2). This goal effect was present even when participants saw an image that corresponded to a mostly complete visual outcome (e.g., a mostly peeled orange; Experiment 3). Our results offer the first direct evidence in support of the conclusion that higher-order goal information affects the way even simple physical events are conceptualized. They further suggest that theories of event cognition need to account for the rich and varied informational sources used by the human mind to represent events.

Highlights from the International Twins Congress 2021

Highlights from the International Twins Congress 2021

사건 영역 인지 모델에 기반한 현대중국어 긴축문의 통사구조 분석

As a special syntactical structure in modern Chinese, contracted sentences are short in form but rich in semantics. They are different from simple sentences and compound sentences both syntactically and semantically.BR From the perspective of Event Semantics, a contracted sentence represents a compound event composed of multiple simple events. Based on the number of ‘being’ in the Event-domain Cognitive Model theory(ECM for short), this paper analyzes the various collocation relations between ‘action’ and ‘being’, reveals the different types of syntactic construction, and generalizes the event-domain cognitive models corresponding to different contracted sentences.

Origins of the seed: The "golden-trio hypothesis".

The seed is an evolutionary innovation in the plant kingdom. While human civilization depends heavily on seed production, how the seed trait emerged remains elusive. In this opinion article, a “golden-trio hypothesis” is proposed based on our investigations of LEC1 gene functions in Adiantum capillus-veneris. This hypothesis posits that a “seed program” arose from spatiotemporal integration of three key components: assimilate flow, ABA-mediated stress responses, and stress-induced LEC1 expression. Thus, the evolutionary innovation of seeds should be considered not a simple event resulting from new genes; rather, it represents the outcome of a series of physiological and morphological innovations that emerged prior to and regardless of the origin of the seed program. This new perspective could help us tackle some long-standing questions around the puzzling origin of seeds.

PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARIAH SECARA LITIGASI DI PENGADILAN AGAMA METRO KELAS IA

Along with the development of the era of growth and development of Islamic Financial Institutions (LKS) in Indonesia is now increasingly rapidly. The rapid development of Islamic banking and financial institutions also has an impact on the greater possibility of problems or disputes between related parties such as service providers and the people being served.The problems of this research are as follows: 1. How is the settlement of sharia economic disputes in litigation with Case Number 0431/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Mt in the Metro Religion Court Class IA?. 2. What is the judge's decision on the settlement of sharia economic disputes in litigation with Case Number 0431/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Mt at the Metro Religion Court Class IA?.The research method in this thesis is by using the Juridical Empirical method and by conducting interviews with sources.There are two criteria in handling sharia economic disputes, namely handling ordinary events and handling simple events. The handling of sharia economic cases in a simple way refers to the Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2015, concerning the Simple Lawsuit Procedure. Handling of ordinary events that refers to HIR (Java and Madura) and RBg (outside Java and Madura) as the legal procedure. Examination of the usual event begins at the stage of the first trial, which is to summon the two parties to the dispute and then make mediation efforts first. If mediation fails, the trial will continue at the stage of reading the lawsuit and then proceed with reading the exception then the answer stage between the defendant and the defendant, namely the replica and duplicate. After the answer stage, the next stage is evidence by both parties, after proof both parties provide conclusions from each party, and the final stage of the trial is the decision by the panel of judges. Judges in the Religious Courts including the Metro Religious Courts class IA in making decisions on a case being examined using the stages, namely the formulation of the problem or main dispute, data collection in the evidentiary process, data analysis to find facts, legal discovery and application, and decision making. decision.The conclusions in this study are: 1. Settlement of sharia economic disputes in litigation with Case Number 0431/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Mt at the Metro Religious Court Class IA, carried out with the usual program which begins at the first trial stage, which begins with the summons of the parties. The defendant then continued with the mediation process with the results of the mediation being unsuccessful, so that it was continued on the agenda of the next session of reading the plaintiff's lawsuit, then followed by reading the exception from the defendant, and ending with the reading of the decision on the exception. 2. The judge's considerations in the case register number 0431/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Mt, namely: based on the opinion of legal experts that the lawsuit must basically contain the formal requirements for the identity of the parties, posita and petitum. Claims must be made carefully, clearly, concisely, concisely, and clearly. The decision on the case register Number 0431/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Mt is based on the judge's consideration, namely rejecting the lawsuit.Suggestions that the author can give are: 1. There are many legal rules contained in various laws and regulations which have a point of contact with Law Number 3 of 2006. Therefore, it is better for judges of the Religious Courts to continue to study and understand them to be used as guidelines in deciding sharia economic cases, whether related to bank Indonesia, related to religious courts, and other laws that are still related to sharia economics. 2. In connection with the process of resolving this shari'ah economic dispute, the Metro Religious Court Class IA should be able to explore the values and norms of Islamic law, both those contained in the Qur'an, al-Sunnah and other books. fiqh/ushulfiqh and the fatwas of the Ulema Council which in this case is through the National Syari'ah Council relating to issues surrounding the sharia economy.

A biomedical event extraction method based on fine-grained and attention mechanism

BackgroundBiomedical event extraction is a fundamental task in biomedical text mining, which provides inspiration for medicine research and disease prevention. Biomedical events include simple events and complex events. Existing biomedical event extraction methods usually deal with simple events and complex events uniformly, and the performance of complex event extraction is relatively low.ResultsIn this paper, we propose a fine-grained Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory method for biomedical event extraction, which designs different argument detection models for simple and complex events respectively. In addition, multi-level attention is designed to improve the performance of complex event extraction, and sentence embeddings are integrated to obtain sentence level information which can resolve the ambiguities for some types of events. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the commonly used dataset Multi-Level Event Extraction.ConclusionsThe sentence embeddings enrich the global sentence-level information. The fine-grained argument detection model improves the performance of complex biomedical event extraction. Furthermore, the multi-level attention mechanism enhances the interactions among relevant arguments. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for biomedical event extraction.

Robust correlation filter tracking based on response map analysis network

Conventional discriminative-correlation-filter-based (DCF-based) visual tracking methods always update model at a fixed frequency and learning rate. Without evaluating the tracking confidence scores, the response map generated by filter is the only evidence for locating. Thus, most of the existing DCF-based methods suffer from the model contamination caused by drastic appearance variations, which leads to tracking drift even failure. And excessively frequent update will increase the computational redundancy and risk of over-fitting. In addition, these methods cannot recover target from heavy occlusion neither. Based on the observation that the shape of response maps reflects the matching degree between filter and target, we design and train a small-scale binary network named as response map analysis network (RAN) to evaluate the confidence scores of filters. Further, we propose to learn multiple filters to exploit different kinds of features, and adaptively adjust the update parameters according to the corresponding confidence scores. Moreover, we build a simple occlusion event model to detect heavy occlusion and recover target. Extensive experimental results validate the effectiveness of RAN and demonstrate that the proposed tracker performs favorably against other state-of-the-art (SOTA) DCF-based trackers in terms of precision, overlap rate and efficiency.

Explainable spatiotemporal reasoning for geospatial intelligence applications

AbstractThis article explores the design, implementation, and querying of a prototype system for automated spatial reasoning for geospatial intelligence applications, called NEXUS. The system combines multiple different reasoning components that can support a wide range of spatiotemporal queries. Fundamental to the requirements of intelligence analysts is the need to provide explanations of system outputs that help better inform users and engender trust in the system. The NEXUS architecture leverages semantic web technologies, and in particular the Simple Event Model and PROV‐O ontologies, to support queries not only about reasoner inferences, but also explanations as to why the system arrived at a particular conclusion. The manipulation of location reports in marine automatic identification system (AIS) data is used as a running example to demonstrate the approach. The range of queries developed illustrates both the detection of suspicious activities and explanations of the inference processes used to identify those activities.

The formation of civic activity of the individual as a social – political and psychological – pedagogical problems

The birth of a person is not only a natural biological phenomenon of birth, but also a rise to the level of development of one’s time after birth, the acquisition of existing socio-historical experience, the determination of one’s place in society, becoming an active participant in the historical process in which the older generation passes on their life, labor and labor experience, knowledge and skills to the younger generation. This is carried out through a social phenomenon that plays an important role in the formation and development of the individual, called education. In addition, the rearing of well-rounded, mature individuals will increase and change. It is known that any society strives for a humane attitude towards its members, and its goal is to express itself, assert itself, be recognized by society as a person, pave the way for the realization of the need. The political, social and social changes taking place all over the world today have led to many changes in the theory and practice of education. The existing pedagogical practice in the new social environment cannot be implemented without a deep understanding of methodological and practical problems from a theoretical point of view, because without solving these problems there will be no effectiveness of education and upbringing. Observations are carried out not only to observe simple events, to collect, record and identify individual facts, but also to improve and strengthen the educational process. As a rule, pedagogical observation reveals ways in which students master the sciences, takes into account changes in their behavior and attitudes, and has an appropriate educational and psychological impact.

GROWING COMMUNITY CARE FOR A CLEAN AND WASTE-FREE ENVIRONMENT IN PONDOK BAMBU VILLAGE, DUREN SAWIT DISTRICT, EAST JAKARTA

The application of a clean and healthy lifestyle should become a daily habit. Management is fully felt by humans, management in the utilization of natural resources in addition to promoting general welfare as well as to achieve happiness in life and the way of its efforts must pay attention to the preservation of the ability of the living environment in a harmonious and balanced manner to support sustainable development. The purpose of this activity is to create a sense of community concern for a clean and waste-free environment. Meanwhile, the benefit of this activity is to raise public awareness of Pondok Bambu Village, Duren Sawit District, East Jakarta or those who are not in the area so as not to litter. Program activities carried out through 1) Physical group programs, namely the creation of a sign appealing to the community to always keep the environment clean and the provision of trash bins for the surrounding community, so that they can always maintain the cleanliness of the local environment in order to create a clean, tidy and free of waste environment. 2) Non-physical group programs, namely: carrying out mutual cooperation activities to clean the environment to provide an example to the local community so that it can create a sense of empathy for the local community towards environmental cleanliness. 3) Additional group programs, namely: holding a simple event to inaugurate and legalize the installation of signs and trash bins which were inaugurated and legalized by all regional officials

A Monte Carlo analysis of false inference in spatial conflict event studies.

Spatial event data is heavily used in contemporary research on political violence. Such data are oftentimes mapped onto grid-cells or administrative regions to draw inference about the determinants of conflict intensity. This setup can identify geographic determinants of violence, but is also prone to methodological issues. Problems resulting from spatial aggregation and dependence have been raised in methodological studies, but are rarely accounted for in applied research. As a consequence, we know little about the empirical relevance of these general problems and the trustworthiness of a popular research design. We address these questions by simulating conflict events based on spatial covariates from seven high-profile conflicts. We find that standard designs fail to deliver reliable inference even under ideal conditions at alarming rates. We also test a set of statistical remedies which strongly improve the results: Controlling for the geographic area of spatial units eliminates an important source of spurious correlation. In time-series analyses, the same result can be achieved with unit-level fixed effects. Under outcome diffusion, spatial lag models with area controls produce most reliable inference. When those are computationally intractable, geographically larger aggregations lead to similar improvements. Generally, all analyses should be performed at two separate levels of geographic aggregation. To facilitate future research into geographic methods, we release the Simple Conflict Event Generator (SCEG) developed for this analysis.

The Effectiveness of Acupressure Points PC-6 and SP-3 on the Hyperemesis Gravidarum in Pregnant Women

Background: Handling of nausea and vomiting in first trimester mothers (emesis gravidarum) is mostly still using pharmacological therapy, even though there is a simple event by using massage at acupuncture points to treat emesis gravidarum. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of PC-6 and SP-3 acupressure on emesis gravidarum in first trimester pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This study is a quasi-experimental research design using a control group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in July-August 2021. The population in this study were all pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting in the 1st trimester in the Nurobo Health Center Work area, Malacca Regency. A total of 40 pregnant women in the 1st trimester were used as samples which were divided into 4 groups of 10 people each, namely group 1 (PC-6 acupressure), group 2 (SP-3 acupressure), group 3 (combination of PC-6 and SP-3 acupressure), and group 4 or control group (vitamin B6). The sample was selected by consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis using Wilcoxon Rank-Test and Paired T-Test. Results: After intervention of accupressure in PC-6 point, SP-3 point, or combination of both PC-6 and SP-3 reduced frequency of vomiting and nausea and duration of nausea. Conclusion: accupressure in PC-6 point, SP-3 point, or combination of both PC-6 and SP-3 reduce frequency of vomiting and nausea and duration of nausea in pregnant women.

Dual Nature of International Circular Migration

The paper deals with the international circular migration which has globally become a buzzword in scientific, political, and administrative circles since the new century. The article concentrates on an unknown feature of the circular migration, namely its dialectic nature, which encompasses both event and system characteristics. This would be the common root of false ideas surrounding human circulation. The literature echoes wide variety of conceptualisations of international circular migration. However, the investigation and application of double characteristic is absent. On one hand, circular migration is a type of migration as a simple event, on the other hand that is a repeat process or a complete system. The main aim of the article is to discuss the event-system dilemma in general and to provide a sort of practical solution with empirical evidence that comes from Hungary in particular. Moreover, the authors contribute to the clarification of the general concept of human circular mobilities.

P systems with protein rules

Membrane computing or P-systems is a subfield of natural computing, which models living systems with mathematical tools. In classical membrane-computing, cells or organs are surrounded by a simple membrane and computational events take place in either side of the membrane. We have developed a new conceptual tool to better fit P-systems to higher-order organisms, which rely on the actual membrane structure of the cell and on the biochemical reactions (rules), which take place on the membrane of different organs in our body. To demonstrate the power of this new concept, we modeled the process of maintaining normoglycemia in healthy individuals as well as in type-I and type-II diabetes patients. The main challenge was to prioritize the insulin-producing β-cells over other organs, i.e., once glucose has entered the body, it must first enter specifically into pancreatic β-cells in order to release the hormone Insulin. However, using classical membrane computing, we could not implement this hierarchy. Therefore, we chose to utilize the membrane actual physiology and add its properties to the current definitions of membrane computing. In particular, we use enzymes and protein-transporters (as well as channels) to apply algebraic rules. In addition, we show that the defined systems are universal, by simulating register machines. Thus, allowing deterministic manner operations in a non-deterministic system by giving membrane-specific rules. To our gratification, we succeeded to adequately describe the process of glucose homeostasis in health and disease while bringing the science of membrane-computing closer to the natural world.

Tactical mission event logic graph construction for Network-Centric Warfare

Constructing a Tactical Mission Event Logic Graph (TMELG) can assist military staff to analyze the composition and evolution process of tactical missions. We can construct Military Internet of Things (MIoT) applications based on the TMELG to assist military staff to make planning and study tactical missions in the Network-Centric Warfare situation. In this paper, we proposed a representation framework for tactical mission events, based on the Simple Event Model (SEM), to present and construct the TMELG. First of all, sub-mission events and event elements are extracted from military texts with an invented Two-Stage Event Extraction (TSEE) method. Secondly, the Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) was applied to decompose a tactical mission into sub-missions, which were further decomposed into atomic missions, then basic relations were established for sub-missions. Finally, we exploited the explicit causality among sub-mission events, and the implicit causality between atomic mission events and military resources with the Granger Causality Model (GCM). With respect to automatic extraction of sub-mission events and event elements from military texts, the experimental results showed that our TSEE method outperforms the listed methods. The successful application of TMELG to a joint landing operation case verifies the feasibility of our construction method proposed in this paper.

The Effectiveness of Acupressure Points PC-6 and SP-3 on the Hyperemesis Gravidarum in Pregnant Women

Background: Handling of nausea and vomiting in first trimester mothers (emesis gravidarum) is mostly still using pharmacological therapy, even though there is a simple event by using massage at acupuncture points to treat emesis gravidarum. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of PC-6 and SP-3 acupressure on emesis gravidarum in first trimester pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This study is a quasi-experimental research design using a control group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in July-August 2021. The population in this study were all pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting in the 1st trimester in the Nurobo Health Center Work area, Malacca Regency. A total of 40 pregnant women in the 1st trimester were used as samples which were divided into 4 groups of 10 people each, namely group 1 (PC-6 acupressure), group 2 (SP-3 acupressure), group 3 (combination of PC-6 and SP-3 acupressure), and group 4 or control group (vitamin B6). The sample was selected by consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis using Wilcoxon Rank-Test and Paired T-Test. Results: After intervention of accupressure in PC-6 point, SP-3 point, or combination of both PC-6 and SP-3 reduced frequency of vomiting and nausea and duration of nausea. Conclusion: accupressure in PC-6 point, SP-3 point, or combination of both PC-6 and SP-3 reduce frequency of vomiting and nausea and duration of nausea in pregnant women. Keywords: emesis gravidarum, PC-6 acupressure, SP-3 acupressure Correspondence: Matilda Bupu Ria. Midwifery Study Program, Intitute Health Sciences Maranatha, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Email: matilda­bu­pu­ria­19@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2022), 07(02): 138-147 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.02.03

THE PHENOMENON OF EREIGNIS IN MARTIN HEIDEGGER’S PHILOSOPHY

The article is devoted to the reasoning of the „Ereignis“ phenomenon in the philosophy of M. Heidegger. It is worth to emphasize that one of the main trends in contemporary philosophy is an attempt of creation of new–non-substantial–ontology. The very specificity of such ontology lies in the fact that classical substance is replaced by the dynamical configuration of sense, which is not “purely theoretical” but “ontological” in its core. “Ontological” means, in fact, that it is impossible to separate the mode of Being of phenomena from the process of thinking about them. Heidegger’s philosophy was one of the first attempts to create such ontology. It is worth to point out the three steps of the Heidegger’s studies of Being. The first, “fundamental-ontological” step is characterized primarily through the “ontological difference” between Being and entity, when the phenomenon of time represents by itself their hidden basis. During the second, “radical-ontological” period, Heidegger has already carried out his famous “turn.” In compliance with this “turn,” the truth of Being, die Lichtung, substitutes time as the “pre-ontological” basement of Being. In this case, Being itself transforms into the Event, „Ereignis“. On the third, “post-ontological” stage of studies the focal point of Heidegger’s thought is “post-ontological difference” between the Being of entity and Being itself. On this stage both Being and time are rooted in the phenomenon of „Ereignis“. The latter has been now transformed from being a “simple Event” into a “matter of fact” (the new interpretation of the Husserl’s famous „die Sache selbst“) as the alternation of the “disclosedness” and “concealness” of Being and time. In this case, „Ereignis“ is not quasi-substantial basement of Being, time or entity but it shows itself as its “Beginning” („Anfang“)“), when the Truth of Being is replaced by the dynamical sense configuration of the event, i.e., a “matter of fact.” Thus, Heidegger has conceptually created a new type of thnon-substantial ontology, the core of which is the phenomenon of „Ereignis“ as the dynamical singular configuration of the temporal-ontological sense of the Event itself.

Patterns of deverbal nominalization in Kaqchikel

The paper provides an overview of productive patterns of deverbal nominalization in Kaqchikel (Mayan; ergative, VOS/SVO). Adopting the universal typology for deverbal nominals developed by J. Grimshaw, H. Borer, and K. Moulton, we demonstrate that, while in English and other well-studied languages of Europe the same morpheme is often used to create all kinds of deverbal nouns, Kaqchikel clearly disambiguates between the three cases: complex events, simple events, and result nominals. We consider in detail the core semantic and syntactic properties of the three classes of items, thus filling in a gap in the description of Mayan syntax and further contributing to the general discussion of nominalization across the world’s languages.

Protonation induced self-complementarity of rod-like Cu(NTA)(bpeH) units and their layered supramolecular self-assembly entrapping heptamer like water clusters

Molecular self-assembly is the most important methodology for synthesizing novel materials including nano-materials. The ultimate challenge for scientists is to predict the self-assembled pattern of a set of molecular components. The labile nature of self-assembly arises from weak intermolecular forces which makes the outcome diverse, as small changes in physicochemical condition changes the course of self-assembly strongly. A one-pot reaction of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe), potassium salt of nitrilo-tri-acetic acid (K3NTA) and basic CuCO3 in an acidic medium (around pH = 4) give rise to a metal–organic complex with molecular formula C18H17CuN3O6.6(H2O) (henceforth it will be referred to as Cu-NTA-bpeH, where bpeH is singly protonated 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) whose self-assembly in the solid state shows that even a simple protonation event can drastically influence the course of the self-assembly. Further complication may arise from the participation of solvent water molecules in an unpredictable manner like the appearance of a new water-carboxylate heptamer cluster in the present crystal structure. The study of this simple system shows that pH-controlled protonation can lead to self-complementary metal organic units with interesting supramolecular architecture. The self-assembled system has been characterized by X-ray structural studies, Hirshfeld fingerprint and surface analysis, DFT computational studies as well as TG-DTA studies. The present crystal, which is analogous to clathrate hydrate, can possibly act as gas absorption and storage medium for future use.