Simple Myopia Research Articles

Thinnest Point of the Cornea Compared with the Central Corneal Thickness of Myopic Eyes Measured with Pentacam Scheimpflug System

Purpose: Noncontact instruments like Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging allows assessment of corneal Pachymetry with good repeatability and reproducibility as compared to ultrasound. We aimed to differentiate corneal thinnest point and central corneal thickness on basis of magnitude and location, and its relation to age, sex, laterality, spherical equivalent and astigmatism in myopes. Study Design: Correlational study. Place and Duration of Study: Hashmanis Hospital Karachi from March 2021 to May 2021. Methods: We enrolled 92 eyes (38 males, 54 females) of myopic adult patients from age 19-52 years. Pre-screening of myopes (-0.75DS to -8.00DS) included refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy. Participants with ocular disease, previous ocular surgery, contact lens and history of any eye drops use were excluded from the study. Pentacam was used to determine CCT, thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and vector location of TCT. Results: Majority (77%) of the eyes had myopic astigmatism whereas 23% had simple myopia. We found statistically significant difference between CCT and TCT. Inferotemporal and inferonasal displacements of TCT were noted. No difference was noted between TCT and its location among the two sexes. We observed that alteration among the CCT and TCT in both age groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: CCT and TCT are separate measurements and both are important since their magnitudes and locations might differ greatly especially with age. Both reading have significance in determining post-operative risk of corneal ectasia, assessment for refractive surgeries and early detection of ectatic conditions like keratoconus.

Clinical efficacy of Madhu Aschyotana in the management of Prathama Patalagata Timira w.s.r. to Simple Myopia - A Pilot Study

Sarvendriyanam Nayanam Pradhanam Netra (Eye) is a highly specialized sense organ serving the most important vision function. Almost 90% of knowledge is perceived only through the eyes. But in today’s era due to Excessive exposure to dust, smoke, and other pollutants like carbon dioxide emitted from vehicles, factories visual impairments have started. Ayurvedic classical texts have mentioned the eye and its diseases since Vedic and Samhita Kala, thus while explaining Nidana’s[1](Causes) of Netra Roga they said, as Sukshma Nireekshana, Durekshanat, Diva Swapna, and Prasakta Samrodhana, Vega Vinigraha, etc lead to the different types of Netra Roga. In Ayurveda, clinical features related to visual disturbances are generally seen in Dristigata Roga. The anatomical consideration of the Patala and symptoms of the vitiated Dosha situated in these Patala reveals that the word Timira, described as an ocular pathology in Ayurveda, is nothing but the error of refraction. The part of clinical features of Timira (Prathama Patalagata Timira) can be correlated to simple myopia. Honey is good for the eyes and hence considered under Chakshushya Dravya’s[2], and eliminates vitiated Kapha and Pitta Dosha. Honey has a long history of Ayurvedic use for various eye ailments. Administration of Madhu in the eyes improves vision or eyesight.

Circulating Autoantibody Profiling Identifies LIMS1 as a Potential Target for Pathogenic Autoimmunity in pathologic Myopia

High myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, among which pathologic myopia, characterized by typical myopic macular degeneration, is the most detrimental. However, its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, using a HuProt array, we first initiated a serological autoantibody profiling of high myopia and identified 18 potential autoantibodies, of which anti-LIMS1 autoantibody was validated by a customized focused microarray. Further subgroup analysis revealed its actual relevance to pathologic myopia, rather than simple high myopia without myopic macular degeneration. Mechanistically, anti-LIMS1 autoantibody predominantly belonged to IgG1/IgG2/IgG3 subclasses. Serum IgG obtained from patients with pathologic myopia could disrupt the barrier function of retinal pigment epithelial cells via cytoskeleton disorganization and tight junction component reduction, and also trigger a pro-inflammatory mediator cascade in retinal pigment epithelial cells, which were all attenuated by depletion of anti-LIMS1 autoantibody. Together, these data uncover a previously unrecognized autoimmune etiology of myopic macular degeneration in pathologic myopia.

Prevalence of Refractive Errors Among School-Going Children in Urban Versus Rural Areas.

The most common cause of visual impairment globally is refractive error. The prevalence of refractive error has been on the rise since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, possibly due to increased indoor activities and excessive use of electronic devices. Impaired vision during childhood can affect the overall development of a child adversely, and it often remains unreported due to the inability of children to complain about impaired vision. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of refractive errors among school-going children in urban and rural areas. This was a cross-sectional study that included 2024 children going to schools situated in urban and rural areas. All study subjects were tested for visual acuity for distance using Snellen's chart with and without glasses after taking a brief history regarding visual complaints. All children who had visual acuity less than 6/6 on Snellen's chart underwent refraction check-ups. Retinoscopy was performed in all study subjects. Analysis of the collected data was done using SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0 (Released 2007; SPSS Inc., Chicago, United States). The analysis of numerical data was done by an unpaired t-test, and the analysis of categorical data was done by a chi-square test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the children was 10.92 ± 2.73 years, with 10.93 ± 2.73 years in urban and 10.91 ± 2.73 years in rural groups. Females (n=1031; 50.93%) were more in number than males (n=993; 49.06%). The overall prevalence of refractive error was 17.43%. The prevalence was higher in urban areas (22.14%) than in rural areas (12.71%). The age group below 10 years comprised 886 (43.77%) study subjects, and 218 (62.1%) children with refractive error had no ocular complaints. The most common refractive error found in this study was simple myopia in both groups, and the least common was astigmatism. The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error was higher in urban school-going children as compared to rural children. Theprevalence of refractive error was 17.43% in our study. The prevalence was highin urban areas (22.67%) as compared to rural areas (13.12%). Regular screening of school-going children for refractive errors should be done. Also, awareness regarding the use of electronic gadgets must be raised, especially among urban children.

Clinical Efficacy of Padabhyanga in Simple Myopia - A Pre-Test & Post-Test Study

Around 253 million people worldwide live with some form of visual impairment. The leading causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors (e.g., myopia) and untreated cataracts. Padabhyanga (foot massage) is known to promote Nidrakara (good sleep), Drishtiprasadana (improve vision), Shramahara (relieve fatigue), Deha Sukhakara (comfort to the body), and induce Pada Supthinut (sound sleep). There are two Pruthu Siras (large veins) in the central part of the foot that are directly connected to the eyes. Protecting the feet through Abhyanga (oil massage) and Dhavana (cleaning practices) is important for the overall well-being and protection of the eyes. Aim: To develop a simple and cost-effective remedy for simple myopia. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of Padaabhyanga with Moorchita Tila Taila (special sesame oil) in simple myopia. Method: Padaabhyanga with 20ml Moorchita Tila Taila at 400C on both feet for 14 days of 20 minutes duration. Results: A significant improvement in eyesight and eye-related problems in myopic disorder. Conclusion: This trial may provide evidence of the efficacy of the treatment in myopic syndrome.

Reduced contrast sensitivity function is correlated with changes to cone photoreceptors in simple high myopia.

To investigate the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) changes in simple high myopia (SHM) and evaluate the correlations between these changes with the early changes in the retinal microstructure. This prospective study comprised 81 subjects, 20 with emmetropia (EM), 26 with low myopia and moderate myopia (LM/MM), and 35 with SHM. The area under the log CSF curve (AULCSF) and the cut-off spatial frequency (Cut-off SF) were employed as measures of CSF. Adaptive optics (AO) was employed to quantify the cone density, spacing, and regularity. The thickness and blood flow of the retinal sublayers were determined from vertical and horizontal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) A-scans. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was employed to analyze the choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity using a custom algorithm. Differences in the retinal and choroidal parameters, cone distribution, AULCSF, and Cut-off SF were compared among the three groups. Multivariate linear mixed models were used to elucidate the associations between photoreceptor morphological alterations, retinal and choroidal parameters, and AULCSF. The AULCSF and Cut-off SF were significantly lower in the SHM group compared to the EM and LM groups (p < 0.05). The SHM group had less cone density, larger cone spacing, and lower cone regularity than the EM and LM/MM groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the thickness of the inner segment of photoreceptors (IS), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and choroid were reduced, and the outer segment of photoreceptors (OS) was thicker in the SHM group compared to the EM and LM/MM groups (all p < 0.05). A longer axial length (AL) was correlated with decreased AULCSF, cone density, and cone spacing (r = -0.800 to 0.752, all p < 0.050). Additionally, decreased CSF was correlated with lower cone density (r = 0.338, p = 0.035). Decreased contrast sensitivity was observed in patients with SHM and cone density was significantly correlated with reduced AUCSF.

Polarization-Sensitive OCT Imaging of Scleral Abnormalities in Eyes With High Myopia and Dome-Shaped Macula

The relevance of visualizing scleral fiber orientation may offer insights into the pathogenesis of pathologic myopia, including dome-shaped maculopathy (DSM). To investigate the orientation and density of scleral collagen fibers in highly myopic eyes with and without DSM by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). This case series included patients with highly myopic eyes (defined as a refractive error ≥6 diopters or an axial length ≥26.5 mm) with and without a DSM examined at a single site in May and June 2019. Analysis was performed from September 2019 to October 2023. The PS-OCT was used to study the birefringence and optic axis of the scleral collagen fibers. The orientation and optic axis of scleral fibers in inner and outer layers of highly myopic eyes were assessed, and the results were compared between eyes with and without a DSM. A total of 72 patients (51 [70.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [12.8] years) were included, and 89 highly myopic eyes were examined (mean [SD] axial length, 30.4 [1.7] mm); 52 (58.4%) did not have a DSM and 37 (41.6%) had a DSM (10 bidirectional [27.0%] and 27 horizontal [73.0%]). Among the 52 eyes without DSM, the 13 eyes with simple high myopia had primarily inner sclera visible, displaying radially oriented fibers in optic axis images. In contrast, the entire thickness of the sclera was visible in 39 eyes with pathologic myopia. In these eyes, the optic axis images showed vertically oriented fibers within the outer sclera. Eyes presenting with both horizontal and bidirectional DSMs had clusters of fibers with low birefringence at the site of the DSM. In the optic axis images, horizontally or obliquely oriented scleral fibers were aggregated in the inner layer at the DSM. The vertical fibers located posterior to the inner fiber aggregation were not thickened and appeared thin compared with the surrounding areas. This study using PS-OCT revealed inner scleral fiber aggregation without outer scleral thickening at the site of the DSM in highly myopic eyes. Given the common occurrence of scleral pathologies, such as DSM, and staphylomas in eyes with pathologic myopia, recognizing these fiber patterns could be important. These insights may be relevant to developing targeted therapies to address scleral abnormalities early and, thus, mitigate potential damage to the overlying neural tissue.

Morphological characteristics of the foveal avascular zone in pathological myopia and its relationship with macular structure and microcirculation.

To explore the characteristics of macular structure, microcirculation, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) morphology in pathological myopia and to research the associations between these factors and pathological myopia. This is a cross-sectional study. The study included 103 eyes with non-high myopia and 206 eyes with high myopia (139 with simple high myopia and 67 with pathological myopia). Macular structural and microcirculation parameters were determined using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The FAZ morphological parameters were measured manually using Image J software. Correlations between pathological myopia and various factors were analyzed. Patients with pathological myopia had a thinner retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (CT) and a lower retinal superficial vascular density (SVD), retinal deep vascular complex density (DVD), choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) (all P < 0.05). Patients with pathological myopia had a larger FAZ area, perimeter, major axis, minor axis, acircularity index (AI), and lower circularity index (CI) (all P < 0.01). The axial length (AL), the major axis of the superficial FAZ, CI, and AI were significantly correlated with myopia severity (all P < 0.05). Patients with pathological myopia exhibited worse macular microcirculation and thinner macular retina and choroid. The FAZ in pathological myopia was larger and more irregular. The AL, CI, and AI were significantly associated with myopia severity. Thus, CI and AI might serve as new indicators for monitoring the progression of myopia. Further investigations should be performed. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: ChiCTR2100046590.

Effect of correction of refractive error and threshold estimation in ocular headache patients in a tertiary eye care center

Purpose: Headache is one of the most common symptoms in patients with refractive error. Our study aimed to find the effect of refractive error correction and estimate the threshold of refractive error in patients with ocular headaches in a tertiary eye care center. Methods: We enrolled patients who came with complaints of headaches. It was a prospective, interventional study. All the patients underwent comprehensive ocular examination that included a detailed headache history, objective and subjective refraction, cycloplegic refraction, Humphrey visual fields test (30-2), cover test, and dilated fundus examination. We excluded uveitis, glaucoma, optic atrophy, papilledema, sinusitis, migraine, dental cavities, and neuropathy patients. We prescribed glasses after the post-mydriatic test. We surveyed via phone call regarding the compliance of spectacle wear and relief of headaches. Results: Out of the 98 enrolled patients, 67 were female and 31 were male in the age group of 16 to 35. The patients had simple astigmatism (57.14%), simple myopia (15.30%), simple myopic astigmatism (23.46%), and hyperopia (9.18%). The threshold value of dioptric power was −1.25 D, −1.00 D, −0.75 DS/−0.75 DC, and +1.00 D for simple astigmatism, simple myopia, simple myopic astigmatism, and hyperopia, respectively. 86.73% recovered with glasses. Simple astigmatism had the highest recovery rate. Headaches frequently occurred in the frontal (44.89%), followed by temporal (32.65%), parietal (16.32%), occipital, and parietal (11.22%). Conclusion: Lower degrees of refractive error caused the headache. We reported the threshold values of the refractive error that caused the ocular headache. Correcting the refractive error relieved the headache

Assessment of stereoacuity (3D vision) using TNO random dot stereo acuity chart in medical undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study

The study aimed to estimate the level of stereoacuity in medical undergraduate students, factors associated with reduced stereoacuity, and time taken to interpret plates. Cross-sectional study was done at the Medical College of South Gujarat from April 2021 to June 2022, enrolling 400 consenting students. Detailed ocular history was taken; best corrected visual acuity was assessed for distance and near after cycloplegic refraction for cases with subnormal visual acuity and power of glasses documented. Level of Stereopsis was assessed using TNO random dot stereoacuity chart and time taken to read plates 1 and 5 was recorded. Data were entered and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Out of 400 students, 64.25% had a refractive error. Simple myopia was most prevalent refractive error (43.25%), followed by compound myopic astigmatism (19.5%). Seven students had anisometropic amblyopia and two had strabismic amblyopia. 19.75% cases had subnormal stereopsis. Among them, 10.25% cases had simple myopia, 7.25% had high compound myopic astigmatism, 1.75% had anisometropic amblyopia and 0.5% cases had strabismic amblyopia. Average time taken by emmetrope to read plate 1 and plate 5 was 13.93 ± 14.03 and 19.03 ± 20.66 respectively and for cases with refractive errors, time taken was 17.59 ± 13.95 and 27.83 ± 20.77 respectively. This was statistically significant (P &amp;#60;0.05). Most of the students had good stereoacuity as they were already wearing refractive correction. Commonest cause of subnormal stereopsis ware simple myopia, compound myopic astigmatism and amblyopia. Time taken to read the plates is more for refractive error as compared to emmetropes.

Effect Of Chandana Ghrita Nasya In Case Of Prathama Patalgata Timira w.s.r. To Simple Myopia.

Timira is the main problem throughout the world. If it progressed then it causes blindness. In modern sciences there is only treatment glasses and surgical procedures. But in Ayurveda there are panchkarma which are the best for eyes. Among which nasyakarma is the best for urdhwajatrugatarogas . Chandana Ghrita with its guna helps in decreasing the excessive secreations from the nose, dryness as well as the inflammation of the nose. It is useful in strengthening of the function of eyes, reduces the symptoms related to the disease. A single case study was taken up to access its effects in timira w.s.r. to simple myopia.

Pattern of choroidal thickness in early-onset high myopia.

To explore the etiology and choroidal thickness (ChT) pattern in children with early-onset high myopia (eoHM). Sixty children with eoHM and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this study between January 2019 and December 2021. All children underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations including swept-source optical coherence tomography. ChT was measured in the subfoveal region and at 1000 μm and 2,500 μm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to the fovea. Overall, 120 eyes of 60 children with eoHM were examined (mean spherical equivalent, -8.88 ± 3.05 D; mean axial length, 26.07 ± 1.59 mm). Simple high myopia (SHM), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), and Stickler syndrome (STL) were the most frequent etiologies of eoHM and were included in further ChT analysis. Adjusted the effect of SE, multivariate regression analysis showed that children with SHM had thinnest ChT at N2500 and I2500 among the subgroups (p = 0.039, p = 0.013). FEVR group showed thinner ChT at T2500 (p = 0.023), while STL patients exhibited thin ChT at all locations. This study revealed that SHM, STL and FEVR was the most frequent etiology, and showed a distinctive pattern of ChT. Asymmetric nasal ChT thinning is a distinctive biomarker for SHM, asymmetric temporal ChT thinning might serve as a biomarker for FEVR, and symmetric diffuse thinning is more common in STL. These ChT patterns may provide a convenient, fast, and noninvasive strategy to differentiate the potential etiology of eoHM.

Intraocular complement activation is related to retinal vascular and neuronal degeneration in myopic retinopathy.

To investigate the relationship between the intraocular levels of complement proteins and myopia-related retinal neuronal and vascular degeneration. Aqueous humour from 147 myopic patients, including 60 low-myopia and 87 high-myopia were collected during Implantable Collamer Lens implantation surgery. All participants received comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including logMAR best corrected visual acuity, axial length measurement, fundus photography and ocular B-scan ultrasonography. The myopic eyes were further classified into simple myopia (SM, n = 78), myopic posterior staphyloma (PS, n = 39) and PS with myopic chorioretinal atrophy (PS + CA, n = 30). Retinal thickness and vascular density in the macula (6 mm × 6 mm) and optic nerve head (4.5 mm × 4.5 mm) were measured using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). The levels of complement proteins including C1q, C3, C3b/iC3b, C4, CFB, CFH, C2, C4b, C5, C5a, CFD, MBL and CFI in the aqueous humour were measured using the Luminex Multiplexing system. The real-time RT-PCR was conducted to examine the expression of complement genes (C1q, C2, C3, C4, CFI and CFD) in the guinea pig model of long-term form deprivation-induced myopic retinal degeneration. OCTA showed that retinal neuronal thickness and vascular density in superficial and deep layers of the macular zone as well as vascular density in the optic nerve head were progressively decreased from SM to PS and PS + CA (p < 0.05). The aqueous humour levels of C1q, C3, C3b/iC3b, C4, CFB, CFH, C2, C4b, C5 and CFI were significantly higher in high-myopic eyes compared to those in low-myopic eyes. Further subgroup analysis revealed the highest levels of complement components/fragments in the PS + CA group. The intraocular levels of complement factors particularly C3b/iC3b and C4 were negatively correlated with macular zone deep layer retinal thickness and vascular density and optic nerve head vascular density. The expression of C2, C3 and C4 genes was significantly higher in guinea pig eyes with myopic retinal degeneration compared to control eyes. The intraocular classical pathway and alternative pathway of the complement system are partially activated in pathological myopia. Their activation is related to the degeneration of retinal neurons and the vasculature in the macula and the vasculature in the optic nerve head.

Prevalence of myopia in Cao Nguyen practice high school students in 2022 and related factors

Background: Refractive errors, especially myopia now are particular concerned because of its implications for public health. Besides, the economic and financial burden of myopia on families and society. Objectives: Determine the current prevalence of myopia, and associated factors in Cao Nguyen practice high school students in 2022. Related factors. Materials and method: The cross-sectional study was carried on 627 students of Cao Nguyen practice high school, from January of 2022 to December 2022. The students were approached, filled in the charts, and then were checked the vision acuity and refractive. Results: Percentage of students with myopia is 48.8%, with the simple myopia is 26.5%, and the myopic astigmatism is 22.3%. Percentage of female students with myopia is 64.7%, and male students is 35.3%. Percentage of myopia in urban is 64.7%, and in rural is 35.3%. Percentage of myopia of school grade of 10, school grade of 11, and school grade of 12 is rising gradually 41.2%, 49.2%, and 55%. Most of students have myopia in both eyes, at 90.2%. Incidence rate is 23.4%. Conclusion: Percentage of myopia in Cao Nguyen Practice High School students is high, and is rising gradually by grade. Three associated factors are gender, residential area, and family history. Key words: refractive error, myopia, Cao Nguyen Practice High School.

Morphology and microcirculation changes of the optic nerve head between simple high myopia and pathologic myopia

PurposeTo investigate morphological and microcirculation changes of optic nerve head (ONH) in simple high myopia (SHM) and pathologic myopia(PM) to evaluate and identify ONH changes in the development of PM.MethodsA cross-sectional clinical study was used. Medical records from 193 right eyes of 193 patients with high myopia (HM) were included. Using the Topocon swept source optical coherence tomograph (SS-OCT) and fundus camera to detect the parameters, we have assessed the relative position and size of ONH, tilt and rotation of ONH, angle α (Defined as between retinal temporal arterial vascular arcades was measured from the centre of ONH with 250 pixels’ radius), size and type of peripapillary atrophy (PPA), the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PRNFL), peripapillary choriodal thickness (PCT) and peripapillary scleral thickness (PST), and peripapillary vessel density (PVD). In addition, subjects were grouped as SHM and PM according to retinopathy, and the above parameters were compared between the two groups.ResultsPatients were divided into the SHM group (138 eyes) and the PM group (55 eyes). Paramters like older age, higher diopter and longer axial length (AL) of the PM were compared to SHM (t=-3.585, -8.808, -11.409, all P<0.05). There were no differences in the smallest diameter and area of ONH, rotation angle and ratio, or PST (all P>0.05). The angle α in PM was smaller than that in SHM (t = 2.728, P<0.01). The disc-fovea distance (DFD), the largest diameter, tilt index and ratio, PPA area and radian in PM were larger than in SHM (t=-3.962, Z=-2.525, t=-2.229, Z=-4.303, Z=-2.834, all P<0.05). The superior and inferior PRNFLs in PM were smaller than in SHM (t = 4.172, 4.263, all P<0.01). The temporoinferior PRNFL was the opposite (t=-2.421, P<0.01). The average PCT in PM (93.82 ± 29.96 μm) was smaller than in SHM (108.75 ± 30.70 μm) (P<0.05). The PVD in each direction of PM was smaller than that in SHM (t = 6.398, 4.196, 4.971, 3.267, 5.029, 5.653, 4.202, 5.146, 2.090, all P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with SHM, the PM patients were older, with higher diopter. Their AL and DFD were longer, the angle α was smaller, the tilt index was more extensive, the PPA area and radian were larger, PCT was generally thinner, and PVD was lower. When the PPA area was bigger than the ONH area, this already indicated the presence of PM. Based on these results, we suggest ophthalmologists and myopia patients pay more attention to ONH’s morphology and microcirculation changes as there is a possibility that microcirculatory changes precede morphologic changes.

Comparison of Retinal Microvascular Vascular Density Between Adolescents With and Without Simple Myopia Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a difference in retinal microvascularization between adolescents with and without simple myopia using optical coherence tomography angiography. Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients aged 12-18 years diagnosed with school-age simple myopia (0-6 diopters), and 34 eyes of 34 healthy controls of similar ages were included in this retrospective study. The ocular, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography findings of the participants were recorded. The simple myopia group had statistically thicker inferior ganglion cell complex thicknesses compared to the controls (P =.038). The macular map values did not statistically significantly differ between the 2 groups. The foveal avascular zone area (P =.038) and circularity index (P =.022) values were statistically lower in the simple myopia group compared to the control group. The superficial capillary plexus outer and inner ring vessel density (%) (superior and nasal) showed statistically significant differences (outer ring superior/ nasal P=.004/P = .037; inner ring superior/nasal P =.014/P= .046). Similar to high myopia, vascular density in the macula decreases as the axial length and spherical equivalent increase in simple myopia.

The Distribution of Iris Colour and Its Relationship to Myopiain Bangladeshi Patients

Background: Myopia, or nearsightedness, affects a large percentage of the population and is typically identified in those under the age of 20. Having myopia makes it difficult to see far away. While you have no issue seeing nearby items, such as those used to indicate aisles in a grocery store, you may have trouble seeing further away ones, such as road signs. Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the distribution of iris colour and its relationship to myopiain Bangladeshi patients. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary hospital from March 2020 to December 2021, researchers from several fields and sessions worked together on a single unified study. There were a total of 100 people, with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/6, and ages ranging from 11 to 25 years old. Patients were limited to no more than six hours of television every day. All three degrees of myopia (mild, moderate, and severe) were covered. Results: During the study, 51% belong to 10-15 years followed by 35% belong to 16-20 years and 14% belong to 21-25 years. In addition, among patients mild 55%, moderate 21%, and severe 24% myopia. Screen time, significantly associated with myopia. 40% who had screen time was 1-2 hours had severe level myopia. Followed by 45% who had screen time was 2-4 hours had severe level myopia and 50% who had screen time was 4-6 hours had severe level myopia. 66% who had mid-level myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 56% who had moderate level myopia had grade I Irish color and 50% severe level myopia had grade I Irish color. 66% who had simple myopia had grade I Irish color. Followed by 55% who had curvatural myopia had grade I Irish color. Conclusion: Darker iris color was linked to higher myopia-related refractive errors, even when other known myopia-related risk variables were taken into account.

A case of fusional vergence disorder associated with myopia

Aim: This case study demonstrates the management options for fusional vergence dysfunction (FVD) and uncorrected myopia. Background: Binocular vision disorder with abnormalities in fusional vergence dynamics is referred to as “fusional vergence dysfunction (FVD).” A patient with FVD has asthenopic symptoms, no refractive error, healthy eyes, normal accommodative functions, a normal accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, and normal distant and near phoria status. Case presentation: A 19-year-old female diagnosed to have FVD along with simple myopia presented to the clinic with a complaint of asthenopic symptoms. Complete vergence-related and accommodation-related vision therapies were advised and provided. After 2 months from the initial presentation, the patient successfully recovered from the existing condition. Conclusion: Uncorrected myopia with FVD was determined based on the patient’s complaint and the results of the examination. The condition was treated with vision therapy and a distance optical correction. An office-based and home-based program can successfully cure FVD.

Distribution Analysis of Refraction Defects in Prescriptions in Terms of Opticians: the Case of Karaman Province

The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate refraction errors in prescriptions written in foundation and state hospitals in Karaman province. 213 people who applied to an ophthalmologist in the province of Karaman and were given prescriptions were included in the study. Of the 213 people included in the study; 126 (59.15%) are women, 87 (40.85%) are men. Near and far eyeglasses data on prescriptions were divided into 7 groups as simple myopia, simple hyperopia, simple myopic astigmatism, simple hyperopia astigmatism, composite myopic astigmatism, compound hyperopia astigmatism, and mixed astigmatism. In the near-eyeglass right glass refraction defects analysis in the research; simple hypermetropia was the most common with 22.06%, while the least common simple myopic astigmatism was detected with 0.94%. In the near eyeglass left eyeglass refraction defects analysis; while mixed astigmatism was the most common with 22.53%, it was determined that it was the least seen simple myopic astigmatism with 0.47%. In the far eyeglass right glass refraction defects analysis; compound myopic astigmatism was the most common with 30.98%, and the least common was simple hypermetropic astigmatism with 2.35%. In the far eyeglass left eyeglass refraction defects analysis; compound myopic astigmatism was the most common with 29.11%, while the least common was simple hypermetropic astigmatism with 2.35%. The research is important due to it is the first study to examine the refractive error distribution in Karaman.

MYOPIA MANAGEMENT WITH AYURVEDIC OCULAR THERAPEUTICS: A CLINICAL STUDY

An open-label double-arm randomised study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Drishtipradavarti Aschyotana (eye drops) with and without Mahatriphaladi ghrita Tarpana (a nourishing topical ocular therapy) in the management of simple myopia. The study was comprised of two groups with twenty subjects each. Group A subjects were administered Drishtipradavarti Aschyotana (eye drops), and subjects of group B were administered Drishtipradavarti Aschyotana and Mahatriphaladi ghrita Tarpana. The total duration of treatment in both groups was restricted to 90 days. Subjects under the age group of 18-25 years with refractive error up to - 6 D were included in the study; out of the 45 subjects registered for the study, 40 completed the treatment. The parameters, namely, visual acuity, clinical refraction, indistinct distant vision, headache and eye strain, were evaluated statistically before and after the treatment along with the axial length and corneal radius of curvature findings to observe if there is any reduction in axial length and corneal curvature, after the treatment. The results showed a statistically highly significant reduction in symptoms (p = &lt; 0.001 and p = &lt; 0.01) and visual acuity (p = &lt; 0.001) and a significant reduction in clinical refraction (p = &lt; 0.05) in both groups. Group B showed comparatively better results. No significant changes were noticed in axial length and corneal radius of curvature values after the treatment (p = &gt; 0.05). The results indicate that this Ayurvedic management can be utilised as a safe and potent treatment to control Myopia.