Simple Movements Research Articles

Emergence of spatially structured populations by area-concentrated search.

The idea that populations are spatially structured has become a very powerful concept in ecology, raising interest in many research areas. However, despite dispersal being a core component of the concept, it typically does not consider the movement behavior underlying any dispersal. Using individual-based simulations in continuous space, we explored the emergence of a spatially structured population in landscapes with spatially heterogeneous resource distribution and with organisms following simple area-concentrated search (ACS); individuals do not, however, perceive or respond to any habitat attributes per se but only to their foraging success. We investigated the effects of different resource clustering pattern in landscapes (single large cluster vs. many small clusters) and different resource density on the spatial structure of populations and movement between resource clusters of individuals. As results, we found that foraging success increased with increasing resource density and decreasing number of resource clusters. In a wide parameter space, the system exhibited attributes of a spatially structured populations with individuals concentrated in areas of high resource density, searching within areas of resources, and "dispersing" in straight line between resource patches. "Emigration" was more likely from patches that were small or of low quality (low resource density), but we observed an interaction effect between these two parameters. With the ACS implemented, individuals tended to move deeper into a resource cluster in scenarios with moderate resource density than in scenarios with high resource density. "Looping" from patches was more likely if patches were large and of high quality. Our simulations demonstrate that spatial structure in populations may emerge if critical resources are heterogeneously distributed and if individuals follow simple movement rules (such as ACS). Neither the perception of habitat nor an explicit decision to emigrate from a patch on the side of acting individuals is necessary for the emergence of such spatial structure.

Pengaruh Senam Otak (Brain Gym) Terhadap Konsentrasi pada Anak di SD Negeri Kerten II Surakarta

The biggest problem experienced by children during learning is lack of concentration. The survey results showed that 73% of elementary school children felt less concentrated. This can be prevented by increasing movement and thought activities that involve the right and left brain. One of them is the brain gym method. Brain gym is a collection of simple movements that aim to connect or unite the mind and body. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of brain gym on concentration in children at SD Negeri Kerten II Surakarta. The research method is Quasi Experimental Design with a research design of One Group Pre-test and Post-test Design. The sampling technique is total sampling with a total of 36 samples. The research instrument used the Grid Concentration Test. Univariate and bivariate data analysis. The results showed that the majority before the intervention was in the category of very low concentration after the intervention was in the moderate concentration category. The conclusion of the study is that there is an effect of brain gym on concentration in children at SD Negeri Kerten II Surakarta.

Physical Movement Habit Formation in Sedentary Office Workers: Protocol Paper.

Engaging in physical movement has a number of mental and physical health benefits, and yet 45% of Australia's population do not meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. The current study aims to develop an online habit-based intervention designed to reduce sedentary behavior within the workplace, using environmental cues to instigate simple behavioral changes. Participants in this study will include full time office workers who self-report as having a highly sedentary job and work from either a commercial office, home office, or a mixture of both. Participants will complete a habit-based intervention over a four-week period designed to reduce sedentary behavior by increasing habitual responses to simple physical movement behaviors cued by their environment. Analysis will involve mixed methods ANOVAs to test the efficacy of the intervention. A successful intervention will show a reduction in sedentary behavior as a response to habitual simple physical movement behaviors.

A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of Baduanjin exercise on older adults with sarcopenia in China

BackgroundAccompanied by the decline of physiological functions, the decrease of physical activity, and comorbidities, older adults are susceptible to sarcopenia because of accelerated loss of muscle mass. Resistance training is recommended by different clinical practice guidelines. However, most older adults have difficulty in taking recommended high-load resistance training programs, and there are limited exercise options form them. Baduanjin, a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise with relatively low intensity and simple movements, has the potential benefits of improving physical functions and may be feasible in treating sarcopenia and preventing its adverse health outcomes in older patients. With the emergence of the concept of gut-muscle axis, this study aims to determine the efficacy of Baduanjin exercise on Chinese older adults with sarcopenia and explore its underlying mechanism.MethodsThis is a 24-week, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Individuals aged 60 to 84 years old will be screened for sarcopenia. 90 participants with sarcopenia will be enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) into the Baduanjin exercise or resistance training group, and 20 participants without sarcopenia will be set as the non-sarcopenia control group. The primary outcome is the scores of Short Physical Performance Battery. The secondary outcomes are body composition, handgrip strength, walking speed, global cognitive function, and incidence of falls. These outcomes will be assessed at baseline, the 12th week and the 24th week. While stool samples from participants will be collected at baseline and the 24th week for analyzing the abundance of gut microbiome. Data will be analyzed in an intention-to-treat protocol.DiscussionThe results of this study will determine whether Baduanjin exercise can be an alternative non-pharmacological approach for older adults with sarcopenia. If they can show positive significance, it will promote Baduanjin exercise in clinical practice among these patients and inform further research involving exercise interventions on the optimal types, timing, and intensity to ameliorate sarcopenia for elderly people.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry; Registration number: ChiCTR2100051871; Prospectively registered on October 8th, 2021.

Two simple movement mechanisms for spatial division of labour in social insects

Many animal species divide space into a patchwork of home ranges, yet there is little consensus on the mechanisms individuals use to maintain fidelity to particular locations. Theory suggests that animal movement could be based upon simple behavioural rules that use local information such as olfactory deposits, or global strategies, such as long-range biases toward landmarks. However, empirical studies have rarely attempted to distinguish between these mechanisms. Here, we perform individual tracking experiments on four species of social insects, and find that colonies consist of different groups of workers that inhabit separate but partially-overlapping spatial zones. Our trajectory analysis and simulations suggest that worker movement is consistent with two local mechanisms: one in which workers increase movement diffusivity outside their primary zone, and another in which workers modulate turning behaviour when approaching zone boundaries. Parallels with other organisms suggest that local mechanisms might represent a universal method for spatial partitioning in animal populations.

Prediction of Movement Ratings and Deep Brain Stimulation Parameters in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation (DBS) parameter fine-tuning after lead implantation is laborious work because of the almost uncountable possible combinations. Patients and practitioners often gain the perception that assistive devices could be beneficial for adjusting settings effectively. ObjectiveWe aimed at a proof-of-principle study to assess the benefits of noninvasive movement recordings as a means to predict best DBS settings. Materials and MethodsFor this study, 32 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, under chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation with directional leads, were recorded. During monopolar review, each available contact was activated with currents between 0.5 and 5 mA, and diadochokinesia, rigidity, and tapping ability were rated clinically. Moreover, participants’ movements were measured during four simple hand movement tasks while wearing a commercially available armband carrying an inertial measurement unit (IMU). We trained random forest models to learn the relations between clinical ratings, electrode settings, and movement features obtained from the IMU. ResultsFirstly, we could show that clinical mobility ratings can be predicted from IMU features with correlations of up to r = 0.68 between true and predicted values. Secondly, these features also enabled a prediction of DBS parameters, which showed correlations of up to approximately r = 0.8 with clinically optimal DBS settings and were associated with congruent volumes of tissue activated. ConclusionMovement recordings from customer-grade mobile IMU carrying devices are promising candidates, not only for remote symptom assessment but also for closed-loop DBS parameter adjustment, and could thus extend the list of available aids for effective programming beyond imaging techniques.

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study.

Execution of Sit-to-Stand (SitTS) in incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) patients involves motor function in both upper and lower extremities. The use of arm support, in particular, is a significant assistive factor while executing SitTS movement in SCI population. In addition, the application of functional electrical stimulation (FES) onto quadriceps and gluteus maximus muscles is one of the prescribed management for incomplete SCI to improve muscle action for simple lower limb movements. However, the relative contribution of upper and lower extremities during SitTS has not been thoroughly investigated. Two motor incomplete SCI paraplegics performed repetitive SitTS to fatigue exercise challenge. Their performance was investigated as a mixed-method case-control study comparing SitTS with and without the assistance of FES. Three sets of SitTS tests were completed with 5-min resting period allocated in between sets, with mechanomyography (MMG) sensors attached over the rectus femoris muscles bilaterally. The exercise was separated into 2 sessions; Day 1 for voluntary SitTS and Day 2 for FES-assisted SitTS. Questionnaires were conducted after every session to gather the participants' input about their repetitive SitTS experience. The analysis confirmed that a SitTS cycle could be divided into three phases; Phase 1 (Preparation to stand), Phase 2 (Seat-off), and Phase 3 (Initiation of hip extension), which contributed to 23% ± 7%, 16% ± 4% and 61% ± 6% of the SitTS cycle, respectively. The contribution of arms and legs during SitTS movement varied in different participants based on their legs' Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle grade. In particular, the applied arm forces start to increase clearly when the leg forces start to decline during standing. This finding is supported by the significantly reduced MMG signal indicating leg muscle fatigue and their reported feeling of tiredness.

Wheelchair assistive system with EMG

In this technological development work, the design and construction of a device is presented which will operate a system of electric motors to support the movement of a wheelchair through the reading of signals by means of an electromyograph (EMG) in order to detect the effort made during displacement in a common wheelchair, the signal is conditioned in such a way that it detects only the effort made during this action, when closing the hand to hold the wheel and drive the rotation, without detecting movements such as simple muscle tension or normal arm movements. Considering that people with motor disabilities who use wheelchairs have to move for long distances and during the whole day, with this system the effort is reduced and it supports on paths with steep slopes when going up.

A novel sensor-embedded holding device for monitoring upper extremity functions.

There are several causes that can lead to functional weakness in the hands or upper extremities (UE), such as stroke, trauma, or aging. Therefore, evaluation and monitoring of UE rehabilitation have become essential. However, most traditional evaluation tools (TETs) and assessments require clinicians to assist or are limited to specific clinical settings. Several novel assessments might apply to wearable devices, yet those devices will still need clinicians or caretakers to help with further tests. Thus, a novel UE assessment device that is user-friendly and requires minimal assistance would be needed. The cylindrical grasp is one of the common UE movements performed in daily life. Therefore, a cylindrical sensor-embedded holding device (SEHD) for training and monitoring was developed for a usability test within this research. The SEHD has 14 force sensors with an array designed to fit holding positions and a six-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) to monitor grip strength, hand dexterity, acceleration, and angular velocity. Six young adults, six healthy elderly participants, and three stroke survivors had participated in this study to see if the SEHD could be used as a reference to TETs. During result analyses, where the correlation coefficient analyses were applied, forearm rotation smoothness and the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) showed a moderate negative correlation [r (16) = -0.724, p < 0.01], and the finger independence showed a moderate negative correlation with the PPT [r (10) = -0.615, p < 0.05]. There was also a highly positive correlation between the maximum pressing task and Jamar dynamometer in maximum grip strength [r (16) = 0.821, p < 0.01]. These outcomes suggest that the SEHD with simple movements could be applied as a reference for users to monitor their UE ability.

Reproductive skews of territorial species in heterogeneous landscapes

The socio–spatial organization of populations of territorial species refers to the way distance, variation in social status and variation in resource availability interact to shape the way territory‐bounded individuals are distributed. I investigated the resulting reproductive skew, i.e. the emergence of a few high performers amidst a majority of mediocre performers, using lifetime reproductive success data from 46 species living in contrasting landscape configurations. I applied three skew statistics that captured different aspects of the individual heterogeneity: the skewness, the Gini coefficient of inequalities and Hill's index of heavy‐tailed distribution. I also used a simplistic theoretical model, in which only immediate neighbors interacted. In the comparative analysis, the distribution of lifetime reproductive success was more skewed but also more egalitarian in homogeneous than heterogeneous landscapes, after controlling for the allometric effect of the body mass. The simulations indicated that a possible explanatory mechanism for the change in egalitarian properties is that some individuals hide behind their neighbors in the socio‐spatial organization. They therefore secure a better territory than if the distribution was despotic. The ideal despotic model without spatial restriction on interactions could not explain the correlations. This work emphasizes that the shape of the distribution of fitness components conveys information besides the mean and the variance, and the potential for nontrivial effects to emerge from simple movement heuristics.

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE SENSIMOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH DISORDERS OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

The article provides a theoretical analysis of research on the problem of sensorimotor development with children with violation of intellectual development. Theoretical aspects of sensorimotor development of children with intellectual disabilities in the following areas are considered: vestibular-postural reactions and bilateral coordination. Motor mechanisms affect the general development of the child, his ability to work and master the curriculum. Studies have shown the effect of physical activity on mental activity and academic performance. Imperfections of the motor sphere of children with PIR are revealed. Children's gait is unstable, movements are chaotic, poorly coordinated, poorly regulated muscular effort, impaired visual-motor coordination, inability to imitate, underdevelopment of differentiated finger movements. The disadvantages of arbitrary movements are pronounced. Theoretical analysis of scientific research on the role of the central nervous system in the construction of movements. Spinal cord, medulla, diencephalon, cerebellum, large hemispheres perform their functions. Simple movements (reflective) provide normal performance of more complex movements performed due to the lower parts of the central nervous system (spinal, medulla, midbrain). More complex postures are regulated by the activity of the midbrain, the vestibular system, which obey the cerebellum. The cerebellum coordinates the proportionality of movement. To perform movement in space, it is necessary to combine all types of sensitive sphere (afferentation). This process occurs at the level of the diencephalon and subcortical nuclei. It is proved that part of the vestibular signals must be registered and modulated by the brain. The lack of modulation of vestibular stimuli will be noticeable in bilateral reactions, coordination of the two sides of the body. The postural response may go unnoticed because it is difficult for the child to adopt a particular posture. Sensorimotor development affects the functioning of the body of a child with violation of intellectual development.

Development of biomechanical gait analysis based on inverted pendulum theory

Systems based on inverted theory pendulum are among the most difficult to adjust due to its instability. However, human body balances this type of system daily, from simple movements to the most complex. This paper present a type of biomechanical analysis of human gait using inverted pendulum theory. In the introduction are presented general notions used for the analysis of gait and bipodal mechanism. The next chapter presents reverse pendulum theory by means of a simple application, that of a trolley and a pendulum which seeks its equilibrium position when a force is applied on the trolley. By the action of the force, the pendulum finds its equilibrium position but which disappears when the cart stopped. Chapter three presents the experimental application of gait analysis using static images. The last chapter represents the conclusions of this type of analysis.

Study of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with adjustable spatial sampling based on spherical reference wave

For the astronomical adaptive optics systems, the observation condition is constantly changing or in a regime of low photon flux. Besides, for various brightness seeing conditions, the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor has a matching spatial sampling that avoids extra wavefront reconstruction error. To integrate advantageous spatial samplings, we propose a novel Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with adjustable spatial sampling (ASS-WFS) based on spherical reference wave. In principle, only a simple movement of the microlens array (MLA) and the CCD detector in the direction of the optical axis is required to achieve variable spatial sampling. This is also obviously advantageous in the adaptive optics performance as it allows the wavefront sensor to dynamically match brightness of the observation. To demonstrate the performance of the ASS-WFS, we present the sensor in terms of the principles, the simulation, and the experiment. Results show that the ASS-WFS is able to precisely measure and reconstruct the wavefront, and also demonstrate that advantages resulting from adjusting the spatial samplings can efficiently reduce the disadvantages of low signal-to-noise ratio to boost wavefront reconstruction accuracy.

Clustering phenomenon of the singular Cucker–Smale model with finite communication weight and variable coupling strength

The clustering phenomenon of the Cucker–Smale type model has received lots of attention from many researchers. However, due to the difficulty of the study, to the best of our knowledge, there have been a few discussions about clustering only in the initial configuration or one dimension that induces very simple movements of agents.In this study, we deal with the initial configuration in which the agents of the Cucker–Smale type system in multidimensional form bi-clustering while exhibiting more complex movements without collision. For this, we design a singular interacting system of Cucker–Smale type with finite communication range and variable coupling strength, and provide a mathematical proof that the system leads to a situation in which two disjoint groups of agents pass without any collision between the agents and without changing the composition of the agents in each group. To show the proof, we first briefly discuss the system’s collision-avoidance mechanism and present sufficient conditions along with an interaction topology for an initial configuration of agents and an estimate of variable coupling strength leading to the emergence of flocking. Finally, we propose sufficient conditions to induce the desired phenomenon. We also provide the results of several numerical simulations performed to establish the significance of the conditions in our analytical results.

Cerebellar GABA Change during Visuomotor Adaptation Relates to Adaptation Performance and Cerebellar Network Connectivity: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study.

Motor adaptation is crucial for performing accurate movements in a changing environment and relies on the cerebellum. Although cerebellar involvement has been well characterized, the neurochemical changes in the cerebellum underpinning human motor adaptation remain unknown. We used a novel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) technique to measure changes in the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the human cerebellum during visuomotor adaptation. Participants (n = 17, six female) used their right hand to adapt to a rotated cursor in the scanner, compared with a control task requiring no adaptation. We spatially resolved adaptation-driven GABA changes at the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in the left and the right cerebellar hemisphere independently and found that simple right-hand movements increase GABA in the right cerebellar nuclei and decreases GABA in the left. When isolating adaptation-driven GABA changes, we found that GABA in the left cerebellar nuclei and the right cerebellar nuclei diverged, although GABA change from baseline at the right cerebellar nuclei was not different from zero at the group level. Early adaptation-driven GABA fluctuations in the right cerebellar nuclei correlated with adaptation performance. Participants showing greater GABA decrease adapted better, suggesting early GABA change is behaviorally relevant. Early GABA change also correlated with functional connectivity change in a cerebellar network. Participants showing greater decreases in GABA showed greater strength increases in cerebellar network connectivity. Results were specific to GABA, to adaptation, and to the cerebellar network. This study provides first evidence for plastic changes in cerebellar neurochemistry during motor adaptation. Characterizing these naturally occurring neurochemical changes may provide a basis for developing therapeutic interventions to facilitate human motor adaptation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite motor adaptation being fundamental to maintaining accurate movements, its neurochemical basis remains poorly understood, perhaps because measuring neurochemicals in the human cerebellum is technically challenging. Using a novel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging method, this study provides evidence for GABA changes in the left compared with the right cerebellar nuclei driven by both simple movement and motor adaptation. Although right cerebellar GABA changes were not significantly different from zero at the group level, the adaptation-driven GABA fluctuations in the right cerebellar nuclei correlated with adaptation performance and with functional connectivity change in a cerebellar network. These results show the first evidence for plastic changes in cerebellar neurochemistry during a cerebellar learning task. This provides the basis for developing therapeutic interventions that facilitate these naturally occurring changes to amplify cerebellar-dependent learning.

Brain Games and Gymnastics on Increasing Concentration Power of Early Childhood

This study aims to see the extent to which the level of concentration ability of early childhood after games and brain exercises are carried out in a period of 3 months. Brain games and exercises with simple body movements accompanied by songs to make students more excited. Brain exercise has many benefits, especially to balance the left and right brain, through brain exercise activities can foster enthusiasm and children's learning. This study describes brain exercise activities carried out at the Al-Kautsar Quran Kindergarten in Bandung. The method used is a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation, while the data analysis technique is data triangulation technique. The results of research at Al-Kautsar Quran Kindergarten show that brain exercise activities have been carried out well, seen from semester and daily planning and evaluations carried out for each brain exercise activity. The implementation of this brain exercise provides many benefits for children to be more focused, improve memory and be more enthusiastic

Time estimation and arousal responses in dopa-responsive dystonia

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is caused by an impaired dopamine biosynthesis due to a GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1) deficiency, resulting in a combination of dystonia and parkinsonism. However, the effect of GCH1 mutations and levodopa treatment on motor control beyond simple movements, such as timing, action preparation and feedback processing, have not been investigated so far. In an active time estimation task with trial-by-trial feedback, participants indicated a target interval (1200 ms) by a motor response. We compared 12 patients tested (in fixed order) under their current levodopa medication ("ON") and after levodopa withdrawal ("OFF") to matched healthy controls (HC), measured twice to control for repetition effects. We assessed time estimation accuracy, trial-to-trial adjustment, as well as task- and feedback-related pupil-linked arousal responses. Patients showed comparable time estimation accuracy ON medication as HC but reduced performance OFF medication. Task-related pupil responses showed the reverse pattern. Trial-to-trial adjustments of response times were reduced in DRD, particularly OFF medication. Our results indicate differential alterations of time estimation accuracy and task-related arousal dynamics in DRD patients as a function of dopaminergic medication state. A medication-independent alteration of task repetition effects in DRD cannot be ruled out with certainty but is discussed as less likely.

Assessing the validity of inertial measurement units for shoulder kinematics using a commercial sensor-software system: A validation study.

Background and AimsWearable inertial sensors may offer additional kinematic parameters of the shoulder compared to traditional instruments such as goniometers when elaborate and time‐consuming data processing procedures are undertaken. However, in clinical practice simple‐real time motion analysis is required to improve clinical reasoning. Therefore, the aim was to assess the criterion validity between a portable “off‐the‐shelf” sensor‐software system (IMU) and optical motion (Mocap) for measuring kinematic parameters during active shoulder movements.Methods24 healthy participants (9 female, 15 male, age 29 ± 4 years, height 177 ± 11 cm, weight 73 ± 14 kg) were included. Range of motion (ROM), total range of motion (TROM), peak and mean angular velocity of both systems were assessed during simple (abduction/adduction, horizontal flexion/horizontal extension, vertical flexion/extension, and external/internal rotation) and complex shoulder movements. Criterion validity was determined using intraclass‐correlation coefficients (ICC), root mean square error (RMSE) and Bland and Altmann analysis (bias; upper and lower limits of agreement).ResultsROM and TROM analysis revealed inconsistent validity during simple (ICC: 0.040−0.733, RMSE: 9.7°−20.3°, bias: 1.2°−50.7°) and insufficient agreement during complex shoulder movements (ICC: 0.104−0.453, RMSE: 10.1°−23.3°, bias: 1.0°−55.9°). Peak angular velocity (ICC: 0.202−0.865, RMSE: 14.6°/s−26.7°/s, bias: 10.2°/s−29.9°/s) and mean angular velocity (ICC: 0.019‐0.786, RMSE:6.1°/s−34.2°/s, bias: 1.6°/s−27.8°/s) were inconsistent.ConclusionsThe “off‐the‐shelf” sensor‐software system showed overall insufficient agreement with the gold standard. Further development of commercial IMU‐software‐solutions may increase measurement accuracy and permit their integration into everyday clinical practice.

Visuomotor Tracking Task for Enhancing Activity in Motor Areas of Stroke Patients.

Recovery of motor function following stroke requires interventions to enhance ipsilesional cortical activity. To improve finger motor function following stroke, we developed a movement task with visuomotor feedback and measured changes in motor cortex activity by electroencephalography. Stroke patients performed two types of movement task on separate days using the paretic fingers: a visuomotor tracking task requiring the patient to match a target muscle force pattern with ongoing feedback and a simple finger flexion/extension task without feedback. Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) were recorded before and after the two motor interventions. The amplitudes of MRCPs measured from the ipsilesional hemisphere were significantly enhanced after the visuomotor tracking task but were unchanged by the simple manual movement task. Increased MRCP amplitude preceding movement onset revealed that the control of manual movement using visual feedback acted on the preparatory stage from motor planning to execution. A visuomotor tracking task can enhance motor cortex activity following a brief motor intervention, suggesting efficient induction of use-dependent cortical plasticity in stroke.

Readiness potential reflects the intention of sit-to-stand movement.

The negative-going movement-related cortical potentials are associated with the preparation and execution of thevoluntary movements. Thus far, the readiness potential (RP) for simple movements involving either the upper or lower body segments has been studied. We investigated the ability to decode the sit-to-stand movement's intention from the RP, which uses the upper and lower body segments. Therefore, we performed scalp electroencephalography in healthy volunteers. A gyro sensor was placed on the back to detect the movement of the upper body segment, and an electromyogram electrode was placed on the surface of the hamstrings and quadriceps to detect movement of the lower body segment. Our study revealed that a negative RP was evoked around 2 to 3s before the onset of the upper body movement in the sit-to-stand movement in response to the start cue. The RP had a negative peak and a steeper negative slope from - 0.8 to - 0.001s just before the onset of the upper body movement. Negative-going RPs reflect the intention of preparation/execution of the sit-to-stand movement. Therefore, we used the morphological component analysis method to extract the morphology of RPs from a single trial. This morphology of RPs is a promising aspect for limb neurotrophies or neurorehabilitation devices.