Simple Redox Reaction Research Articles

Na+ Intercalated Manganese Dioxide/MOF-Derived Nanoporous Carbon Hybrid Electrodes for Supercapacitors with High Rate Performance and Cyclic Stability

Manganese dioxide has been considered to be one of the most attractive electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications owing to its high theoretical specific capacitance, low cost, abundant natural reserves and eco-friendliness. However, MnO2 has poor conductivity, which limits rate capability, and thus hinders the application of MnO2 in energy storage. Here we attempt to take advantage of cobalt-based metal organic frameworks derived nanoporous carbon (MOF-NPC) to improve the electrochemical performance of MnO2-based composite electrodes. We fabricated Na+-MnO2/MOF-NPC hybrid electrode by a simple redox reaction method. Accordingly, the hybrid electrode reaches a specific capacitance of 217.0 F g−1, which is significantly better than that of the individual components. Then the contribution of capacitance and diffusion to the whole is analyzed quantitatively. The capacitance retains 82.80% when the current density increases from 2 A g−1 to 20 A g−1. After 5000 cycles, the total capacitance loss is only 9%. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled using Na+-MnO2/NPC composite and activated carbon as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The asymmetric supercapacitor has the capacitance retention of 82% after 3000 cycles. These results provide a promising direction for designing high-performance supercapacitors.

Biocompatible 2D Titanium Carbide (MXenes) Composite Nanosheets for pH-Responsive MRI-Guided Tumor Hyperthermia

The emerging of two-dimensional (2D) MXenes significantly broadens the family members and versatile applications of 2D materials, but the rational design of MXene-based composites and their specific applications in theranostic biomedicine are still challenging. In this work, we report, for the first time, on the elaborate design of the Ti3C2-based composite MXene (MnOx/Ti3C2) for highly efficient theranostic applications against cancer. These MnOx/Ti3C2 composite MXenes have been constructed by triggering a simple redox reaction to in situ grow small MnOx nanosheets on the surface of Ti3C2. These MnOx/Ti3C2 composite MXenes have been developed as multifunctional theranostic agents for efficient magnetic resonance (MR) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modality imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) against cancer. Especially, the decoration of the MnOx component onto MnOx/Ti3C2 realizes the unique tumor microenvironment-responsive T1-weighted MR imaging of tumors, and the high photothermal-conversion perform...

Characterization and electrochemical properties of graphite felt-based electrode modified using an ionomer impregnation approach for vanadium redox flow battery

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a promising electrical energy storage device, particularly for applications with intermittent-type renewable energies. In practical operation, the commonly used graphite felt (GF)-based electrode has to be modified first to generate a hydrophilic environment suitable for redox reactions of vanadium ions to proceed. This study proposes a novel modification approach by impregnation with a Nafion® ionomer solution that significantly improves the wettability and substantially enhances the activity of the GF electrode. Characterizations of modified electrode are carried out using various techniques. The whole-cell cyclic voltammogram obtained is well-defined having a wider electrochemical window and more pronounced redox signals than those of the electrochemically oxidized counterpart. Characterization results indicate that there are no surface functional groups generated other than the sulfonic acid of the coated ionomer, and the applied electric field might have caused improved surface graphitization of the modified GF electrode. Electrochemical test results suggest that the electrode kinetics follows a diffusion-controlled process with simple electron transfer redox reactions proceeding directly through the surface graphitic sites, instead of via generated surface functional groups as the conventionally recognized paradigm. Moreover, the fabricated single-cell VRFB exhibits an excellent cell performance. The related redox reaction mechanisms are proposed.

Ag fractal structures in electroless metal deposition systems with and without magnetic field.

Metal electrodeposition systems display tree-like structures with extensive ramification and a fractal character. Electrolysis is not a necessary route for the growth of such dendritic metal deposits. We can grow beautiful ramification patterns via a simple redox reaction. We present here a study of silver (Ag) deposits from the reduction of Ag+ in (AgNO3) solution by metallic copper. The experiments are carried out in discotic geometry, in a Petri dish hosting a thin AgNO3 solution film. A variety of deposited structures and patterns is obtained at different Ag+ concentrations, yet with essentially the same fractal dimension averaged at 1.64, typical of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA). A linear magnetic field of low induction (0.50-1.0 T) applied across the medium causes a notable transformation in the morphology of the deposits. In both the field off and the field on cases, the effect of vertical (hence 3D) heaving seems to be dominant, perhaps explaining the nearly constant fractal dimension.

Determination of antioxidantactivity of phytochemicals in cellular models by fluorescence/luminescence methods.

As soon as the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in so-called civilization diseases, which include non-infectious chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes or high blood pressure has been discovered, and the possibility of employing antioxidants as a remedy for these diseases have been proposed, scientists developed a broad spectrum of methods to determine antioxidant activity of pure chemicals and plant extracts, as well as dietary supplements. Most of these methods are based on simple redox reactions between antioxidant and ROS (for example ABTS, DPPH, or FRAP tests). However, chemical methods of assessing antioxidant activity are rarely biologically relevant. They do not mirror the real effect of antioxidants in living organisms, because they are used in non-physiological conditions of temperature and pH; neither they take metabolism nor intracellular transport under consideration. The perfect model for assessment of antioxidant activity in living organisms would be human or animal model, but such determinations are very complicated and often ambiguous. The current best alternative to chemical and human tests are assays employing cell culture models being less expensive than human tests, yet still reflecting biological systems more convincingly than chemical assays. Cellular antioxidant assays are performed under physiological pH and temperature, but most importantly, they take metabolism and intracellular transport under consideration. In this review, we present cellular tests used to determine antioxidant activity that are based on luminescence and fluorescence methods.

Alternative method to obtain the Tafel plot for simple electrode reactions using batch injection analysis coupled with multiple-pulse amperometric detection

The application of the batch injection analysis coupled with multiple-pulse amperometric (BIA-MPA) detection is proposed as an alternative method to obtain the kinetic parameters for simple redox reactions (e.g., Fe(CN)63−/4−, Ru(NH3)3+/2+ and Fe(H2O)63+/2+) from analysis of the Tafel plot (TP). The kinetic studies were performed to permit the ‘in situ’ surface characterisation of thin, boron-doped diamond (BDD) films that exhibit a high conductivity. The evaluation of the apparent equilibrium electrode potential (Eeq) and the kinetic parameters comprising the exchange current (i0), the anodic and cathodic charge-transfer coefficients (αa and αc), as well as the apparent heterogeneous rate constant (ko), were evaluated through the analysis of the Tafel plots. According to the experimental values of ko, the degree of reversibility strongly depends on the particular redox reaction occurring on the surface of BDD. The ko values obtained for the different redox reactions from analysis of the Tafel plot were compared with those obtained using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. A good agreement for the kinetic parameters determined for the different redox reactions using different experimental approaches (TP and EIS) was obtained through the statistical analysis based on the standard deviation obtained for the different ko values, after five different measurements for each redox reaction. The use of the proposed alternative method for the study of simple electrode reactions can be very helpful because these reactions are often used as a ‘probe’ for the ‘in situ’ surface characterisation of new electrode materials developed for different purposes.

(Invited) Advanced Materials Opportunities for High Performance Redox-Flow Batteries

Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are inherently well suited for large-scale electrical-energy-storage (EES) applications [1]. RFBs are entering a period of renaissance, buoyed by both the increasing need for affordable long-duration EES solutions, as well as recent substantial advancements in cell performance that leverage state-of-the-art (SOA) flow-cell technologies, such as those originally developed for polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) [2, 3]. A good example of this approach has been the recent dramatic improvements in RFB power density, illustrated in Fig. 1. There are multiple opportunities for advanced RFB materials, especially cell-stack components and RFB active materials, since the remaining components of a RFB system are typically comprised of commercial off-the-shelf parts [2]. This talk will focus on the key requirements for advanced materials for SOA RFB cells, since high power density cells enable inherently lower cell-stack cost and size.First-generation RFB chemistries have been based on single-element active materials dissolved in aqueous electrolytes. Next-generation RFB chemistries are likely to be engineered molecules or complexes. Both aqueous and non-aqueous options are being pursued because non-aqueous electrolytes enable a broader window of electrochemical stability, which is obviously advantageous from both an energy-density and cell-voltage perspective. However, non-aqueous electrolytes also have significant disadvantages, such as higher solvent costs, higher viscosities, and lower ionic conductivities. Detailed techno-economic analysis have recently made a quantitative assessment of these trade-offs [5, 6], and a brief summary of the key requirements for RFB active materials will be briefly summarized. In addition, the key requirement for some less conventional RFB systems will be discussed (e.g., mediated RFB systems with solid-phase storage [7]).Most RFBs today utilize ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), similar to those used in PEFCs. IEMs provide high ionic conductivities, good selectivity for the transport of the desired charge carrier relative to the active materials, and good mechanical and chemical stability. However, IEMs are inherently expensive materials, especially fully-fluorinated IEMs, which are typically used in RFB cells since hydrocarbon-based IEMs are generally not sufficiently stable when exposed to the highly oxidative conditions present in the positive reactant solution (e.g., see [8]). SOA RFB cells employ relatively thin IEMs to reduce material cost and to enable higher ionic conductivities; however, ion selectivity is also key requirement, which is highly dependent on the type of RFB chemistry and what happens to active molecules at the counter electrode [9]. A fundamental understanding of the different causes of crossover in RFB cells (i.e., diffusion, migration, and electro-osmosis) under a various operating conditions [10], as well as how these are related to the physical properties of the separator and the active materials, is also required to intelligently develop alternative RFB separators. Transport-property requirements for RFB separators have been derived for both aqueous and non-aqueous RFB chemistries [9].Many first-generation RFB chemistries are able to utilize simple carbon electrodes because simple redox reactions are facile and involve outer-sphere electrocatalysis. However, the fundamental reaction kinetics of even the relatively mature all-vanadium RFB is not well understood [11]. A major contributing factor to the complexity of RFB reactions on carbon electrodes is the fact that carbon is an extremely complex material. There are many types of carbons, and pretreatments of even the same carbon material can yield very different surface species, which can dramatically impact catalytic activity. Additionally, carbon itself is electrochemically active in the potential window of interest for most RFBs. Therefore, a better understanding of fundamental carbon properties, and stability in an electrochemical environment, is required for RFB cells that rely on carbon as a catalyst. A major conclusion of a recent review article on carbon materials in RFBs was that additional studies on degradation mechanisms are needed [12]. Catalyst materials for redox reactions, beyond carbon, also deserve more attention. Acknowledgements Thanks to the organizers of this Symposia for the invitation to present. The author is also grateful to many collaborators, especially at Vionx Energy and UTRC. References M. Perry, et.al., IEEE Proceedings, 102, 976 (2014). M. Perry & A. Weber, JECS, 163, A5064 (2016). M. Perry, et.al., ECS Transactions, 53, 7 (2013). R. Darling & M. Perry, JECS, 161, A1381 (2014). R. Darling, et.al., Energy & Environmental Science, 7, 3459 (2014). R. Dmello, et.al., J. Power Sources, 330, 261 (2016). C. Jia, et.al., Science Advances, 1, 10 (2015). S. Kim, et.al., J. Appl. Electrochem. 41, 1201 (2011). R. Darling, et.al., JECS, 163, A5029 (2016). M. Perry, et.al., JECS, 163 , A5014 (2016). N. Pour, M. Perry, Y. Shao-Horn, et.al., J. Physical Chemistry C, V119, 5311 (2015). M. Chakrabarti, et.al., J. of Power Sources, 253, 150 (2014). Figure 1

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study on Interfacial Electronic Properties of FeOOH/Reduced Graphene Oxide for Asymmetric Supercapacitors

The effects of growth time and interface between the iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) and carbon materials (carbon nanotubes (CNT) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO)) to form an asymmetric supercapacitor was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electrochemical measurements. FeOOH/CNT (FCNT) and FeOOH/RGO (FRGO) were successfully synthesized by a simple spontaneous redox reaction with FeCl3. The RGO functions as an ideal substrate, providing rich growth sites for FeOOH, and it is believed to facilitate the transport of electrons/ions across the electrode/electrolyte interface. FRGO has been identified as a supercapacitor and found to exhibit significantly greater capacitance than FCNT. To gain further insight into the effects of growth times and the interface of FeOOH for FCNT and FRGO, the electronic structures of FCNT and FRGO with various FeOOH growth times were elucidated by XAS. The difference between the surface electronic structures of CNT and RGO yields different nucleation and growth rates of...

Ambient redox synthesis of vanadium-doped manganese dioxide nanoparticles and their enhanced zinc storage properties

In this work, we demonstrate the first use of a V-doped MnO2 nanoparticle electrode for zinc-ion battery (ZIB) applications. The V-doped MnO2 was prepared via a simple redox reaction and the X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of pure MnO2, accompanied by an anisotropic expansion of MnO2 lattice, suggesting the incorporation of V-ions into the MnO2 framework. V doping of MnO2 not only increased the specific surface area but also improved the electronic conductivity. When Zn-storage properties were tested, the V-doped MnO2 electrode registered a higher discharge capacity of 266mAhg−1 compared to 213mAhg−1 for the pure MnO2 electrode. On prolonged cycling, the doped electrode retained 31% higher capacity than that of the bare MnO2 electrode and thereby demonstrated superior cycling performance. This study may pave the way towards understanding the enhancement of the energy storage properties via doping in electrodes of aqueous ZIB applications and also furthers the efforts for the practical realization of a potential eco-friendly battery system.

Understanding active metal reaction kinetics with Cu-Mg replacement reaction

Metal substitution reactions are simple redox reactions. These reactions demonstrate the relative activity and the electrochemical series of metals. In particular, the purpose of this study is to help students comprehend the displacement reaction among, Mg metal and solutions containing Cu+2, Ni+2, Pb+2, Cd+2, Co+2. This study is an important experiment towards understanding reaction kinetics.

Redox Chloride Elimination Reaction: Facile Solution Route for Indium‐Free, Low‐Voltage, and High‐Performance Transistors

Solution‐processed oxide semiconductor and dielectric thin films have been widely studied for achieving flexible, high‐performance, and low‐power electronics and circuits. In this report, high‐k HfO2 dielectrics and amorphous ZnSnO (ZTO) semiconductors are synthesized via a simple and facile redox reaction by introducing perchloric acid (HClO4, PA) as oxidizer to eliminate the Cl residuals. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the thermal decomposition of PA‐involved HfCl4(PA‐HfO2) xerogel is completed at 350 °C, whereas the decomposition temperature of pristine HfCl4 xerogel is higher than 450 °C. The optical, structural, morphological, compositional, and electrical properties of PA‐HfO2 and the pristine HfO2 dielectric films are investigated systematically. Meanwhile, by using chloride elimination reaction, PA‐ZTO semiconducting thin films are fabricated at various temperatures and their applications in thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are examined. Furthermore, the optimized PA‐ZTO channel layer is fabricated on PA‐HfO2 dielectric. The resulting device exhibits high electrical performance and operational stability at a low voltage of 2 V, including high saturation mobility of 13.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, small subthreshold slope of 70 mV dec−1, current ratio of 108, and threshold voltage shift of 0.05 V under positive bias stress for 3000 s. Finally, a low‐voltage resistor‐loaded inverter is built using PA‐ZTO/PA‐HfO2 TFT, exhibiting a linear relationship between supplied voltage and gain voltage and a maximum gain of 11 at 2.5 V.

Standardization, Calibration, and Evaluation of Tantalum-Nano rGO-SnO₂ Composite as a Possible Candidate Material in Humidity Sensors.

The present study focuses the development and the evaluation of humidity sensors based on reduced graphene oxide—tin oxide (rGO-SnO2) nanocomposites, synthesized by a simple redox reaction between GO and SnCl2. The physico-chemical characteristics of the nanocomposites were analyzed by XRD, TEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The formation of SnO2 crystal phase was observed through XRD. The SnO2 crystal phase anchoring to the graphene sheet was confirmed through TEM images. For the preparation of the sensors, tantalum substrates were coated with the sensing material. The sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was studied by varying the relative humidity (RH) from 11% to 95% over a period of 30 days. The dependence of the impedance and of the capacitance with RH of the sensor was measured with varying frequency ranging from 1 kHz to 100 Hz. The long-term stability of the sensor was measured at 95% RH over a period of 30 days. The results proved that rGO-SnO2 nanocomposites are an ideal conducting material for humidity sensors due to their high sensitivity, rapid response and recovery times, as well as their good long-term stability.

A Combined Theoretical-Experimental Study of Energy Storage Behavior of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Manganese Oxide Supercapacitor

Miniaturized electrochemical capacitors, such as micro-supercapacitors, have emerged as a new class of micro-power sources. However, they have limited uses in micro-energy storage because of their low volumetric energy densities. Here, compact structured Birnessite (MnO2)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid films (Fig.1) consisting of multi-valent Mn ions were prepared via a two-step fabrication process involving a simple chemical redox reaction and post-thermal annealing to form a multi-layer structured film. With this versatile method, GO sheets can act as either a growth template for the highly capacitive MnO2 nanosheets or as a mechanical support for the production of compact hybrid films. Enhanced electrochemical characterization of the MnO2/RGO hybrid film revealed a remarkable ultrahigh volumetric capacitance (493 F/cm3 at 10 mV/s), ultrahigh energy and power density (13.3 mWh/cm3 at 2.5 A/cm3 and 22.6 W/cm3 at 58 A/cm3, respectively) and a semi-permanent cycle life (97% capacitance retention) in an aqueous electrolyte system. We also elucidated operating mechanisms of MnO2/RGO capacitor using state-of-the-art density-functional theory calculations with MnO2 nanoparticle/RGO sheet models. Various materials properties of MnO2/RGO systems including stoichiometric deviation, defect energetics, electron transfer, and kinetic behavior of cations and their contributions to their capacitance have been explored in atomic level. Figure 1

Performance and long term stability of a liquid-tin anode metal-air solid electrolyte battery prototype

A High-Temperature Metal-Air Battery (HTMAB) prototype based on a simple redox reaction between molten Sn and atmospheric oxygen at 800°C is presented, using yttria doped zirconia as solid electrolyte. Basic reversibility measurements indicate that the electrochemical reactions in the device are reversible with coulombic efficiencies higher than 95%. Significant influence of the cycling rate in the delivered capacity is detected; specifically it is increased from 8 to 90mAhcm−2 when reducing the discharge current from 12.5 to 0.56mAcm−2. EIS analysis performed over cycling shows that anode diffusion polarization increase due to sealing deficiencies is the main cause of degradation. Anyway, the electrochemical Sn oxidation/reduction reaction remains reversible for more than 4500 charge-discharge cycles and 6000hours operating at 800°C.

Three-dimensional gold nanoparticles/prussian blue-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite as novel redox matrix for label-free electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen

We present a novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on three-dimensional (3D) gold nanoparticles/prussian blue-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (AuNPs/PB-PEDOT) nanocomposite, which was firstly synthesized by a simple redox reaction between the PB precursors and EDOT in an aqueous solution, followed by the electrochemical reduction of HAuCl4. The 3D nanocomposite not only possessed large surface area and favorable microenvironment, but also exhibited remarkable conductivity, stability and excellent biocompatibility. In addition, PB showed excellent redox properties. Then AuNPs/PB-PEDOT was used as both electron mediators and 3D matrices in the fabrication of immunosensor. FT-IR spectra were employed to confirm the formation of PB, PEDOT and PB-PEDOT. Significantly, the AuNPs/PB-PEDOT exhibited a 3D and hierarchically porous nanostructure, while the PB-PEDOT showed core-shell structure. The AuNPs/PB-PEDOT modified immunosensor showed good linearity with the concentration of CEA ranging from 0.05 to 40ngmL−1, and the detection limit was 0.01ngmL−1. Moreover, the prepared electrode displayed good selectivity, high stability and good repeatability, and showed great potential for application in real sample analysis.

Thermoelectric Polymers and their Elastic Aerogels.

Electronically conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of materials for novel electronics, such as printed electronics and flexible electronics. Their properties have been further diversified to introduce elasticity, which has opened new possibility for "stretchable" electronics. Recent discoveries demonstrate that conducting polymers have thermoelectric properties with a low thermal conductivity, as well as tunable Seebeck coefficients - which is achieved by modulating their electrical conductivity via simple redox reactions. Using these thermoelectric properties, all-organic flexible thermoelectric devices, such as temperature sensors, heat flux sensors, and thermoelectric generators, are being developed. In this article we discuss the combination of the two emerging fields: stretchable electronics and polymer thermoelectrics. The combination of elastic and thermoelectric properties seems to be unique for conducting polymers, and difficult to achieve with inorganic thermoelectric materials. We introduce the basic concepts, and state of the art knowledge, about the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers, and illustrate the use of elastic thermoelectric conducting polymer aerogels that could be employed as temperature and pressure sensors in an electronic-skin.

High-efficiency counter electrodes using graphene hybrid with a macrocyclic nickel complex for dye-sensitized solar cells

Nanocomposites using graphene hybrid with a fully conjugated macrocyclic nickel complex were successfully prepared via a simple redox reaction of graphene oxide and an octaaza-bis-α-diimine macrocyclic nickel complex. The dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with the graphene/macrocyclic nickel complex-based nanocomposite counter electrode reached a power conversion efficiency of 8.30%, which was higher than that of the platinum counter electrode under the same conditions. The nanocomposites exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for the reduction of triiodide due to the well-distributed catalytic nickel center on the graphene surface.

Synthesis of δ-MnO2 film on FTO glass with high electrochemical performance

δ-Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has been proved to own the excellent electrochemical performances for a long time. But few of studies report the electrochemical performances of δ-MnO2 film. Here, we synthesize δ-MnO2 film on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass via a simple redox reaction at the room temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy are used to confirm the physical structure, whilst cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements are performed to investigate the electrochemical performances. Encouragingly, δ-MnO2 film delivers a high specific capacitance (Cs) of 350.5 F g−1 at 100 mV s−1 and 275.0 F g−1 at 5 A g−1. The capacitance retention of δ-MnO2 film can be up to 100 % after being charge/discharge at 2 A g−1 with 1000 cycles. This research might further indicate that δ-MnO2 film is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

Metal Nanoparticle-Decorated Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Sulfide for Plasmonic-Enhanced Polymer Photovoltaic Devices.

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides have also attracted immense interest because they exhibit appealing electronic, optical and mechanical properties. In this work, we prepared gold nanoparticle-decorated molybdenum sulfide (AuNP@MoS2) through a simple spontaneous redox reaction. Transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the properties of the AuNP@MoS2 nanomaterials. Then we employed such nanocomposites as the cathode buffer layers of organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) to trigger surface plasmonic resonance, leading to noticeable enhancements in overall device efficiencies. We attribute the primary origin of the improvement in device performance to local field enhancement induced by the effects of localized surface plasmonic resonance. Our results suggest that the metal nanoparticle-decorated two-dimensional materials appear to have great potential for use in high-performance OPVs.

Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Ferri/Ferrocyanide Redox Couple and Lithium Ion Battery Systems Using a Square Wave as Signal Input

To realize electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a simple measurement system, application of a square potential/current waveform to the input signals of EIS was investigated. The impedance of a simple redox reaction of [Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3− solution was measured by the potentio-EIS using a square waveform as the input signal, which was generated by a potentiostat system without a frequency response analyzer (FRA). A steady impedance response in the frequency range of 40 Hz–3.5kHz was obtained, and the impedance was obtained by the potentiostat system with an FRA. The errors—the differences between the impedance measured by EIS with a square potential waveform and that of conventional EIS—were sufficiently low to allow impedance analysis. The impedance of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) was measured by galvano-EIS using a square waveform input signal generated by a power controller. A steady impedance response in the frequency range of 5 Hz–2.5kHz was obtained, and the errors were sufficiently low to allow impedance analysis. It was demonstrated that both square potential-EIS (SP-EIS) and square current-EIS (SC-EIS) have great potential as simple systems for measuring impedance. Moreover, it was demonstrated that SC-EIS has potential as a simple measurement system for analyzing the state of an LIB. Thus, the potential of the SP/SC-EIS methodology was confirmed for electrochemical systems.