Simmental Breed Research Articles

The influence of breed characteristics and the level of milk productivity on the quality of colostrum of cows

At the “Pchany-Denkovych” farm of the Stryi district of the Lviv region, the content of immunoglobulins in the colostrum of experimental cows was studied during the entire lactation period, according to lactations, depending on the level of productivity. We also studied the biochemical indicators of colostrum of cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy, Simmental, and Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breeds. The dynamics of the content of immunoglobulins in the colostrum of the cows of the experimental groups and their content depending on the age and level of productivity were established. On the first day, the colostrum of experimental cows of the first, second, and third groups contained 67.4; 86.8; 69.5 g/l of immunoglobulins. On the third, fifth, eighth, and tenth days, its content in the colostrum of cows decreased in the experimental groups, respectively – on the third day, it was 3.6; 4.0; 3.7 times, the fifth – 6.3; 3.4; 5.7; 5.8 times, the eighth – 10.5; 7.9; 8.4 times and the tenth – 25.0; 24.1; 21.7 times. It has been proven that the colostrum of firstborns does not meet the physiological norm. In the dynamics of the content of immunoglobulins by lactation in all cows of the experimental breeds, there is an increase in their content by lactation. At the same time, its maximum rate in different breeds is manifested in different lactations. In cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed of the first group and the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed of the third group, the entire content was found in the fourth lactation (68.4; 98.9 g/l), and in the Simmental breed of the second – in the fifth lactation (112.5 g/l). According to the maximum index of immunoglobulins, the advantage belongs to cows of the Simmental breed of the second group, which is 44.1 g/l (Р < 0.001) and 13.6 g/l (Р < 0.001) more than the index of cows of the Ukrainian black and red-spotted dairy breeds of the first and the third group. Among cows of different productivity levels, the highest content of immunoglobulins was in the colostrum of Simmental cows (87.83 g/l), with a productivity of up to 4,000 kg of milk per lactation. It was correspondingly low in animals of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed (53.91 g/l) with a productivity of 5001–6000 kg of milk. In the colostrum of Simmental cows belonging to the second group, the maximum absolute content of fat (5.89 %), protein (7.25 %), and dry skimmed milk residue (10.70 %) were determined, and the minimum indicators were found (respectively – 5.42; 6.81 and 10.24 %) in analogs of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed from the first group.

Evaluation of rations of high-yielding cows with different energy levels

The materials of the publication reflect the results of scientific research conducted on the Simmental breed dairy cows in the conditions of the “Pchany-Denkovych” farm in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. The study is based on optimizing the normalized energy nutrition of dairy cows with a milk yield of 6000 kg or more per lactation. The main objective of the research was to study the impact of different levels of energy nutrition of cows by lactation phase and its effect on productivity, hematological indicators, the level of individual rumen metabolites, digestibility of essential nutrients, nitrogen balance, and live weight dynamics. Three groups of eight cows each were selected for research. The rations of the experimental animals provided for the inclusion of a protein-fat concentrate in the compound feed at the rate of 5–10 % by nutrition. The main ration consisted of bulk fodder, cereal-bean hay, hay, silage, and balanced compound feed, which were fed from the feed table in the form of a mixture prepared in a feed mixer–the farm practices year-round uniform feeding of cows with a walking yard. The deficiency of mineral substances in the diet was replenished due to iodized salt, monocalcium phosphate, and polysalts of trace elements. Feeding and housing conditions for all experimental animals during the comparison period lasting 15 days were the same and differed in the reference period in terms of nutrient availability in percentages. The analysis of the obtained results showed that increasing the energy supply of cows had a positive effect on milk productivity. In the first period of lactation, the highest yield was obtained from cows of the third group, which indicates that the experimental animals are approaching the maximum possible potential productivity. This trend persists both in the second and third periods. The increased level of energy nutrition due to the use of protein-fat concentrate had a positive effect on the increase in the live weight of cows. During the analysis of the obtained indicators of the rumen content, a probable increase in the number of amylo- and cellulolytic bacteria was revealed - the quantitative advantage (second and third group) compared to the control is 1.52–2.33 and 1.67–2.54 million/ml. A similar pattern is observed in the number of proteolytic bacteria, which contributed to the increase in the enzymatic activity of the microflora. Regarding the digestibility of the primary nutrients of the feed, their growing trend was established in the second and third groups, which confirms the results of the balanced experiment. Thus, animals of the second group are characterized by the highest digestibility and assimilation of nitrogen. Its positive balance was (+7.1) compared to the third and (+3.0) to the first, in which the nitrogen balance was negative. The use of nitrogen for milk in these groups was the highest: from consumed – 31.7 % and from digested – 48.5 %. Thus, the conducted studies provide a reason to recommend that the farm use a protein-fat concentrate of 5% of the diet's total nutrition in the feeding of dairy cows. Its use will ensure an increase in the level of milk productivity and will make it possible to optimize the energy nutrition of cows during the calving period and mid-lactation.

Effects of mothers of different productivity on the body weight and metabolic profile of daughters

The results of the study conducted at the “Pchany-Denkovych” stud farm of the Stryi district of the Lviv region on heifers of the Simmental breed obtained from cows with different productivity are described. The dynamics of animal growth and the biochemical composition of the blood of heifers obtained from low-productive and high-productive mothers were studied. In the process of studying the dynamics of the live weight of calves from birth to 6 months of age, a tendency to increase the body weight of calves of the first group, obtained from highly productive mothers, at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months, respectively, was established – by 1.2 kg, 5.3 kg and 4.8 kg to the body weight index of heifers obtained from low-yielding cows. Experimental groups of heifers at the age of 6 months corresponded to the live weight of the Simmental breed standard. It was established that the total protein content in the blood serum of heifers obtained from cows with different milk productivity from birth to 6 months of age was within the physiological norm and increased gradually with the advantage of its level in analogs obtained from highly productive cows. Comparing the indicators of total protein in the dynamics from the first to the sixth month, it was found that it increased by 33.9 % in the first group and 25.5 % in the second group, respectively. The level of total cholesterol in the blood serum of experimental heifers during six months increased with age, with a slight advantage of indicators in heifers from the first group, which came from highly productive mothers (Р > 0.05). The increase in total cholesterol from one month to 6 months of age in the first and second groups of heifers was 38.5 % and 20.0 %, respectively. A higher concentration of total lipids was noted in the blood of experimental daughters of highly productive cows. The minimum indicators of the level of total lipids were established in the first month of life of experimental heifers of the first and second groups, respectively – at 2.7 and 2.6 g/l, with the same level (3.5 g/l) in the second month and an increase in indicators in the third-month life (4.5 vs. 4.1 g/l) (Р > 0.05). It was established that the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in all periods of growth of Simmental breed heifers significantly exceeds the activity of alanine aminotransferase. Characteristic features of the dynamics of this indicator are the maximum activity of AST and ALT in the first two months of the animal's life, which then gradually decreases.

Combined effects of CXCL8 (IL-8) and CXCR2 (IL-8R) gene polymorphisms on deregressed MACE EBV indexes of milk-related traits in Simmental bulls.

CXCL8 (also known as IL-8) is a member of the CXC subfamily of chemokines that binds two of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), CXCR1 and CXCR2, to mediate and regulate leucocyte accumulation and activation at sites of inflammation. They are known to play a critical role in both disease susceptibility and infection outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the entire sequences of CXCL8 and CXCR2 genes in thirty-one Simmental sires to evaluate the effects of genomic variants on the indexes of the bulls for milk, fat and protein yields, and for somatic cell score (SCS). Five new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in CXCR2 gene. The analysis of association indicated that one SNP in CXCL8 and two in CXCR2 influenced the considered traits. To evaluate the existence of functional haplotypic effects, combinations among the three genomic variants (SNP 1 in CXCL8, SNP 6 and SNP 7 in CXCR2) were investigated. Four different haplotypic alleles were identified in the experimental population, one of which at a high frequency (61%). Bulls with Hap 4 (G-C-G at SNP 1, SNP 6, and SNP 7 respectively) had more favourable indexes for SCS (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the SNPs in CXCL8 and CXCR2 may be potential genetic markers to improve udder health in the Simmental breed.

SOME ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SIMMENTAL CATTLE OF THE ALTAI MOUNTAIN REGIONS

In the article, the authors present data on the development parameters of replacement heifers, milk productivity, reproduction rates, and economic longevity of Simmental cows of domestic and foreign selection in the farms of the mountainous regions of the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. For the first time, the authors determined the efficiency of breed use (EIP) according to the method of M.A. Svyazhenina (2012) and proposed to supplement this method with an indicator of the age of insemination of heifers. In all the herds studied, the authors note the optimal indicators of herd reproduction, which indicates the high adaptability of animals of these genotypes to extreme natural and climatic conditions. The productive longevity of cows of domestic selection is significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) - by 53.5-96.0% than in animals of German-Austrian origin. In the mountainous regions of Altai, the use of cows of the Simmental breed of the German-Austrian selection is effective mainly due to their higher milk productivity. According to the average milk yield for 305 days of lactation - 5165.1 kg, full-aged cows of German-Austrian origin in the farm “Fokin” significantly (p &lt;0.05) surpassed their peers of domestic selection by - 36.4-71.3%, the efficiency of using the breed in this farm amounted to 0.963. The efficiency of the use of the breed in the “OS “AESH” with an average milk yield per lactation of 3446.7 kg is also high - 0.925 due to the indices of economic longevity and reproductive ability. The average efficiency index was obtained in the Agricultural Production Cooperative Breeding Stud (APCBS) “Amursky” - 0.882 and Federal State Budgetary Institution “Experimental Station “Novotalitskoye” - 0.828. In the APCBS “Amursky” the decrease in the efficiency of the use of the breed was affected by the insufficient milk productivity of cows, and in the “Experimental Station “Novotalitskoye” - the late age of insemination of heifers, an extended service period and an insufficient period of economic use of animals.

Zavot cattle genetic characterization using microsatellites.

This study aimed to reveal the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship between intra- and inter-breeds of Zavot cattle raised locally in and around Kars province, Türkiye. A total of 209 [Zavot (ZAV) n = 49, Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) n = 40, Simmental (SIM) n = 40, Brown-Swiss (BS) n = 40, and Holstein (HOLS) n = 40] non-related cattle without any clinical health problems were evaluated. Using the standard phenol-chloroform method, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from blood samples and amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 19 bovine-specific microsatellite markers. A capillary electrophoresis process was applied to the denatured PCR products. A total of 274 different alleles were identified, with an average of 10.29 and an average of effective alleles of 5.38. According to the genetic distance matrix between populations, the largest genetic distance was found between ZAV-HOLS (0.358) populations, while ZAV-EAR populations were located at the same roots. The largest FST value (0.072) was found among ZAV-HOLS populations. According to the factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) graph, each population was located separately but also showed a mixture, especially the ZAV, EAR, and BS populations. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) values were the lowest (0.44) for the BM2113 marker and the highest (0.92) for the TGLA53 marker. In conclusion, ZAV cattle bred in the Kars region were found to be completely separate from the BS and SIM breeds which were claimed to have contributed to the formation of the ZAV breed. Since currently the native breeds, which are symbolic of the region, inbreeding cannot be prevented, an increase in studies devoted to the protection of these breeds and the establishment of pure herds will be useful for the future of native cattle in Türkiye.

Генетическая структура крупного рогатого скота разных пород по антигенным факторам крови

Aim. The study of the genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte antigens in Kalmyk, Kazakh white-headed, Hereford and Simmental cattle, to evaluate their genetic structure, and to compare the blood groups of Kalmyk cattle in the Republic of Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region. Materials and Methods. A comparative characterization of the genetic structure by blood groups of Kalmyk cattle of the Republic of Kalmykia with cattle of the Kazakh Whitehead, Hereford, Simmental and Kalmyk breeds of the Astrakhan region was carried out. Blood group testing was conducted according to standard methods (Neimann-Sorensen) using monospecific serum (Nei M. and Li W.H., 1979) produced by JSC "Samarskoye" for breeding work. Results. Immunogenetic testing of animals was performed according to standard methods (Neimann-Sorensen) using reagents – monospecific serum produced by JSC "Samarskoye" for breeding work. Analysis of immunogenetic testing of Kalmyk cattle in the Republic of Kalmykia established the highest frequency of B2 (69%), E'3 (82%), C1 (88%), W (67%), Z (71%) antigens and the lowest frequency of B' (15%), Q (10%), C2 (17%), F (19%). Blood group testing of Kazakh white-headed breed showed that A1, I', C1, W, L, F antigens had a high frequency index and were 63; 79; 73; 66; 91; 87%, respectively. The antigens B2 (20%), G3 (11%), Y2 (2%), F' (11%), C2 (5%), X2 (5%), U' (12%) had a low frequency rate. Antigens such as O2 and H'' were not found at all. The highest frequency of occurrence of the Hereford antigens was in G2 (69%), O3 (65%), O4 (58%), Y2 (67%), Q (61%), C2 (72%), X2 (59%), L (71%), V (68%), the lowest in B2 (15%), I1 (14%), I' (17%), R2 (13%). The highest frequency of the Simmental breed was observed for the A2 antigen at 66%, Y2 at 77%, C1 at 91%, F at 90%, and H' at 65%. The lowest frequency was observed for the B2 antigen – 5%, I1 – 12%, F' – 11%. Antigens A'2, I', W and U' did not occur at all. Blood group testing of Kalmyk breeds of Astrakhan cattle showed the highest frequency of antigens A2 – 100%, I1 – 70%, A'2 – 90%, O4 – 70%, E'3 – 92%, F' – 70%, R2 – 94%, L – 90%, F – 71% and Z – 100%. Antigens with minimal frequency are O2 (1%), I' (2%), C2 (11%), S1 (1%). Antigens such as O3 and Q were not observed at all. Conclusion. It has been established that the cattle of the Kalmyk breed bred in Kalmykia differs from the animals bred in another zone, providing further improvement of the breed. The genetic status of the breeding stock of the Kalmyk cattle of the Republic of Kalmykia and the Kazakh white-headed, Hereford, Simmental and Kalmyk of the Astrakhan region indicates genetic diversity, multidirectional selection and breeding work in the herds.

Screening of hair elemental composition in newborn calves as a way for diagnosis of intrauterine diselementosis

It is known that switch growth in cattle begins from the 7th month of gestation. The authors suggested that screening of the elemental composition of integumentary switch hairs in newborn calves can be used to assess how fetus was provided with the studied macronutrients and trace elements in the last months of its intrauterine development. To test this hypothesis, 125 clinically healthy 1-day-old calves of Simmental breed (58 heifers and 67 bulls) were examined in the biogeochemical conditions of Lipetsk region of the Russian Federation. The content of 26 chemical elements in samples of unpigmented integumentary hair from the switch of animals was studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on a Nexion 300D spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA). Based on percentile scales, the following physiological limits of the content of studied elements in the hair of newborn calves (mg/kg) were determined: Al 2.75-7.04; As 0.020-0.107; B 0.338-0.568; Ca 466.8-676.8; Cd 0.006-0.012; Co 0.040-0.090; Cr 0.015-0.098; Cu 5.50-8.68; Fe 30.3-57.2; Hg 0.020-0.030; I 0.143-0.378; K 505.8-1372; Li 0.010-0.028; Mg 98.0-204.3; Mn 8.20-9.54; Mo 0.017-0.067; Na 922.5-2170; Ni 0.215-1.17; P 189.3-221.0; Pb 0.060-1.00; Se 0.180-0.400; Si 15.9-28.3; Sn 0.020-0.038; Sr 0.490-0.910; V 0.123-0.195; Zn 92.4-131.7. Gender differences were found in the content of switch hair in calves Mn (8.44-11.25 mg/kg in heifers versus 7.38-9.27 mg/kg in bulls, P=0.026) and Na (511.0-1827 mg/kg in heifers versus 1013-2998 mg/kg in bulls, P=0.030); no significant content difference between the samples of other studied elements was observed. Values beyond the limits of the specified interval are proposed to be considered as deviations corresponding to intrauterine diselementosis.

HEMATOLOGICAL STATUS OF SIMMENTAL BREDINSKY MEAT TYPE HEIFERS WITH DIFFERENT ALLELIC SET OF CAPN1 AND TG5 GENES

The work carried out by geneticists in recent years connected with whole genome genotyping of cattle by SNP polymorphism with identification of associations with qualitative and quantitative parameters of productivity is used in innovative breeding programs. However, biochemical mechanisms of such determinations are not fully disclosed. Expression of polymorphic genes, which leads to a change of protein properties, is associated with biochemical processes which occur in the animal body at biomolecular level, which can manifest itself in neurohumoral and metabolic processes, which can possibly be traced by analyzing blood parameters. In this regard, blood was taken from the heifers of Bredinsky meat type of Simmental breed in Chelyabinsk region in order to isolate DNA to determine polymorphism of CAPN1 and TG5 genes associated with qualitative parameters of meat productivity and determine hematological parameters. The analysis of the genotyped population revealed a certain alignment of polymorphic state of the genes of the animals of the studied sample. The distribution of hematological parameters of heifers according to the genotypes of the studied genes did not show a clear significant difference, but outlined some tendencies. According to morphological composition of the blood, these tendencies were less expressed. However, the distribution of blood biochemical parameters by genotypes of CAPN1 gene showed superiority of GG genotype by blood glucose by 0.51 mmol / l, which is 21.9%, the content of ALT transamination enzymes by 11.9%, cholesterol by 18.8% . Difference tendencies were noted for genotypes of TG5 gene by creatinine (12.0%) and amylase (9.5%) content. The results of this study may be useful in terms of accumulating new research data and contribute to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of relations among blood parameters, genes, and biochemical processes in animals.

29 Mapping Recent and Ongoing Polygenic Selection in Beef Cattle Populations

Abstract Understanding the underlying effects of ongoing selection is of interest to livestock breeding programs. Commercial livestock genotyping has generated datasets well-suited to explore how strong artificial selection has impacted the genome over very short time periods. We have developed a method for mapping ongoing polygenic selection in populations with temporally stratified genomic data called Generation Proxy Selection Mapping (GPSM). GPSM utilizes a genome-wide linear mixed model to identify allelic associations with an animal's generation number or some proxy (i.e., birth date). We applied GPSM to two large contemporary beef cattle datasets from Red Angus (n = 46,454) and Simmental (n = 90,580) breeds, with 11,759,568 high-quality imputed variants per animal. This analysis identified 294 distinct loci actively under selection. Due to the high power of these datasets, we found that GPSM could detect very small and recent(&amp;lt; 10 years) allele frequency changes consistent with polygenic selection. These analyses identified variants within genomic regions associated with known breed characteristics, like fertility and maternal ability in Red Angus and carcass merit and coat color in Simmental. Over 60% of GPSM loci resided in or near (&amp;lt; 50kb) annotated genes. We leveraged the resolution of our imputed sequence variants to overlay known epigenetic marks and possibly functional regions. 36% of GPSM loci overlapped these putatively functional regions genomic intervals. In addition to GPSM, we used two other more traditional selective sweep methods, the number of segregating loci (nSL) and Raised Accuracy in Sweep Detecting (RAiSD), to detect selection in this data. We observed minimal overlap (&amp;lt; 10% of loci) between traditional selective sweep mapping and GPSM. This suggests that selection mapping with GPSM can complement traditional sweep mapping methods when temporal genomic data exists. In addition to better understanding the biological processes and features that underlie artificial selection, GPSM signatures might serve as important genomic annotations.

Environmental Factors Affecting the Reproductive Efficiency of Italian Simmental Young Bulls.

Simple SummaryBull fertility is an important contributor of the herd reproductive success, especially in natural service mating systems. Even if the BBSE (Bulls Breeding Soundness Evaluation) is a rapid and cost-effective screening, it is unable to evaluate all the parameters involved in fertility decline, especially those related to genetics and environment. Based on this, the objectives of the study were (i) to define the semen characteristics of young Italian Simmental bulls, (ii) to evaluate the relationship between scrotal circumference (SC), age, and semen characteristics and (iii) to relate the climatic conditions during the entire spermatogenesis to variations in spermatozoa motility and morphology. Concerning the evaluation of SC, this is the first report on Italian Simmental breed; its increase was linked with the concentration and number of total spermatozoa. Considering the effect of the weather changes, the study confirmed the impact of the increasing temperature and humidity on spermatozoa motility and morphology, accordingly with the moment in which the heat stress occurred. Therefore, considering the importance of fertility, wider knowledge of the factors influencing these parameters will help maintain/improve the reproductive capability of the animals and finally, for the producer, the profitability of his herd.The objectives of the study aimed to evaluate the effect of weather conditions and scrotal circumference (SC) on standard semen characteristics of Italian Simmental young bulls (n = 577), all raised in the same performance station and sampled by the artificial vagina (AV) method. Considering the increasing SC, the results showed a significant increase in quantitative semen parameters (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, for sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa, respectively); for every extra centimeter of SC, 17.5 × 106 spermatozoa/mL and 0.102 × 109 of total spermatozoa were produced. The age of the animal at semen collection (395 and 465 days) had similar positive effects. The effect of the average temperature humidity index (THI limits ≤ 40 and ≥70) in the previous 60, 30, and 10 days before the semen collection was also considered. Sixty days before the semen collection, the increasing THI increased both primary (p < 0.0001) and secondary (p < 0.0001) abnormalities while the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa decreased (p < 0.0001). Thirty and ten days before collection, the same effect on morphological traits was maintained, but total and progressive motility was also influenced (p < 0.01) with an unexpected increasing pattern. Thus, environmental conditions can influence semen quality during the entire spermatogenesis and results can guide future research on this breed.

Functional reserves of the testosterone-synthesizing system in the blood of heifers of different breeds

Purpose: Ihe research was conducted to study the functional reserves of the testosterone-synthesizing system of heifers at the 6th month of pregnancy.Materials and methods. The response of the testosterone-synthesizing system of heifers of different breeds to stimulation with chorionic gonadotropin was studied. For the experiment, three breeds of heifers were used (Holstein black-and-white, Simmental and Aberdeen-Angus) and crossbred heifers obtained from crossing the Simmental and Aberdeen-Angus breeds. They were formed into 4 groups of 10 heads in each group by breed and had the same pregnancy period. To assess the functional reserves of the testosterone-synthesizing system, chorionic gonadotropin HCG was injected intramuscularly at a dose of 3-4 thousand m.e. depending on the live weight of the animal at the 6th month of pregnancy. HCG was administered to the heifers three times with an interval of 72 hours. Blood for the determination of testosterone levels was taken before the administration of HCG and 2.12.24, 48 and 72 hours after each administration.Results. It has been established that Aberdeen-Angus breed heifers and crossbred animals that have a higher activity index of the testosterone-synthesizing system have higher functional reserves of the testosterone-synthesizing system in relation to non-heifers of Holstein black-and-white and Simmental breeds. After triple stimulation, the testosterone concentration in black-and-white heifers increased 2.3 times, and in Simmental 2.6 times, in Aberdeen-Angus and crossbreeds 2.9 times.The calculation of the activity index of the testosterone-synthesizing system in black—and—white heifers was 1.3, in the Simmental breed 1.59, Aberdeen-Angus - 1.91, in crossbreeds - 1.92. Conclusion. Thus, the functional loads carried out showed that the higher functional reserves of the testosterone- synthesizing system were possessed by heifers belonging to the Aberdeen-Angus breed and crossbreeds (Aberdeen-Angus x Simmental), which have a higher index of activity of the testosterone-synthesizing system in relation to the heifers of the black-and-white and Simmental breeds.

Aromatic feed additives when phase feeding of steers

research results of some scientists indicate an increase in the average daily gain of live weight in steers by 17–20 % and a decrease in feed expenditures by 15–18 % with periodic changes in the nutritional content of ration from 80 to 120 % of the norm. The purpose of the research was to establish the infl uence of phase feeding when using aromatic feed additives on the feeding behavior, physiological state and beef productivity of steers of Simmental breed. The research was carried out in the Private agricultural farm “Agrofi rma Privolye” in the Troitsk area in the Luhansk region and the Peasantry farm “Tananov K. A.” in the Sukhinichi area in the Kaluga region. Three scientifi c and economic experiments were conducted to study a new way to increase the productivity of young cattle on fattening by organizing phase feeding of steers with periodic changes in the nutritional content of their rations from 80 to 120 % of the norm (without changing the structures) and using aromatic feed additives VANILLA 12033, ANIMAL FEED FLAVOR 08004168 and CITRO FENNEL 09005559. It has been established that beef production using the improved method of phase feeding of steers with the periodic use of VANILLA 12033 aromatic additive was more economically effi cient than traditional rearing of young animals. Thus, the profi t from the conditional realization of the weight gain of steers from the age of 12 to 18 months was higher by 3200–7800 rubles (per 1 head) with the increase in the level of profi tability of beef production.

Growth and Development Parameters Comparison of Different Breeds Calves

The purpose of the conducted research is to analyze the methods, regimen and diet of feeding calves of three breeds. The main factor of growth and development is the mode of feeding. Feeding calves for three months requires 180-200 kg of fodder, 200-250 kg of dry grass and 600 kg of silage or other loose feed. The work was carried out over 18 months. Studied: Caucasian brown breed of cows, Simmental breed and their hybrid. It was found that regardless of the same level of feeding, all breeds differed from each other in terms of live weight gain per 1 kg. The Caucasian brown spent 9.4 feed units per 1 kg of weight gain for 18 months, the Simmental breed spent 8.58 feed units, and the hybrid Cuban zebu x Simmental - 7.4 feed units. Thus, the Cuban zebu is the most promising.

Studying the Growth and Development of Hybrids Cows

The research was carried out at the training center for animal husbandry and horse breeding of the Azerbaijan State Agrarian University. Several breeds of cows have been studied. At the age of 6 months, the average weight of the representatives of the Simmental breed was 175 kg, Holstein - 163 kg, Simmental × Holstein - 171 kg, Aberdeen Angus × Holstein - 178 kg, Charolais × Holstein - 176 kg and Zebu × Simmental - 192 kg. The aim of the study was to determine the genotype with the optimal result of growth and development. As a result of feeding, the weight gain from birth to 6 months was: Simmental - 761 g, Holstein - 716 g, Simmental × Holstein - 750 g, Aberdeen-Angus × Holstein - 833 g, Charolais × Holstein - 804 g and Zebu × Simmental - 844 g. As a result, it was concluded that a balanced diet has a positive effect on the dynamics of growth and development of all the studied breeds.

POLISSIAN CATTLE BREED

POLISSIAN CATTLE BREED

UKRAINIAN SIMMENTAL BEEF CATTlE BREED: CREATION IDEA AND ANALYSIS OF FORMATION

UKRAINIAN SIMMENTAL BEEF CATTlE BREED: CREATION IDEA AND ANALYSIS OF FORMATION

Improving the reproductive function of cows with complex vitamin and mineral preparations in the conditions of Central Yakutia.

The object of the study were cows of the Simmental breed in the amount of 100 yalov heads bred in the farm "Serge" of the Namsky district and in the farm of LLC "Ecoferma Tuimaada" located in the mkr. Marha of Yakutsk. According to the results of various complex vitamin preparations administered to cows in the form of top dressing for their postpartum activity, growth and safety of offspring, as well as hunting and fertilization after weaning of calves, the following results were obtained: compared with the control group (n=25) in the experimental group (n=75) after the introduction of vitamin and mineral top dressing in an average of 37.5% more cows came to hunt. After insemination in the experimental groups, there was an increase in the fertilization of cows by an average of 16.6%. The inclusion of vitamin and mineral fertilization in the diet of yal cows contributed to an increase in fertilization during the first insemination in the first farm by 16.6%. Optimization of vitamin and mineral nutrition allowed to increase the fertilization of previously infertile cows in the second farm by 20%. In general, feeding with vitamin and mineral preparations leads to stimulation of reproductive function. The work was commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture of the RS(Ya), state contract No. 21-32 dated 25. 2021.

КАЧЕСТВО ПРОСТОКВАШИ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОРОДЫ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

The aim of the work was to conduct a comparative assessment of the quality of yogurt made from milk of cows of different breeds. The milk of the black-and-white breed of cows was more acidic, less fatty and with a lower content of skimmed milk residue and was fermented longer than the milk of the Simmental breed cows. The curdled milk from the black-and–white breed was more liquid, and the Simmental milk was thicker. When the enzyme was added, the milk of the Sim-mental breed had the densest clot. In the curdled milk of a black-and-white breed with the addition of an enzyme, the clot was looser. Curdled milk from the Simmental breed of cows was the dens-est when using the enzyme. Curdled milk from the black-and-white breed contained more organic acids in terms of lactic acid. The content of organic acids without the use of the enzyme increased faster in the curdled milk of the black-and-white breed. The breed of cows has proved to be one of the main factors influencing the technological properties of milk and the quality of fermented milk products produced from it.

КАЧЕСТВО ТВОРОГА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПОРОДЫ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

The aim of the work was to conduct a comparative assessment of the quality of cottage cheese made from the milk of cows of two different breeds with the same feeding and maintenance. The milk of the Simmental breed cows had lower acidity, higher fat content, but lower protein content and skimmed milk residue than the milk of the red-mottled breed. The yield of cottage cheese when using the milk of the Simmental breed of cows was 10% higher than from the milk of the red-mottled breed. Cottage cheese made from red-mottled milk was fatter, less moist, but more acidic than cottage cheese made from simmental milk. Cottage cheese from the milk of the Sim-mental breed of cows had the most homogeneous smearing fatty consistency, without noticeable particles of milk protein. It resembled very thick sour cream. Cottage cheese made from red-mottled milk had a crumbly consistency with tangible particles of milk protein. The shelf life of cottage cheese from milk of both breeds was 9 days.