Simple Imitation Research Articles

Is Dyadic Fitts’ Law Task Affected by Action Observation?

According to Fitts’ law, an individual’s speed-accuracy tradeoff is only related to the object’s properties. According to previous research, the movement time to hit the current target can be affected by the target of different size on the previous trial where the Fitts’ law task is affected by trial history. However, in a dyadic context, the question is whether there is still a trial-to-trial transfer across individuals. In this study, Experiment 1 was conducted to investigate whether the current trial would be affected by the previous trial performed by the partner in a dyadic task. The results showed trial-to-trial transfer between individuals was affected by the difficulty of the action. The current movement was only affected by the previous difficult trial but not simple task. In order to investigate whether observing only novel targets would affect the current movement, we conducted Experiment 2, which showed that observing the target was not sufficient to generate effect transfer between trials. These findings suggest that the goal-directed movement can be affected by the observation of others. In addition, the effect of trial-to-trial transfer between individuals was influenced by task difficulty, which proved this effect was not a simple imitation.

International alliances and technology diffusion: A worldwide analysis of adoption of energy, railway and satellite technologies

This study analyzes the role of international alliances in the adoption of new technology at the national level. We look at the worldwide diffusion of six key infrastructure technologies during the past six decades among 161 countries: nuclear power, solar power, wind power, marine power, high-speed rail, and telecommunication satellites. Acknowledging that international relations are not solely structured by formal alliances, we further investigate the impact of neighboring states on technology diffusion, as neighbors tend to maintain strong economic and cultural ties. We further look at simple imitation effects between states with similar political systems. With our focus on international alliances as drivers of international technology diffusion, our study complements economic studies on technology diffusion. For most of the technologies, we find evidence for spillovers between allied states as well as between neighboring states, while no such evidence was found for institutionally similar states. These results confirm the important role that international alliances may play in technology diffusion.

Supervised Meta-Reinforcement Learning with Trajectory Optimization for Manipulation Tasks

Learning from small amounts of samples with reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging in many tasks, especially in real-world applications, such as robotics. Meta-Reinforcement Learning (meta-RL) has been proposed as an approach to address this problem by generalizing to new tasks through experience from previous similar tasks. However, these approaches generally perform meta-optimization by focusing direct policy search methods on validation samples from adapted policies, thus requiring large amounts of on-policy samples during meta-training. To this end, we propose a novel algorithm called Supervised Meta-Reinforcement Learning with Trajectory Optimization (SMRL-TO) by integrating Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) and iLQR-based trajectory optimization. Our approach is designed to provide online supervision for validation samples through iLQR-based trajectory optimization and embed simple imitation learning into the meta-optimization rather than policy gradient steps. This is actually a bi-level optimization that needs to calculate several gradient updates in each meta-iteration, consisting of off-policy reinforcement learning in the inner loop and online imitation learning in the outer loop. SMRL-TO can achieve significant improvements in sample efficiency without human-provided demonstrations, due to the effective supervision from iLQR-based trajectory optimization. In this paper, we describe how to use iLQR-based trajectory optimization to obtain labeled data and then how leverage them to assist the training of meta-learner. Through a series of robotic manipulation tasks, we further show that compared with the previous methods, the proposed approach can substantially improve sample efficiency and achieve better asymptotic performance.

Local Government Cadres Guiding Tourism Economic Development:from the Perspective of Flow Economy

In the past two or three years, a group of cultural and tourism directors represented by He Jiaolong in Zhaosu, Yili, Xinjiang, Liu Hong and Jiang Zeduoji in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan, Xie Wei in Suizhou City, Hubei, and Wu Jiaojiao in Dafang County, Guizhou, have relied on short video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou to made their own small videos promoting their hometowns, and have become popular on the Internet one after another. These web celebrity directors have promoted the tourism economy of their hometown through continuous publicity, live broadcasting with goods and other forms, and contributed great strength to the development of their hometown. Their success, attracted around the Secretary of Culture and Tourism have followed suit, in the country set off a wave of Secretary for hometown tourism endorsement boom. As a netizen, the author has also learned about this hot event. Through reviewing a large amount of data, using literature research, case analysis and other research methods, the author has carried out some of his own research on the phenomenon of network red bureau chiefs􀆳tourism in various places from the perspective of traffic economy. The study found that: First, in the context of the global digital economy, short video platforms based on algorithms and big data are profoundly changing the lives of ordinary people; Second, the emergence of the secretary of Internet Celebrity has brought a new development model of flow economy and has become a booster for the development of local tourism; Third, the culture and tourism secretary of Internet Celebrity has a unique value for local development in the cultural, political and economic fields. This study also found that the􀆳Internet celebrity culture and tourism director model has been copied in large numbers in various places. This phenomenon should be paid attention to and guided. Relevant departments should make efforts to improve their governance ability and tourism industry management ability, so that the Internet celebrity hit sites can be sustained, not just a simple imitation.

Итальянская комедия XVI века: обновление классических моделей

The study of the specifics of the development of Italian literature and theater cannot be interpreted without recourse to the socio-cultural context of the era. The XVI century was the heyday of court culture, developing formal models that needed to be viewed as role models. The Ferrara Court becomes the trendsetter of experiments with Latin comedies for Northern and Central Italy. This paper attempts to disprove the idea of reducing the Italian comedy of the XVI century to a simple imitation of the classical models of Plautus and Terence. Theatrical performances by contrast were a representation of Italian reality, accomplished through the refining of previous traditions. The analysis of correlations between “new” and “old” comedy, carried out by means of the example of L. Arisoto's prologues to “La Cassaria” (1508) and “I Suppositi” (1509) and B. Castiglione to “La Calandria” (1513), occupies the central place of the present paper.

Poryadok, paradigma i politika estetiki: reforma odezhdy v period nepa (1921–1928)

Based on the combing and analysis of historical documents and newspaper images, this paper examines the early Soviet social costume style in the New Economic Policy (NEP) period, and the reasons for its transformation from the perspective of social history of art. The research shows that the dress reform during the NEP period of the Soviet Union experienced multiple model stages such as the paradigm shift from “simple imitation” to “self-construction”, and the discourse integration of “modern” and “national”. At the same time, the aesthetic discourse of socialist fashion, as the politics of aesthetics in daily life, become the mythic metaphor of socialist utopia in the process of constructing national ideology, social and cultural concepts and citizenship consciousness.

La Rochefoucauld's "Maxims" in the Literary and linguistic context of the Epoch

The subject of the study is "Maxims and moral reflections" by Francois IV de La Rochefoucauld — a collection of aphorisms, first published in 1665 and became one of the most significant works of French classical literature of the XVII century. The question of the originality of this work, as well as its place in the literary tradition of the era, remains, nevertheless, open. The purpose of this article is an attempt to synthesize existing points of view on the originality of "Maxim". The method of research is the lexical and stylistic analysis of the collection and its correlation with the traditions of the era, as well as the requirements for form and content imposed on classical works. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the appeal to a wide range of works and the multidimensional nature of the study of the issue. Although many researchers still turn to the history of the genre and the historical context to find sources that influenced the content of the collection, quite little remains said about the language design of "Maxim" and their relationship with the normative works of the era. In the course of this analysis, we have established that, although the "Maxims" correspond to the canons of a classic work, they are the result of a complex synthesis of a wide range of phenomena. Their writing was influenced by the historical context, beliefs and habits of the French secular elite, the literary tradition of the previous era and the philosophical works of the author's contemporaries. Thus, we come to the conclusion that La Rochefoucauld's specific vision of the world, which in some aspects does not correspond to the generally accepted worldview of the era, is more than a tribute to fashion or a simple imitation.

Neurocomputational mechanisms of young children's observational learning of delayed gratification.

The ability to delay gratification is crucial for a successful and healthy life. An effective way for young children to learn this ability is to observe the action of adult models. However, the underlying neurocomputational mechanism remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypotheses that children employed either the simple imitation strategy or the goal-inference strategy when learning from adult models in a high-uncertainty context. Results of computational modeling indicated that children used the goal-inference strategy regardless of whether the adult model was their mother or a stranger. At the neural level, results showed that successful learning of delayed gratification was associated with enhanced interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) between children and the adult models in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex but was not associated with children's own single-brain activity. Moreover, the discounting of future reward's value obtained from computational modeling of the goal-inference strategy was positively correlated with the strength of INS. These findings from our exploratory study suggest that, even for 3-year-olds, the goal-inference strategy is used to learn delayed gratification from adult models, and the learning strategy is associated with neural interaction between the brains of children and adult models.

Stil (Style)

The lexeme Stil (style) derives from Latin stilus, which originally designated a writing utensil used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In modernity, it is used in a broader sense to refer to characteristic and recurrent forms of artistic production or of human behavior. In Goethe’s philosophical and aesthetic lexicon, style denotes a specific mode of aesthetic representation in which the relation between the artist and the object represented is one of “Gegenständlichkeit” (object-orientedness). This is how Goethe defines the term in his short theoretical essay “Einfache Nachahmung der Natur, Manier, Styl” (1789; Simple Imitation of Nature, Manner, Style), whose reflections grow out of a period of stylistic experimentation best exemplified by the Italienische Reise (1816/1817/1829; Italian Journey). A key component of his classicist aesthetic theory, Goethe’s concept of style is at odds with the better part of the modern discourse on style that emerged in the late eighteenth century.

Küresel iklim değişikliğiyle mücadelede deniz yüzeyi sıcaklığının ileri beslemeli yapay sinir ağları ile tahminlenmesi: Rize örneği, Türkiye

The increase of the world population, especially in the global competition, together with the increasing use of fossil fuel resources to meet energy needs, leads to more greenhouse gases (more than one CO2, methane etc.) emissions and the global climate crisis. In this process, changes in meteorological events such as temperature, precipitation, and wind, attract attention moreover but when considered as a whole, we know that these negative changes in the ecosystem negatively affect many living groups. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) as measured meteorologically is the most important environmental parameter where these changes are monitored and observed. It draws attention to the fact that changes in SST are not limited to living organisms as habitats, but also catalyze many chain reactions, especially socio-economic impacts. Therefore, much of the work is devoted to forecasting studies to adapt to changing habitats and take the necessary precautions against potential risks. Feed-forward artificial neural networks have been commonly used to address these emerging needs. Artificial neural networks, which are a simple imitation of the human neurological system, have been used as an artificial intelligence method in forecasting problems due to their superior performance and not having the limitations of classical time series. In this study, the forecasting of the time series of monthly mean SST temperature obtained from Rize station between the years 2010 and 2020 is performed by using feed-forward artificial neural networks, and the forecasting performance of the corresponding time series is compared with many forecasting methods with different characteristics. The comparison of the methods used the mean square error and mean absolute percentage error criteria, which are commonly used in the forecasting literature. The analysis results showed that the analysis results obtained with the feed-forward artificial neural networks have the best prediction performance. As a result, it can be stated that the sea surface temperature can be forecasted with a very high accuracy using the feed-forward artificial neural networks.

Coevolutionary Dynamics with Global Fields.

We investigate the effects of external and autonomous global interaction fields on an adaptive network of social agents with an opinion formation dynamics based on a simple imitation rule. We study the competition between global fields and adaptive rewiring on the space of parameters of the system. The model represents an adaptive society subject to global mass media such as a directed opinion influence or feedback of endogenous cultural trends. We show that, in both situations, global mass media contribute to consensus and to prevent the fragmentation of the social network induced by the coevolutionary dynamics. We present a discussion of these results in the context of dynamical systems and opinion formation dynamics.

러시아 출토 한국식 청동기의 이해

Korean bronze wares excavated from Izvestovka･Shkotovo･Anuchino in Primorye, Russia include Korean bronze swords(韓國式銅劍), Bronze mirror with knobs(多紐鏡), and Bronze engraver(銅釶). T he e lements of these artifacts common to Korean archaeological materials such as the pattern of straight lines engraved separately on the edgehe of the copper sword and the pattern of the Bronze mirror with knobs were observed, and it is analyzed that they were generally spread during the transition period between the Bronze mirror with coarse linear designs(多紐粗文鏡) and the Bronze mirror with fine linear designs(多紐細文鏡). The Korean-style bronze ware of Russia was transmitted through the northeastern region of Korea (Hamgyeong-do area), and representative examples are the Korean-style bronze sword, Korean type bronze spearhead(銅矛), and Bronze mirror with knobs excavated from the ruins of Rihwa-dong in Hamheung and Ryongsan-ri in Geumya. These common archaeological materials are in a mutually beneficial relationship and parallel to the Russian Tuanjie-Krounovka culture. In particular, it is confirmed that the migration (propagation) of the group is not a simple imitation of the Korean bronze ware, but also the function of the object. Also, the Izvestovka-Shkotovo ruins are located at an adjacent distance (about 12km in a straight line), so that exchanges between groups and It seems possible to share. The archaeological data of Korea and Russia and the natural and geographical conditions are set as the transportation routes for both countries. The route between Korea and Russia is Hamheung→Slavankya →Shkotovo→Izvestovka (Krounovka) and Hamheung→Slavankya→ (Usurisk)→Anuchino. Judging from the current archaeological data, the Korean-style bronze ware excavated in Russia can be identified as the northernmost excavated object of Korean archaeological data. However, we look forward to future data on the insignificant excavation of Korean-style bronze ware in Primorye, Russia, and there is still ample room for parallel research.

RUSCISM AS A NEW VERSION OF TOTALITARIANISM

This paper is devoted to clarifying the essence of ruscism as a phenomenon of modern socio-political reality. It is noted that the concept of ruscism appeared in public and scientific circulation as a result of the formation of Putin's regime in Russia, and its spread is connected with the beginning of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Although this concept has already received its interpretations in the publications of a number of analysts, there is still no complete conceptual understanding of it. The author believes that the conceptual understanding of ruscism should be carried out within the framework of totalitarian studies, since it is a new version of totalitarianism. The idea of ruscism as a simple imitation of fascism and Nazism is refuted. The emphasis is placed on his historical Russian roots. Attention is drawn to the facts that, firstly, Russian statehood originates in the Golden Horde, from which it inherited the despotic character of government and aggressive foreign policy; secondly, Russia has never had long periods of democratic rule in the course of its historical development; thirdly, the first totalitarian regime in the modern world arose precisely in Russia; fourthly, under Stalin, it acquired the greatest totalitarian quality in history. The author emphasizes that ruscism cannot be considered a simple resuscitation of Stalinism, because it arose in the new historical conditions of the development of both Russia and its international environment, which determined its peculiarities. The peculiarities of ruscism as a new version of totalitarianism are that: the creation of a totalitarian party, the formation of a broad totalitarian movement, and the development of a totalitarian doctrine took place already after Putin acquired state power; the Russian political system is formally multi-party; the control of the political regime over the functioning of the economy is carried out not so much by formal state institutions as by Putin's informal clan.

Research on the Impact of the Emotional Expression of Kindergarten Teachers on Children: From the Perspective of the Class Micro-Power Relationship.

During the preschool years, the socio-emotional responses children receive from interactions with teachers are incorporated into their own social behaviors. This is one of the key ways in which children acquire social and emotional skills. Based on field studies, it can be found that this learning process is not simple imitation of children, but of a more complex context of group interaction. To further clarify the impact of kindergarten teachers’ emotion on the sociometric status and behavior of 3–5 year-old children in their classes, the researchers chose a Montessori mixed-age kindergarten in Beijing as the field site and observed five classes within the kindergarten over a 2-month period in this ethnographic case study. The study found that the power gap between teacher and pupil spreads rapidly to all children in the classroom as a result of the teacher’s emotions, and even stimulates power stratification within the children. In addition, there are differences in the social behaviors between the children of different levels of power. As preschool children are in a critical developmental window when social knowledge is being accumulated and social skills are being acquired, using power relations within the kindergarten classroom as an entry point to analyze the impact of teachers’ emotions on children’s social behavior provides a new breakthrough for the professional development of early childhood education and the better achievement of educational goals.

Effect of Unplugged Programming Teaching Aids on Children’s Computational Thinking and Classroom Interaction: with Respect to Piaget’s Four Stages Theory

This paper examined the effect of the Unplugged Programming Teaching Aids (UPTA) on students' computational thinking and classroom interaction. A set of UPTA was created and used in a primary school in southern China. A total of 48 students aged 6–8 were assigned to two classes, with the same instructor and learning materials, but only the treatment group was provided with the UPTA. Both groups were tested on computational thinking ability, children’s concrete operation status, degree of ego-centricity, and in-classroom interaction. Results indicated that the children aged 6–8 years old could classify things according to two kinds of criteria at the same time, but their cognitive style was still ego-centered and they found it difficult to deal with problems from a third-party perspective, no matter whether in the treatment group or the control group. However, students in the treatment group achieved significantly higher scores on the test of computational thinking and were more engaged in the classroom interaction patterns. These findings provide evidence of the positive effect of the UPTA on promoting children’s computational thinking by guiding them to decompose and solve problems, as well as enhancing their interaction and communication in the classroom, so as to transform from simple imitation to collaborative inquiry.

On the Innovation of Design Language in the Process of “Re design”

Innovative design thinking in any design plays a vital role in the design, and design is different from pure innovation design, for pure innovative design thinking mode is mainly influenced by the designer's feelings and personal behavior style, and in the process of redesign thinking mode to a certain extent by the original design style and language, the process we pay more attention to the design subject itself. Redesign is based on the original design for new attempt, is the original design update iteration rather than simple imitation and copy, the process of thinking mode plays an important role, we should consider the form structure of the original design itself and understand the current trend, for some projects with profound significance we should also consider the future design architecture, in the original style, the current trend, personal style and find a breakthrough of innovation. This paper will discuss the role and change of the innovative thinking mode in the redesign from three aspects: the color language, the graphic language, and the technical language in the design process.

Stochastic Spatial Heterogeneity in Activities of H+-ATP-Ases in Electrically Connected Plant Cells Decreases Threshold for Cooling-Induced Electrical Responses.

H+-ATP-ases, which support proton efflux through the plasma membrane, are key molecular transporters for electrogenesis in cells of higher plants. Initial activities of the transporters can influence the thresholds of generation of electrical responses induced by stressors and modify other parameters of these responses. Previously, it was theoretically shown that the stochastic heterogeneity of individual cell thresholds for electrical responses in a system of electrically connected neuronal cells can decrease the total threshold of the system (“diversity-induced resonance”, DIR). In the current work, we tested a hypothesis about decreasing the thresholds of generation of cooling-induced electrical responses in a system of electrically connected plant cells with increasing stochastic spatial heterogeny in the initial activities of H+-ATP-ases in these cells. A two-dimensional model of the system of electrically connected excitable cells (simple imitation of plant leaf), which was based on a model previously developed in our works, was used for the present investigation. Simulation showed that increasing dispersion in the distribution of initial activities of H+-ATP-ases between cells decreased the thresholds of generation of cooling-induced electrical responses. In addition, the increasing weakly influenced the amplitudes of electrical responses. Additional analysis showed two different mechanisms of the revealed effect. The increasing spatial heterogeneity in activities of H+-ATP-ases induced a weak positive shift of the membrane potential at rest. The shift decreased the threshold of electrical response generation. However, the decreased threshold induced by increasing the H+-ATP-ase activity heterogeneity was also observed after the elimination of the positive shift. The result showed that the “DIR-like” mechanism also participated in the revealed effect. Finally, we showed that the standard deviation of the membrane potentials before the induction of action potentials could be used for the estimation of thresholds of cooling-induced plant electrical responses. Thus, spatial heterogeneity in the initial activities of H+-ATP-ases can be a new regulatory mechanism influencing the generation of electrical responses in plants under actions of stressors.

Peer effects in public support for Pigouvian taxation

Despite the efficacy of Pigouvian taxes, governments often find them surprisingly controversial to implement. Evidence suggests the reason may be their complexity, which stems from the delay of externality. This paper studies whether communication among peers can promote public support for Pigouvian taxation. Using a market experiment with time-delayed negative externalities, we find that support for Pigouvian taxation increases when tax supporters can explain their position to other voters. We show that the peer effects cannot be explained by simple imitation or compliance, but are more likely to be driven by social learning. Our findings provide converging evidence for the role of complexity in the lack of support for Pigouvian taxes. These results point to the importance of giving voice and visibility to members of the general public who support efficient but complex tax policies.

Starfish Inspired Milli Soft Robot With Omnidirectional Adaptive Locomotion Ability

Bionic robot inspired by creatures in nature attracts attention from researchers due to its effective locomotion mode and high environment adaptability. Despite the recent achievements in bionic research and robotics, the bionic robots are almost simple morphology imitation. While the imitation of functional texture and microstructures are also important, which always makes a significant difference to the performance of robot. In this work, we proposed a starfish inspired milli soft robot with excellent locomotive performance and great environmental adaptability. Different from the simple imitation of locomotion mode in the previous literature, we introduce the micro tube feet structures of starfish into the robot design. The magnetization measurement and friction test result indicate that the microstructures of tube feet can strengthen the driving performance of robot, reduce the motion resistance from ground, and enhance the obstacle-climbing ability. Benefit from the radial symmetry shape of the starfish, the milli soft robot can achieve omnidirectional movement under the actuation of magnetic field. Moreover, the large deflection modeling of the variable cross section antenna is built by analyzing the infinitesimal element, and two motion states of milli soft robot are compared. The successful locomotion demonstrations, including moving with “S” trajectory, adapting to wet surface and gravel surface, overcoming obstacles, indicate the potential application of the starfish inspired milli soft robot in harsh environment.

La comunicación preverbal en niños con ausencia del lenguaje

Young children consulting due to an absence of language usually show deficits in the construction of preverbal communicative mechanisms, not necessarily a sign of broader developmental disorders. AimTo analyse the presence/absence of preverbal abilities in non-autistic children with language absence. PopulationA subset of 77 2-3.5year-old children was analysed. These children attended consultation at the Speech-Language Pathology Service of the Hospital Universitario Austral and private consultation due to an absence of language. Materials and methodologyThe population of children under study went through an audiological evaluation to rule out hearing loss. Their parents were asked to answer the M-CHAT Questionnaire to rule out children with high and medium risk of autism; and an assessment of the general development parameters was made with the Vineland, VABS scale, seeking to identify the presence of specific delays in language acquisition and global developmental disorders. The preverbal abilities studied were: visual contact, joint attention, the ability to interact, simple imitation, and the use of protoimperative gestures. ResultsChildren with global developmental delays showed more issues in the above mechanisms than the patients with specific language delays. The items that showed a higher level of impairment were the development of imitation and the use of protoimperative gestures related to development during the last quarter of the first year of life.