Simple Electronic Circuit Research Articles

A Simple Electronic Circuit Manifests a Complex Physical Effect

A Simple Electronic Circuit Manifests a Complex Physical Effect

Experimental investigation of the chaotification of a Duffing-like electronic oscillator under two-frequency excitation.

Two-frequency excitation has recently emerged as an efficient method to generate strong chaotification of Duffing and Duffing-like dynamical systems with both single- and double-well potentials. For the systems with a double-well potential, large continuous regions with robust chaos (chaotic attractor insensitive to changes in the system parameters) have been predicted to exist when the method is applied. Motivated by these theoretical results, in this work, we investigate experimentally the chaotification under two-frequency excitation of a simple electronic circuit analogous to the double-well Duffing oscillator. The experimental results confirm the theoretical expectations, and a strong chaotification is observed. Evidences are also presented that the chaotic attractor is robust. Therefore, the work establishes experimentally the two-frequency excitation as a simple and reliable method of chaotification. Furthermore, because of its ease of fabrication, the experimental results turn the particular circuit considered in this work into an interesting practical alternative as a reliable source of continuous-time chaotic signals.

Development of experimental device for inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles

Inductive heating using magnetic nanoparticles is a critical process extensively investigated for cancer treatment. However, the high cost of commercially available equipment hinders its accessibility for many research groups. In response, this paper introduces a simple electronic circuit with low-cost components, making it easy to construct even for non-electronic experts. Operating within the 50–200 kHz range, the circuit employs a parallel inductor-capacitor configuration, providing a maximum induction magnetic field of 23.6 mT. Ltspice software simulations align well with oscilloscope measurements. Using commercial iron oxide nanoparticles (∼16 nm) in water suspensions (1–10 mg ml−1), the device exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in specific absorption rate values, consistent with literature findings. Hyperthermia temperatures were achieved in a few minutes at 52.5 kHz and 23.6 mT in the highest concentration. At 81.9 kHz and 21.5 mT, a temperature of 93 °C was achieved after 22 min at 10 mg ml−1. Additionally, the device demonstrated stable and safe operation over a 100 min period, as validated by an ice-melting experiment. These results highlight the device’s efficacy for hyperthermia experiments in both biological and non-biological systems, particularly advantageous for larger nanoparticles in a blocked state. The proposed device holds significant potential for contributing to hyperthermia studies across diverse research groups. Future development will focus on frequency adjustment without reducing the alternating magnetic field amplitude and a thorough investigation of field homogeneity inside the coils.

A simple filter Lorenz electronic circuit

In this work, an electronic circuit of the Lorenz system is developed. The electronic circuit proposed is one of the easiest to implement. We changed the x-state equation of Lorenz‘s system with a low-pass filter to an RC circuit with the same cutoff frequency. Corron‘s electronic circuit is used as the basis for electronic design. Simulation results support this proposal.

Practical electronic maintenance and repair technique to support sustainability development

Electronic Maintenance and Repair is fundamentally a combination of theoretical and practical learning to support higher education in the vocational or polytechnic specialization. This material is outlined in a course by conducting experiments with existing problems with objects that are students in practicum classes. In this practice, it is explained about the specifications, damage, ways of measuring and diagnosing damage based on the Project Based Learning (PBL) method. All Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) are explained in Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Job Safety Operation (JSO) followed by different circuits and work steps for each electronic circuit. In actual fact, after this method is applied, students can determine and make specifications for an electronic equipment/system, understand and also complete calculations about reliability and failure in electronic systems. One more thing is to recognize damage and how to measure electronic components both passive and active. It is also explaining work principles and looking for damage to a simple digital and analog electronic circuit. In the process, this method experiments with various circuits by measuring normal conditions and damage according to the given switch. The entire measurement method is performed through the specified testing point thereby analysis can be implemented based on the comparison of measurement results under normal conditions and damage. Based on the results of data and analysis of student response results aspects of PBL can be applied to tackle and solve the problems diagnosed by damaged conditions of the circuits. It can be used as MR Electronics practicum to gain and collaborate based on theory and data analysis.

Harnessing vibrational resonance to identify and enhance input signals.

We report the occurrence of vibrational resonance and the underlying mechanism in a simple piecewise linear electronic circuit, namely, the Murali-Lakshmanan-Chua circuit, driven by an additional biharmonic signal with widely different frequencies. When the amplitude of the high-frequency force is tuned, the resultant vibrational resonance is used to detect the low-frequency signal and also to enhance it into a high-frequency signal. Further, we also show that even when the low-frequency signal is changed from sine wave to square and sawtooth waves, vibrational resonance can be used to detect and enhance them into high-frequency signals. These behaviors, confirmed by experimental results, are illustrated with appropriate analytical and numerical solutions of the corresponding circuit equations describing the system. Finally, we also verify the signal detection in the above circuit even with the addition of noise.

Поиск оптимального вейвлет-фильтра и уровня разложения сигнала ЭКГ для его шумоподавления

The denoising process represents one of the most important preprocessing steps for Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing and assists the specialist in making the right diagnosis for the patient. Five wavelet filters (WFs) closest in morphology to the pattern of the ECG signal were nominated, and their performances were analyzed at different noise, and number of decomposition (No. Dec) levels to determine the optimum, among them for noise reduction task. These Filters are Daubechies 4 (DB4), Daubechies 6 (DB6), Coiflet 4 (Coif4), Symlet 6 (Sym6) and Symlet 8 (Sym8). The results of the standard ECG signals (downloaded from MIT-BIH) revealed that the DB6 filter with four decomposition levels is optimal for removing noise of the ECG signal in terms of three metrics "Mean Square Error" (MSE), "Output Signal to Noise Ratio" (SNRo), and "Correlation Coefficient Index" (CCI). In addition, a simple and efficient threshold rule was adapted to be used in the proposed method. The suggested approach was successfully applied to reduce the noise of the ECG signals recorded using a simple proposed electronic circuit. Finally, the performance of the introduced scheme was compared with that of the standard ECG equipment, the "Biocare iE300", and the outcomes were very close.

Fuzzy Sampled-Data Stabilization of Hidden Oscillations in a Memristor-Based Dynamical System

In the manuscript, we report the dynamics of the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy memristor-based hidden system via sampled-data control. For an open-loop formulation, the system dynamics are studied. We found extreme events, hidden attractors, and trivial period doubling scenarios and confirmed them through numerical, analytical, statistical and experimental analyses. Furthermore, to enable stability analysis and control combination, the (T–S) fuzzy algorithm is employed to control the dynamics of a nonlinear system. First, we designed the sampled data fuzzy controller (SDFC) for the proposed system. Second, the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) strategy, novel integral inequality mechanisms, and certain sufficient conditions are determined by deriving the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which ensure the asymptotic stability of the system. Moreover, the sampled data control gains are computed for the large sampling interval, and numerically obtained results confirm the theoretical results. Additionally, a simple real-time analog electronic circuit is constructed, and experimental data is obtained, and finally, numerically simulated results were verified through MATLAB.

High resistivity free-standing crosslinked graphene oxide substrates: hopping conduction mechanism and application to recyclable electronics

Graphene oxide (GO) is an oxidized derivative of graphene that can be formed into free-standing wafers by aqueous processing methods. We propose GO as a potential alternative printed electronic substrate material to mitigate the waste electronic and electrical equipment problem. By dissolving these substrates in water, GO permits the mechanical separation and recovery of discrete components from defunct circuits, thus closing the life cycle of printed circuits. In this work we measure the anisotropic, frequency dependent resistivity of free-standing GO wafers under DC and AC (f = 0.1 Hz–500 kHz) excitation and in varying relative humidity (RH) conditions. Unmodified GO and GO crosslinked with calcium ions, borate ions, and glutaraldehyde were characterized. AC resistivity measurements reveal charge transport in free-standing GO occurs by several distinct hopping conduction mechanisms that are sensitive to the crosslinking formulation. GO crosslinked with calcium ions exhibits the highest DC resistivity, 4.6 × 105 Ωm and 2.6 × 104 Ωm, for out-of-plane and in-plane directions, respectively, at 17% RH. Both AC and DC resistivities decrease with increasing RH. We demonstrate that GO wafers can be used as dielectric substrates in the construction of simple electronic circuits with discrete electronic components. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept for electrical trace and component recovery via disassembly of GO wafers in water.

An improved high-accuracy interpolation method for switching devices in EMT simulation programs

This paper presents an interpolation with Backward Euler (BE) method that enhances the switching simulations accuracy in an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation with a fixed time-step. Because of the switching operations on discrete instants, the simulations can show artificial voltage spikes and numerical oscillations (chatter), compromising the accuracy and producing misleading results. We thus present a method that eliminates the spurious switching losses and improves the accuracy by combining interpolation and extrapolation with a half-time-step BE solution over existing interpolation-based approaches to resolve the issues above. In addition, this improved method requires the same calculation steps as the industry-accepted instantaneous interpolation. Analytical discussion reinforced by the simulation studies for a simple and complex power electronic circuits demonstrates the accuracy and efficacy of the proposed interpolation with BE method.

Adaptive neuro-Kpis approach in the evaluation of the performance and parameters of a PV module

This paper presents an adaptive approach to performance analysis and estimation of unmeasurable and inaccessible parameters of a PV power plant based on the neural structures and mechanism proposed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This approach takes into account the single diode model, the empirical efficiency analysis model and an additional simple electronic circuit that allows to establish the voltage and current dynamics. The new scheme found here develops the observers using neural networks for the estimation of the unmeasurable and inaccessible parameters of the one-diode model. The MIT mechanism combined with the proposed ADALINE neural network has interesting features for the accurate determination of the k-pis parameters of the empirical model for PV plant performance analysis. The implementation of the proposed tool is done in the numerical environment Matlab/simulink and in real time via the Arduino target for the experimental part. The numerical and experimental results are presented in order to estimate the parameters and their performances. The results found here show that our approach stands for a robust tool to analyze defects. Another particularity of the new approach concerns the fault analysis based on the resistor behaviors in a three-dimensional frame. Hence, the proposed tools contribute to the fault analysis, the parameter estimation and the performance evaluation of the PV source whatever the operating conditions.

State Feedback with Integral Control Circuit Design of DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter

The pulse-with modulated (PWM) dc-dc buck-boost converter is a non-minimum phase system, which requires a proper control scheme to improve the transient response and provide constant output voltage during line and load variations. The pole placement technique has been proposed in the literature to control this type of power converter and achieve the desired response. However, the systematic design procedure of such control law using a low-cost electronic circuit has not been discussed. In this paper, the pole placement via state-feedback with an integral control scheme of inverting the PWM dc-dc buck-boost converter is introduced. The control law is developed based on the linearized power converter model in continuous conduction mode. A detailed design procedure is given to represent the control equation using a simple electronic circuit that is suitable for low-cost commercial applications. The mathematical model of the closed-loop power converter circuit is built and simulated using SIMULINK and Simscape Electrical in MATLAB. The closed-loop dc-dc buck-boost converter is tested under various operating conditions. It is confirmed that the proposed control scheme improves the power converter dynamics, tracks the reference signal, and maintains regulated output voltage during abrupt changes in input voltage and load current. The simulation results show that the line variation of 5 V and load variation of 2 A around the nominal operating point are rejected with a maximum percentage overshoot of 3.5% and a settling time of 5.5 ms.

PELATIHAN ARDUINO KEPADA REMAJA DESA SINDANGJAYA GUNA MENUNJANG KOMPETENSI DALAM BIDANG TEKNOLOGI DAN OTOMASI

The district of Bekasi in West Java province has good industrial potential and economic growth, but there are still issues of poverty in some areas, including the village of Sindangjaya. The competency and skills level of the workforce in Sindangjaya is also still inadequate. Data from the BPS shows that around 50% of the population in Bekasi is of productive age, but many of them lack knowledge and skills in technology, such as the students in the Islamic boarding school in Sindangjaya. This Arduino training is expected to provide electronic technology knowledge and skills to the students and enrich the education curriculum by adding technology and automation-related subjects. This training can also provide valuable experience for students in terms of community service and developing technology and automation skills, as well as offering opportunities to work in industries that require Arduino expertise. Th e method used for this Arduino training program is community education and training. The program's implementation results show that most participants have understood how to use Arduino and create simple electronic circuits. This can be seen from the participants' success rate in creating flip-flop circuits with push buttons and light sensors, as well as the evaluation data of their understanding after completing the training. The conclusion drawn from this training is that the program is very important and relevant to current community needs. The program is effective in improving the technical understanding and skills of participants in using technology and automation.

A simple electronic circuit demonstrating Hopf bifurcation for an advanced undergraduate laboratory

A nonlinear electronic circuit comprising of three nodes with a feedback loop is analyzed. The system has two stable states, a uniform state and a sinusoidal oscillating state, and it transitions from one to another by means of a Hopf bifurcation. The stability of this system is analyzed with nonlinear equations derived from a repressilator-like transistor circuit. The apparatus is simple and inexpensive, and the experiment demonstrates aspects of nonlinear dynamical systems in an advanced undergraduate laboratory setting.

Complete cycle of modeling and simulation for wireless power transfer using circuit theory, simple electronics, and open-source software

This article presents a complete modeling and simulation framework for a simple resonant inductive coupling circuit, composed of a pair of inductive resonators that can wirelessly transfer about 60 W of power at a distance of approximately 15 cm. The circuit was physically implemented, and the transmitting coil was powered by a simple half-bridge electronic circuit that generated a square voltage signal. Measurements were compared to simulation results, and it was found that the proposed model could accurately explain and predict the behavior of the circuit. Our results show that optimum transfer of power varies according to the load values, the fRequency and the distance between the transmitter and receiver, which can vary considerably depending on the application. Simulations using AC circuit analysis helped in depicting the behavior of the circuit under this kind of variability, and in characterizing the presence of the optimum points for power transfer, although these were attained at lower efficiency. The present analysis paves the way for further investigations using control theory to track the frequencies at which maximum power is delivered for each set of variables, i.e., the distance between the resonators and the load value.

Chaos in Analog Electronic Circuits: Comprehensive Review, Solved Problems, Open Topics and Small Example

This paper strives to achieve a comprehensive review of chaos in analog circuits and lumped electronic networks. Readers will be guided from the beginning of the investigations of simple electronic circuits to the current trends in the research into chaos. The author tries to provide the key references related to this issue, including papers describing modern numerical algorithms capable of localizing chaotic and hyperchaotic motion in complex mathematical models, interesting full on-chip implementations of chaotic systems, possible practical applications of entropic signals, fractional-order chaotic systems and chaotic oscillators with mem-elements.

A TRIZ-Adopted Development of a Compact Experimental Board for the Teaching and Learning of Operational Amplifier with Multiple Circuit Configurations

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are generally used for actualizing simple and complex electronic circuits in the subject of analogue electronics. In an effort to improve the teaching of op-amps in electronics engineering curricula, op-amp circuits in various configurations are often used for experiments in laboratory sessions so that students can acquire certain psychomotor and cognitive skills by constructing circuit connections and analyzing input–output waveforms. As a result, multiple configurations of operational amplifier circuits are often needed, requiring multiple sets of experimental boards or circuits for each experiment. This is usually not cost effective, requires more consumable electronic components, requires more maintenance and storage space in facilities, and is less user friendly for the students. Therefore, the aim of this research is to design a single, compact, and easy-to-replicate experimental board that can be converted into multiple configurations of the LM741 operational amplifier, comprising an inverting amplifier, a noninverting amplifier, a voltage follower, a summing amplifier, a differential amplifier, a differentiator, and an integrator, with minimal electronic components at a cost lower than EUR 10. The experimental board was tested with a constant input voltage of 1.0 V AC and a switching frequency of 1.0 kHz. It is capable of producing an output voltage corresponding to the individual operational amplifier configurations and can thus be used as a facilitating module for teaching and learning activities in the field of analogue electronics.

Simplified Double-Integral Sliding-Mode Control of PWM DC-AC Converter with Constant Switching Frequency

In this paper, a simplified double-integral sliding-mode control method for pulse-width-modulated dc-ac buck conversion is introduced. The control equation is derived based on the equivalent control method, in which the control-oriented model is developed using the averaged dynamics of the power converter in continuous conduction mode. In contrast with the conventional sliding-mode control schemes, the complexity of adding a capacitor current sensor, variable ramp voltage, and other relevant components is avoided. Furthermore, the control equation is translated into a simple electronic circuit with minimal added components, which reduces the practical implementation cost. The proposed control method rejects large disturbances, tracks the reference signal, and maintains a constant switching frequency. Systematic design procedure, control parameters selection, and stability conditions are presented. The design methodology is verified via simulating the proposed control circuit using Simscape Electrical in MATLAB. The control method is also compared with the conventional double-integral sliding-mode control scheme under load disturbances. The results show that the simplified control approach provides a fast transient response and robust tracking performance.

Rapid modeling of experimental molecular kinetics with simple electronic circuits instead of with complex differential equations

Kinetic modeling has relied on using a tedious number of mathematical equations to describe molecular kinetics in interacting reactions. The long list of differential equations with associated abstract variables and parameters inevitably hinders readers’ easy understanding of the models. However, the mathematical equations describing the kinetics of biochemical reactions can be exactly mapped to the dynamics of voltages and currents in simple electronic circuits wherein voltages represent molecular concentrations and currents represent molecular fluxes. For example, we theoretically derive and experimentally verify accurate circuit models for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Then, we show that such circuit models can be scaled via simple wiring among circuit motifs to represent more and arbitrarily complex reactions. Hence, we can directly map reaction networks to equivalent circuit schematics in a rapid, quantitatively accurate, and intuitive fashion without needing mathematical equations. We verify experimentally that these circuit models are quantitatively accurate. Examples include 1) different mechanisms of competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive, and mixed enzyme inhibition, important for understanding pharmacokinetics; 2) product-feedback inhibition, common in biochemistry; 3) reversible reactions; 4) multi-substrate enzymatic reactions, both important in many metabolic pathways; and 5) translation and transcription dynamics in a cell-free system, which brings insight into the functioning of all gene-protein networks. We envision that circuit modeling and simulation could become a powerful scientific communication language and tool for quantitative studies of kinetics in biology and related fields.

Simulation and modeling for active distribution network BESS system in DIgSILENT

By analyzing traditional distributed energy resource (DER) modeling methods, this paper proposes a feasible method of DER modeling based on static generator in the simulation software — DIgSILENT. Behavioral model is proposed in this paper to simplify the DER model, in which simple electronic circuits or mathematical functions are used to reflect the physical characteristics of a certain model. With the application of the modeling method, the battery energy storage system (BESS) are implemented in DIgSILENT simulation environment. In each simulation case, the behavioral model as well as the control strategy is illustrated and the simulation result is analyzed in the end.