Simple Alcohol Research Articles

Silver nanoparticle based alcohol sensor manufacturing training for detection of halal drinks

Nowadays, halal drinks are one of the sectors that get the attention of various parties. Alcohol in beverages is important in determining the halalness of a beverage. Halal detection can be done using chemical sensors. In the Pharmacy Department, knowledge of analysis using sensors is rare. Therefore, this community service program was carried out to introduce qualitative methods of quick and simple alcohol analysis. The participants are students of the Pharmacy Department of STIKES Anwar Medika in Sidoarjo City. Participants are communities engaged in the health sector who have an interest in halal and how to make sensors for halal testing. This program is implemented by making a video on how to make a chemical sensor for alcohol detection. The chemical sensor is a paper-immobilized colloidal silver-based chemical sensor that is easy to apply in various conditions. Based on the results of the color change produced on the filter paper, from green to bluish which indicates that the food or beverage sample contains alcohol. Based on the questionnaire, participants expressed satisfaction with the increase in knowledge about additional tools that are easy and fast to detect alcohol.

Base Metal‐Catalyzed C‐Methylation Reactions Using Methanol

AbstractC‐methylation is a vitally important reaction applicable in chemical synthesis and structure‐based drug design. Notably, the “magic methyl” effect has become decisive in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery for the modulation of bio‐active properties in life science molecules. In this regard, C‐methylation reaction is widely applied chemical modification in various biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. In general, this reaction often relies on activated, hazardous and uneconomical methyl sources such as diazomethane, dimethyl sulfate, and methyl halides. To achieve methylation reactions in a sustainable and cost‐effective manner, the use of ‘ideal’ C1 source is crucial. In this regard, methanol constitutes an expedient −CH3 source because this simple alcohol is less‐hazardous, inexpensive, and abundantly available platform chemical as well as it produces only water as the by‐product in methylation processes. Regarding potential catalysts to perform C‐methylation using methanol by hydrogen borrowing methodology, non‐noble metal‐based catalysts are highly preferable due to their unique advantages such as more abundance, inexpensive and low‐toxicity. In recent years, chemists made significant contributions towards catalytic valorization of methanol as C1 source to insert methyl groups via C−H activation in a variety of compounds and life science molecules. Consequently, in this minireview we summarize the C‐methylation process using methanol by applying Fe‐, Mn‐, Co‐ and Ni‐based catalysts as well as metal free catalysts.magnified image

Structural Evolution of MOF-Derived RuCo, A General Catalyst for the Guerbet Reaction.

Guerbet alcohols, a class of β-branched terminal alcohols, find widespread application because of their low melting points and excellent fluidity. Because of the limitations in the activity and selectivity of existing Guerbet catalysts, Guerbet alcohols are not currently produced via the Guerbet reaction but via hydroformylation of oil-derived alkenes followed by aldol condensation. In pursuit of a one-step synthesis of Guerbet alcohols from simple linear alcohol precursors, we show that MOF-derived RuCo alloys achieve over a million turnovers in the Guerbet reaction of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol. The active catalyst is formed in situ from ruthenium-impregnated metal-organic framework MFU-1. XPS and XAS studies indicate that the precatalyst is composed of Ru precursor trapped inside the MOF pores with no change in the oxidation state or coordination environment of Ru upon MOF incorporation. The significantly higher reactivity of Ru-impregnated MOF versus a physical mixture of Ru precursor and MOF suggests that the MOF plays an important role in templating the formation of the active catalyst and/or its stabilization. XPS reveals partial reduction of both ruthenium and MOF-derived cobalt under the Guerbet reaction conditions, and TEM/EDX imaging shows that Ru is decorated on the edges of dense nanoparticles, as well as thin nanoplates of CoOx. The use of ethanol rather than higher alcohols as a substrate results in lower turnover frequencies, and RuCo recovered from ethanol upgrading lacks nanostructures with plate-like morphology and does not exhibit Ru-enrichment on the surface and edge sites. Notably, 1H and 31P NMR studies show that through use of K3PO4 as a base promoter in the RuCo-catalyzed alcohol upgrading, the formation of carboxylate salts, a common side product in the Guerbet reaction, was effectively eliminated.

Understanding Fermi resonances behind the complex vibrational spectra of the methyl groups in simple alcohol, thiol, and their ethers

AbstractVibrational spectra of the methyl groups in CH3SH, CH3SCH3, CH3OH, and CH3OCH3 monomers were measured to analyze their complex features as a result of bend/umbrella‐stretch Fermi resonance. Multiple bands were recorded between 2800–3000 cm−1 associated with the vibrations of the methyl groups in CH3OH, and CH3OCH3. On the other hand, the corresponding spectra of CH3SH and CH3SCH3 are relatively simpler with main peaks between 2900 to 3000 cm−1. Theoretical ab initio anharmonic algorithm using six normal modes on a methyl group with potential energy surface at CCSD(T)‐F12/aug‐cc‐pVTZ quality is able to account for all the experimentally observed features across these four species. In CH3SCH3 and CH3SH, all three CH stretch fundamentals are above 2900 cm−1, but the fundamental of umbrella mode is lower than 1350 cm−1, thus only the overtone states of two bending modes are able to borrow sufficient intensities. In CH3OCH3 and CH3OH, umbrella modes have frequencies similar to the bending modes and the CH stretch fundamentals are red‐shifted to 2850–2950 cm−1 leading to more complex vibrational features due to better energy‐matching condition.

Mitochondria Matter: Systemic Aspects of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Diagnostic Assessment of Liver Function by Stable Isotope Dynamic Breath Tests.

The liver plays a key role in systemic metabolic processes, which include detoxification, synthesis, storage, and export of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The raising trends of obesity and metabolic disorders worldwide is often associated with the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has become the most frequent type of chronic liver disorder with risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver mitochondria play a key role in degrading the pathways of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and xenobiotics, and to provide energy for the body cells. The morphological and functional integrity of mitochondria guarantee the proper functioning of β-oxidation of free fatty acids and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Evaluation of the liver in clinical medicine needs to be accurate in NAFLD patients and includes history, physical exam, imaging, and laboratory assays. Evaluation of mitochondrial function in chronic liver disease and NAFLD is now possible by novel diagnostic tools. “Dynamic” liver function tests include the breath test (BT) based on the use of substrates marked with the non-radioactive, naturally occurring stable isotope 13C. Hepatocellular metabolization of the substrate will generate 13CO2, which is excreted in breath and measured by mass spectrometry or infrared spectroscopy. Breath levels of 13CO2 are biomarkers of specific metabolic processes occurring in the hepatocyte cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. 13C-BTs explore distinct chronic liver diseases including simple liver steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, drug, and alcohol effects. In NAFLD, 13C-BT use substrates such as α-ketoisocaproic acid, methionine, and octanoic acid to assess mitochondrial oxidation capacity which can be impaired at an early stage of disease. 13C-BTs represent an indirect, cost-effective, and easy method to evaluate dynamic liver function. Further applications are expected in clinical medicine. In this review, we discuss the involvement of liver mitochondria in the progression of NAFLD, together with the role of 13C-BT in assessing mitochondrial function and its potential use in the prevention and management of NAFLD.

Abstract LB183: Erythritol acts as tumor enhancer and suppressor depending on concentrations in brain tumor cell lines

Abstract Erythritol (ERT) is a simple four-carbon sugar alcohol, that is produced endogenously via pentose phosphate pathway from glucose in all human cells mainly erythrocytes with a plasma level of ∼9.8 μM. It can be obtained exogenously from diets as an FDA-artificial sweetener. It possesses hydroxyl groups that are responsible for hydroxyl radical scavenging effect (antioxidant property). Recent studies have pointed out an ERT protection based on concentration dependant effect on endothelial cells. The protection includes surviving death under high glucose conditions in diabetic patients. In addition, ERT has been reported in pre-diagnostic serum samples of glioblastoma patients, which was elevated. It was not known whether ERT elevation was defensive or harmful. We studied the cytotoxic activity of ERT on brain tumor cell lines (U87, Daoy) using metabolic activity assay (MTT) with different erythritol concentrations. We observed that on high concentrations (2.87 M, 1.43 M, 0.72 M), there was a significant growth inhibition (P<0.05). On the other hand, lower concentrations (0.36 M, 8 mM, 4 mM, 2 mM, 0.8 mM, 36 µM, 8.2 µM, 4.1µM, 8.2nM), showed growth enhancement. ERT is known with its antioxidant effect in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, we studied the antioxidant activity of ERT using ROS-Glo H2O2 Assay. We observed that on the high concentrations of ERT there was a significant decrease in hydrogen peroxide concentration to less than 50%, this suggests that ERT has antioxidant effect against hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, low ERT concentrations (around physiological level) showed significant enhancement to tumor growth (P<0.05). In conclusion, we found that erythritol plays an important role in brain cancer development and hydrogen peroxide regulation through a concentration dependant manner. Since ERT is found normally in human plasma, controlling ERT concentration will grant ERT the ability to work as therapeutic enhancer for brain cancer treatment or even a biomarker for prognosis. Citation Format: Rayan Nassani, Hassan AlAmri, Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei. Erythritol acts as tumor enhancer and suppressor depending on concentrations in brain tumor cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB183.

Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

A psychometric analysis of the Daily Drinking Questionnaire in a nationally representative sample of young adults from a Mediterranean drinking culture

Aims: To examine psychometric properties of the Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ) in a Mediterranean “wet” drinking culture. Methods: Three studies were conducted using random samples drawn from a representative sample of Italian young adults (N = 5,955; females = 62%; mean age = 27): Study 1 explored the factorial structure of weekly alcohol consumption; in Study 2 multi-group confirmatory factor analysis tested measurement invariance across gender; Study 3 applied item response theory analysis to: a) assess how each item discriminated between different alcohol consumption levels; and b) determine if drink propensity on a given day of the week varied according to individual characteristics. Results: In Study 1, a one-factor solution with no clear differentiation between weekdays and weekend alcohol use was found. Study 2 confirmed measurement invariance of the one-factor solution across gender. Results of Study 3 indicated that alcohol use on weekdays (Monday to Thursday) provided more information on overall alcohol consumption than alcohol use on weekends (Friday to Sunday). Discussion: Cultural differences of alcohol use are reflected in relatively simple alcohol measures, such as the DDQ. In contrast with peers from “dry” drinking cultures, Italian young women and men do not clearly differentiate between weekdays and weekend drinking. In Italy, the DDQ best captures participants' average alcohol consumption levels rather than light or heavy, and should be used in national epidemiological research accordingly.

Alcohol-Treated Porous PTFE Substrate for the Penetration of PTFE-Incompatible Hydrocarbon-Based Ionomer Solutions.

For a mechanically tough proton exchange membrane, a composite membrane incorporated with a porous polymer substrate is of great interest to suppress the ionomer swelling and to improve the dimensional stability and mechanical strength of the ionomers. For the composite membranes, good impregnation of substrate-incompatible ionomer solution into the substrate pores still remains one of the challenges to be solved. Here, we demonstrated a facile process (surface treatment with solvents compatible with both substrate and the ionomer solution) for the fabrication of the composite membranes using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a porous substrate and poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) as a hydrocarbon-based (HC) ionomer. Appropriate solvents for the surface treatment were sought through the contact angle measurement, and it was found that alcohol solvents effectively tuned the surface property of PTFE pores to facilitate the penetration of the SPAES/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution into ∼300 nm pores of the substrate. Using this simple alcohol treatment, the SPAES/NMP contact angle was reduced in half, and we could fabricate the mechanically tough PTFE/HC composite membranes, which were apparently translucent and microscopically almost void-free composite membranes.

Simple RuCl3‐catalyzed N‐Methylation of Amines and Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes using Methanol

AbstractMethanol is a potential hydrogen source and C1 synthon, which finds interesting applications in both chemical synthesis and energy technologies. The effective utilization of this simple alcohol in organic synthesis is of central importance and attracts scientific interest. Herein, we report a clean and cost‐competitive method with the use of methanol as both C1 synthon and H2 source for selective N‐methylation of amines by employing relatively cheap RuCl3.xH2O as a ligand‐free catalyst. This readily available catalyst tolerates various amines comprising electron‐deficient and electron‐donating groups and allows them to transform into corresponding N‐methylated products in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, few marketed pharmaceutical agents (e. g., venlafaxine and imipramine) were also successfully synthesized via late‐stage functionalization from readily available feedstock chemicals, highlighting synthetic value of this advanced N‐methylation reaction. Using this platform, we also attempted tandem reactions with selected nitroarenes to convert them into corresponding N‐methylated amines using MeOH under H2‐free conditions including transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes‐to‐anilines and prepared drug molecules (e. g., benzocaine and butamben) as well as key pharmaceutical intermediates. We further enable one‐shot selective and green syntheses of 1‐methylbenzimidazole using ortho‐phenylenediamine (OPDA) and methanol as coupling partners.

Pt nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon as efficient oxygen reduction catalysts synthesized via a simple alcohol reduction method

Pt nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) were investigated as both a highly active catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and a suitable porous support structure. Pt/NPC catalysts with loadings of 8.8–35.4 wt.% were prepared via a simple alcohol reduction method and exhibited homogeneously dispersed Pt nanoparticles with a small mean size ranging from 1.90 to 2.99 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement suggested the presence of strong interactions between the Pt nanoparticles and NPC support. 27.4% Pt/NPC demonstrated high catalytic activity for the ORR in a rotating disk electrode system and was also effectively applied to a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). A GDE fabricated using the Pt/NPC with a fine pore network exhibited excellent performance, especially at high current densities. Specific activity of Pt/NPC and Pt/carbon black catalysts for the ORR correlated with the peak potential of adsorbed OH reduction on Pt, which was dependent on the particle size and support.Graphic abstract

Derivation and validation of a simple nomogram prediction model for all-cause mortality among middle-aged and elderly general population.

A simple clinical model that can predict all-cause mortality in the middle-aged and older adults in general population based on demographics and physical measurement indicators. The aim of this study was to develop a simple nomogram prediction model for all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly general population based on demographics and physical measurement indicators. This was a prospective cohort study. We used data from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included adults aged ≥40 years with mortality status updated through 31 December 2015. Cox proportional hazards regression, nomogram and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) binomial regression model were performed to evaluate the prediction model in the derivation and validation cohort. A total of 13,026 participants (6,414 men, mean age was 61.59±13.80 years) were included, of which 6,671 (3,263 men) and 6,355 (3,151 men) were included in the derivation cohort and validation cohort, respectively. During an average follow-up period of 129.23±9.62 months, 4,321 died. We developed a 9-item nomogram mode included age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, hypertension, marriage status, education and poverty to income ratio (PIR). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.842 and had good calibration. Internal validation showed good discrimination of the nomogram model with AUC of 0.849 and good calibration. Application of the LASSO regression model in the validation cohort also revealed good discrimination (AUC =0.854) and good calibration. A time-dependent and optimism-corrected AUC value for the model showed no significant relationship with the change of follow-up time. A simple nomogram model, including age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, hypertension, marriage, education and PIR, could predict all-cause mortality well in middle-aged and elderly general population.

Carbonyl Desaturation: Where Does Catalysis Stand?

There is a strong parallel between simple alcohol oxidation and carbonyl desaturation from both strategic and tactical vantage points. As they both seek to extract hydrogen from an organic substrate, they are deceptively simple looking transformations that have been addressed over the past 70+ years through stoichiometric means. The past decade has seen an intensifying level of interest in rendering both of these simple reactions catalytic. In this Perspective, recent advances from the past 5 years are highlighted featuring both transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free approaches to carbonyl desaturation. Through a historical overview and a detailed look at each of these new developments, we seek to address the question of in what context a catalytic strategy emerges as ideal.

Association of fibroblast growth factor21 with alcohol consumption and alcohol liver cirrhosis.

BackgroundFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is produced in the liver and binds to different complex receptor/coreceptor systems. Besides many other processes, FGF21 regulates the intake of simple sugars and alcohol. Increased levels of FGF21 decrease harmful alcohol intake in mice. To increase our understanding on the relationship between FGF21 and alcohol intake in humans, we aimed to measure FGF21 levels in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) in comparison to patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis (NALC) and healthy persons based on their present alcohol consumption.MethodsAlcohol intake was verified by urinary ethyl glucuronide (uETG) levels, eating and drinking behaviour by a Food Frequency Questionnaire and FGF 21 plasma levels were determined by ELISA in 96 persons (ALC n = 41; NALC n = 34; healthy n = 21).ResultsBoth ALC and NALC patients with elevated ETG levels (≥0.5 μg/ml; indicating alcohol consumption in the last 12–72 h) showed significantly higher FGF21 plasma levels in comparison to patients with negative ETG levels. Eating behaviour did not have an impact on FGF21 plasma levels.ConclusionsIncreased FGF21 levels in patients with recent alcohol consumption (verified by ETG) confirmed the first part of the liver–brain endocrine axis: alcohol consumption was associated with increased FGF21 levels. We could not confirm that elevated FGF21 levels were associated with reduced alcohol intake as a result. That points towards a pathology in this pathway, which might be caused by a malfunction of β‑Klotho or FGF receptors according to other studies and chronic alcohol dependency. Further research is required to clarify these pathologies, which may open new pharmacological treatment for patients with alcohol use disorder and alcohol dependence.

Rapid production of corn starch gels with high mechanical properties through alcohol soaking

The rapid fabrication of starch gels with excellent mechanical properties still presents a challenge. This study aimed to develop a simple alcohol soaking method to fabricate strong starch gels in a short time. The mechanical properties, crystallization behaviors, and structural characteristics of starch gels were investigated by rheological testing, texture profile analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). The mechanical strength of the starch gel increased from 170.21 g to 666.16 g. The gelation time of starch gel decreased from 12 h (traditional retrogradation) to 2 h. DSC indicated that the enthalpy of starch gel increased from 0.88 J/g to 2.90 J/g. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity of starch gel increased from 3.8% to 8.9% after alcohol soaking. Alcohol dehydrated the starch gels system, so that amylopectins were arranged to form more crystals. This new simple approach, alcohol soaking to form strong starch gels, can expand the applications of starch in food, agriculture, and textiles.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Estolides from Castor Oil

Estolides are fatty acid polyesters with applications in both industry and consumer products. Recently, reports have emerged detailing lipase-catalyzed synthesis of estolides from free hydroxy fatty acids. In this paper, we describe a simple alternative enzymatic process, in which castor oil is directly converted to an estolide mixture by Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) catalyzed transesterification. The reaction mixture is analyzed by NMR to determine the estolide number (EN) and MALDI MS to identify individual components, in addition to titration to determine the acid value (AV). Estolide trimers and tetramers (EN 2–3) were formed over 24 h in a system with 2:1 (v/v) castor oil–water. Further, utilizing different lipase specificities, addition of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL), allowed the CALA product mixture to be cleaned up by hydrolyzing attached glycerol. In addition, a three-enzyme process is suggested, in which a simple alcohol is added and Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is used to esterify carboxylic acids to lower AV.

Enantioselective radical C-H amination for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols.

Asymmetric, radical C–H functionalizations are rare, yet powerful tools for solving modern synthetic challenges. Specifically, the enantio- and regio-selective C–H amination of alcohols to access medicinally valuable, chiral β-amino alcohols remains elusive. To solve this challenge, a radical relay chaperone strategy was designed, wherein an alcohol is transiently converted to an imidate radical that undergoes intramolecular H-atom transfer (HAT). This regioselective HAT was also rendered enantioselective by harnessing energy transfer catalysis to mediate selective radical generation and interception by a chiral copper catalyst. The successful development of this multi-catalytic, asymmetric, radical C–H amination enables broad access to chiral β-amino alcohols from a variety of alcohols containing alkyl, allyl, benzyl, and propargyl C–H bonds. Mechanistic experiments reveal triplet energy sensitization of a Cu-bound radical precursor facilitates catalyst-mediated HAT stereoselectivity – enabling the synthesis of several important classes of chiral β-amines by enantioselective, radical C–H amination.

Feasibility of alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care in Kazakhstan: study protocol of a pilot cluster randomised trial

BackgroundIdentifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide. Whilst the majority of alcohol screening and brief intervention (ASBI) research has been conducted in western, high-income countries, evidence is growing that ASBI can also impact positively on heavy drinkers in low- and middle-income country populations. This mixed methods study aims to assess the feasibility of conducting a fully randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of ASBI in primary care in Kazakhstan and explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing ASBI in this setting from patients’ and physicians’ perspectives.MethodsSix primary health care units in the region of Pavlodar will be cluster randomised to either an intervention (WHO manualised 5 min alcohol brief intervention plus alcohol leaflet) or control group (simple feedback plus alcohol leaflet). Primary feasibility measures will be rates of participation at baseline and retention of eligible patients at the 3-month follow-up point. Patient/physician questionnaires and physician focus groups will assess additional dimensions of feasibility, as well as acceptability, according to the RE-AIM framework: Reach (rates of eligible patients screened/received advice); Effectiveness (change in AUDIT-C score); Adoption (rate/representativeness of participating physicians); Implementation (quality of ASBI/barriers and facilitators to delivery); and Maintenance (potential sustainability of intervention).DiscussionThis is the first trial of the feasibility and acceptability of ASBI in Kazakhstan. As the planning and assessment of implementation determinants is based on the RE-AIM framework, the project outcomes will be relevant for the future development, tailoring and implementation of ASBI in Kazakhstan.Trial registrationDRKS, DRKS00015882, Registered 17 December 2018.

Organophotoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp3)-O Bond Formation.

This manuscript reports a visible-light-mediated organosulfide catalysis that enables the decarboxylative coupling between simple aliphatic alcohol and tertiary or secondary alkyl carboxylic acid-derived redox active esters to produce a C(sp3)-O-C(sp3) fragment. Results of the coupling using other heteroatom nucleophiles such as water, amides, and thiols are also described.

Experimental investigation and performance of diesel engine using biodiesel coriander seed oil

The uses of the automobiles with the conventional source of fuel leads to the production of the toxic gaseous substances like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxide of sulphur, hydro-carbons etc. It consists of the monoalkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol. It has also been said that the use of vegetable oils as engine fuels would become significant in the long run, when the demand for petroleum products goes up. The production of vegetable oil is very easy in an agricultural country like India and can be made quite economical by growing the right crops. Biodiesel production can be done both in batch scale and in continuous scale. Since, the batch scale process is Simple, inexpensive and required less skilled workers. Washing biodiesel is easy to do and requires only water and time. Washing removes impurities, including unfiltered particulates, methanol, and glycerin. The mixing should be through and the water should be dispersed throughout the biodiesel. Agitation washing means stirring water into the biodiesel, letting it settle and draining it off. The biodiesel production process produces two products: methyl ester (biodiesel) and glycerol. Most biodiesel production process use excess methanol to get high yield.