Similar Shape Research Articles

MDB-39. HOW DO TUMOUR DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES INTERACT WITH THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM AND LEAD TO ALTERED PAIN PROCESSING IN CANCER SURVIVORS?

Abstract BACKGROUND Childhood cancer-related pain and its treatment lack sufficient clinical attention due to limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. While chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPN) mechanisms in adults have been extensively studied, those in early life remain unexplored. In the CIPN literature there is a growing body of evidence for tumour derived factors altering pain processing. Our study aims to understand how tumour derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) interact with the developing nervous system and impact pain processing in childhood brain tumour survivors. METHODS We determined dose-response curves and IC50 values for several medulloblastoma (MB) cell lines using standard-of-care chemotherapy drugs: vincristine, etoposide, cisplatin, and lomustine. EVs were isolated via size exclusion chromatography and characterised through western blotting, flow cytometry and electron microscopy. We quantified the effects of chemotherapy on EV release using ZetaView analysis. We then tested whether EVs from relevant MB cell lines could influence axon development in primary mouse embryonic day 16.5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro after pre-treatment with chemotherapy-treated EVs. RESULTS EVs from chemotherapy-treated and untreated cells exhibited similar size and shape. However, a combination of vincristine, etoposide, and cisplatin at low concentrations significantly increased EV secretion by MB cell lines. Moreover, 24-hours following treatment with chemotherapeutic exposed EVs there was complete cell death of embryonic DRG neurons compared to the PBS or control EV treated neurons. CONCLUSION Standard chemotherapy drugs substantially enhanced EV release from MB cells, and co-culture of embryonic DRG neurons with chemotherapy exposed EVs resulted in neuronal death. Our next step is to investigate whether administering these selected EVs in healthy animals alters pain responses and pain maturation. We also aim to study the biodistribution of these EVs within the nervous system and body, after infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid as well as how EV cargo is altered by chemotherapeutics.

Research on intelligent auxiliary assembly technology based on deep learning

Background Auxiliary assembly refers to guiding and prompting the assembly process to help operators complete complex assembly operations. Due to the complex structure of products, the similar shape of parts and human factors, the misassembly and missing assembly of parts still occur in the process of product assembly, so it is of great significance to detect the assembly correctness of complex products. Methods Aiming at the problem that manual inspection is inefficient and depends heavily on the level of inspectors in the process of complex product assembly inspection, this paper proposes an assembly correctness detection method based on deep learning. Through the three steps of view transformation, semantic segmentation and template matching, the automatic judgment of assembly errors such as wrong assembly, missing assembly and redundancy is realized, and the method is verified by the computer motherboard. Results Taking the computer motherboard as the verification object to test the correctness of assembly, the experimental re sults show that the perspective adjustment of the image after homography transformation is very obvious. The evaluation index of the semantic segmentation network detection object is calculated, and each accuracy meets the requirements of assembly correctness detection. A visualization module is also used to visually display the results of assembly correctness detection based on template matching. Conclusions The assembly correctness detection method can provide a guarantee for the manual assembly process and reduce the error rate of assembly. The machine vision detection technology can be used for automatic detection of assembly quality to improve the efficiency and automation level of detection.

Reverse Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Acetylene in Two Isostructural Copper Pyridine‐Carboxylate Frameworks

AbstractSeparating acetylene from carbon dioxide is important but highly challenging due to their similar molecular shapes and physical properties. Adsorptive separation of carbon dioxide from acetylene can directly produce pure acetylene but is hardly realized because of relatively polarizable acetylene binds more strongly. Here, we reverse the CO2 and C2H2 separation by adjusting the pore structures in two isoreticular ultramicroporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Under ambient conditions, copper isonicotinate (Cu(ina)2), with relatively large pore channels shows C2H2‐selective adsorption with a C2H2/CO2 selectivity of 3.4, whereas its smaller‐pore analogue, copper quinoline‐5‐carboxylate (Cu(Qc)2) shows an inverse CO2/C2H2 selectivity of 5.6. Cu(Qc)2 shows compact pore space that well matches the optimal orientation of CO2 but is not compatible for C2H2. Neutron powder diffraction experiments confirmed that CO2 molecules adopt preferential orientation along the pore channels during adsorption binding, whereas C2H2 molecules bind in an opposite fashion with distorted configurations due to their opposite quadrupole moments. Dynamic breakthrough experiments have validated the separation performance of Cu(Qc)2 for CO2/C2H2 separation.

Beat Pilot Tone (BPT): Simultaneous MRI and RF motion sensing at arbitrary frequencies.

To introduce a simple system exploitation with the potential to turn MRI scanners into general-purpose radiofrequency (RF) motion monitoring systems. Inspired by Pilot Tone (PT), this work proposes Beat Pilot Tone (BPT), in which two or more RF tones at arbitrary frequencies are transmitted continuously during the scan. These tones create motion-modulated standing wave patterns that are sensed by the receiver coil array, incidentally mixed by intermodulation in the receiver chain, and digitized simultaneously with the MRI data. BPT can operate at almost any frequency as long as the intermodulation products lie within the bandwidth of the receivers. BPT's mechanism is explained in electromagnetic simulations and validated experimentally. Phantom and volunteer experiments over a range of transmit frequencies suggest that BPT may offer frequency-dependent sensitivity to motion. Using a semi-flexible anterior receiver array, BPT appears to sense cardiac-induced body vibrations at microwave frequencies ( 1.2 GHz). At lower frequencies, it exhibits a similar cardiac signal shape to PT, likely due to blood volume changes. Other volunteer experiments with respiratory, bulk, and head motion show that BPT can achieve greater sensitivity to motion than PT and greater separability between motion types. Basic multiple-input multiple-output ( MIMO) operation with simultaneous PT and BPT in head motion is demonstrated using two transmit antennas and a 22-channel head-neck coil. BPT may offer a rich source of motion information that is frequency-dependent, simultaneous, and complementary to PT and the MRI exam.

Quantification of hydraulic characteristics and validation of CFD simulation of subsurface flow constructed wetlands using tracer

The analysis of residence time distributions (RTDs) is of great significance in the hydraulic characterization of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF-CWs), and tracer experiments and simulations are generally used methods to obtain RTDs. This study developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model involving two tracer tracking approaches in order to understand and quantify the flow behavior in SSF-CW. To validate the CFD model, RTDs were obtained from bench-scale impulse response tests with finite-constant injection of tracer, and the hydraulic indexes were corrected by introducing tracer injection time and nominal residence time in the formulae. The shape similarities of RTDs between the CFD model, the gamma model and observation were evaluated by a dynamic time warping algorithm, where the CFD model incorporating advection, diffusion and dispersion processes had the highest shape similarity (0.94–0.98). The proposed CFD model gave the tracer the same velocity field as the fluid, characterizing more accurate hydraulic indexes compared to the gamma model. The CFD model is appropriate for design optimization prior to full-scale construction since it saves time and is environmentally benign. It also gives visualization of the tracer trajectory, which aids in understanding contaminant fate and transport within the SSF-CW.

Analogous electronic states in graphene and planer metallic quantum dots

Graphene nanostructures offer wide range of applications due to their distinguished and tunable electronic properties. Recently, atomic and molecular graphene were modeled following simple free-electron scattering by periodic muffin tin potential leading to remarkable agreement with density functional theory. Here we extend the analogy of the π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi$$\\end{document}-electronic structures and quantum effects between atomic graphene quantum dots (QDs) and homogeneous planer metallic counterparts of similar size and shape. Specifically, we show that at high binding energies, below the M¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\overline{M}$$\\end{document}-point gap, graphene QDs enclose confined states and standing wave quasiparticle interference patterns analogous to those reported on coinage metal surfaces for nanoscale confining structures such as vacancy islands and quantum corrals. These confined and quantum corral-like states in graphene QDs can be resolved in tomography experiments using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Likewise, the shape of near-Fermi frontier orbitals in graphene quantum dots can be reproduced from electron confinement within homogeneous metal QDs of identical size and shape. Furthermore, confined states analogous to those found in metallic quantum stadiums can be realized in coupled QDs of graphene for reduced separation. The present study offer a simple fundamental understanding of graphene electronic structures and also open the way towards efficient modeling of novel graphene-based nanostructures.

Global Stratospheric Properties of Gravity Waves From 1 Year of Radio Occultations

AbstractGravity waves (GW) transport momentum flux (MF) and energy across the lower, middle and upper atmosphere. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is one of the measuring techniques used onboard satellites to provide vertical temperature profiles with global and permanent coverage. These retrievals may be applied in the study of GW. Most of the analysis methods provide absolute GWMF but are missing its net direction. This happens because the procedures can deduce the orientation but not the propagation sign of GW and hence the full direction of MF. We apply here a method that allows the net calculation with four close in space and time RO soundings (quartets). We use about 10,000 daily retrievals from 1 March 2022 to 28 February 2023 to study the seasonal and latitudinal characteristics of net GWMF in the height interval from 20 to 35 km. About 600 quartets were found. The calculated zonal MF and drag exhibited negative minima at middle and high latitudes during winter in the Southern Hemisphere. This well‐known characteristic is usually mainly assigned to orographic sources. A similar intensity in zonal MF and drag is found during the same season at low latitudes. Meridional components are generally less significant. Besides finding the correct sign of the GWMF and the corresponding forcing on the mean flow, the quartets method also allows the determination of the horizontal and vertical wavelengths, the amplitude and sign of the vertical wave phase velocity and the intrinsic frequencies. The global statistics of these parameters are shown and each one exhibits a similar distribution shape across latitude bands. Large differences in the frequency of cases in vertical phase velocity sign appear only at low and high positive latitudes. The most even distribution of GW intrinsic frequency is found at low latitudes. We estimate that absolute MF calculations by methods assuming only upward GW propagation may produce a bias not larger than 40%. The increase of satellite measuring devices achieved in the last years due to the release of new missions led to a high spatial and temporal density of profiles that may allow the attainment of net GWMF climatologies over a seasonal time scale and about 4,000 km latitude bands but this performance may be even improved if the amount of retrievals continues to rise.

Numerical Investigation of Shell-Side Flow Behavior and Vapor Distribution in Waste Heat Boilers.

Shell-and-tube waste heat boilers (STWHBs) are essential in the recovery of waste heat from high-temperature industrial processes. Kettle-type STWHBs are known to experience failures due to hold-up of steam, a significant concern in the industry. Multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to study the effect of tube layout on the steam hold-up of an industrial-scale STWHB. Different design specifications are simulated including tube layout, heat flux, and pitch to predict steam hold-up performance and analyze thermo-hydrodynamic phenomena within the tube bundle. Simulation results show that, for similar tube bundle shape and size, 45° rotated square tube bundle layouts perform better, with respect to steam hold-up, than the square and triangle layouts for a range of heat flux duties. It is found that steam hold-up increases linearly with increasing heat flux and decreasing tube pitch, for the conditions simulated. The turbulent kinetic energy of the bubbly flow is greatly influenced by increasing phase fraction. Visualizations of the flow of water and steam within and around the tube bundle show that there is a vertical flow deviation for both staggered tube patterns (rotated square and triangle). These results motivate further multiphase CFD-based study of the thermo-hydrodynamics of STWHBs for improved understanding, retrofit, and new designs.

Shape variation in cranium, mandible and teeth in selected mouse strains.

There are different strains of laboratory mouse used in many different fields. These strains differ anatomically. In order to determine these anatomical differences, shape analysis was conducted according to species. CD-1, C57bl/6 and Balb-c strains were preferred to study these differences. Forty-eight adult mouse strains belonging to these strains were utilized. The bones were photographed and geometric morphometry was applied to these photographs. Principal Component Analysis was applied to determine shape variations. In Principal component 1 for cranium, CD-1 and C57bl/6 strain groups showed different shape variations, while Balb-c strain group showed similar shape variations to the other strain groups. Principal Component 1 for the mandible separated the CD-1 and C57bl/6 strain groups in terms of shape variation. Principal Component 2 explained most of the variation between the C57bl/6 and CD-1 lineage groups. In PC1 for molars, the CD-1 group showed a different shape variation from the other groups. Mahalanobis distances and Procrustes distances were measured using Canonical variance analysis to explain the differences between the lineage groups. These measurements were statistically significant. For cranium, in canonical variate 1, CD-1 group of mouse and Balb-c group of mouse were separated from each other. In canonical variate 2, C57bl/6 group of mouse were separated from the other groups. For mandible, Balb-c group of mouse in canonical variate 1 and CD-1 group of mouse in canonical variate 2 were separated from the other groups. For molars, CD-1 group of mouse in canonical variate 1 and Balb-c group of mouse in canonical variate 2 were separated from the other groups. It was thought that these anatomical differences could be caused by genotypic factors as well as dietary differences and many different habits that would affect the way their muscles work.

Enhancing predictive capabilities in fusion burning plasmas through surrogate-based optimization in core transport solvers

This work presents the PORTALS framework (Rodriguez-Fernandez et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 076036), which leverages surrogate modeling and optimization techniques to enable the prediction of core plasma profiles and performance with nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations at significantly reduced cost, with no loss of accuracy. The efficiency of PORTALS is benchmarked against standard methods, and its full potential is demonstrated on a unique, simultaneous 5-channel (electron temperature, ion temperature, electron density, impurity density and angular rotation) prediction of steady-state profiles in a DIII-D ITER Similar Shape plasma with GPU-accelerated, nonlinear CGYRO (Candy et al 2016 J. Comput. Phys. 324 73–93). This paper also provides general guidelines for accurate performance predictions in burning plasmas and the impact of transport modeling in fusion pilot plants studies.

Research on Response Characteristics of GPR Method for Detecting Phreatic Lines in Embankments

The excessive elevation of the phreatic lines under continuous high-water levels is the cause of many dangerous situations in embankments. Therefore, accurately understanding the dynamic changes in the infiltration characteristics of embankments is of great significance for judging and evaluating the stability of engineering. This study conducted indoor model experiments and used ground penetrating radar to detect the phreatic lines of soil. By comparing the radar detection results with the measured position of the phreatic lines, it was determined that the phreatic lines appeared as a continuous strong reflection surface with similar shapes in the radargram, and the reflection below the reflection surface became weaker. Through time-domain analysis of the single waveform at different time points, it was found that the amplitude of the reflected wave at the saturation line was larger, and the energy attenuation below the saturation line was faster, resulting in a rapid decrease in amplitude; perform Fourier transform on a single channel signal to obtain a spectrogram, and perform frequency domain analysis on it. The main frequency is around 600MHz, and the second main frequency is around 900MHz. As the saturation line rises, the main frequency gradually shifts towards lower frequencies.

Phylogenetic differences in the morphology and shape of the central sulcus in great apes and humans: implications for the evolution of motor functions.

The central sulcus divides the primary motor and somatosensory cortices in many anthropoid primate brains. Differences exist in the surface area and depth of the central sulcus along the dorso-ventral plane in great apes and humans compared to other primate species. Within hominid species, there are variations in the depth and aspect of their hand motor area, or knob, within the precentral gyrus. In this study, we used post-image analyses on magnetic resonance images to characterize the central sulcus shape of humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii). Using these data, we examined the morphological variability of central sulcus in hominids, focusing on the hand region, a significant change in human evolution. We show that the central sulcus shape differs between great ape species, but all show similar variations in the location of their hand knob. However, the prevalence of the knob location along the dorso-ventral plane and lateralization differs between species and the presence of a second ventral motor knob seems to be unique to humans. Humans and orangutans exhibit the most similar and complex central sulcus shapes. However, their similarities may reflect divergent evolutionary processes related to selection for different positional and habitual locomotor functions.

Research on substitutability of single-dome versus triple-dome center staged combustor

To investigate the substitutability of the simulation results using the single-dome combustor as the computational domain to the triple-dome combustor, three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted on both models and the differences in various performances between the two combustors were compared and analyzed. The findings reveal that the simulation results obtained using the single-dome combustor as the computational domain can effectively substitute for those of the triple-dome combustor in terms of critical performance metrics, including velocity distribution in the central cross-section, morphology and size of back-flow regions, total pressure loss coefficient, combustion efficiency, outlet temperature distribution and pollutant emissions. Under takeoff conditions, the flame tube outlet of the single-dome combustor exhibits higher OTDF and RTDF values compared to the triple-dome combustor, with similar radial temperature distribution shapes. Additionally, the NOx emissions of the flame tube outlet are slightly lower in the single-dome combustor compared to the triple-dome combustor, while the Soot emissions are slightly higher. However, both the NOx and Soot emissions are within the same order of magnitude for both combustors. Under idle conditions, both the single-dome and triple-dome combustors show almost zero CO emissions at the flame tube outlet section.

Prospective validation of in silico clinical trials prediction using an EGFR-mutated NSCLC mechanistic computational disease model.

8614 Background: Advanced lung adenocarcinoma (aLUAD) is divided into multiple molecularly defined subsets, each with specific biological characteristics and responses to targeted therapy. Consequently, conducting practice-changing and cost-effective randomized trials is challenging. In silico clinical trials, utilizing mechanistic computational models, offer a potential solution, yet their ability to predict clinical trial results has not been proven. Methods: We updated a previously published version of the computational mechanistic model of EGFR-mutated aLUAD, notably by incorporating metastases. Disease model was integrated with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of cisplatin, pemetrexed, and osimertinib, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the disease's dynamics. These models are founded on causal connections between biological entities and phenomena, establishing a link between the specific biological behaviors of EGFR-mutated aLUAD and the evolution of tumor size and progression over time. We have independently and prospectively simulated the outcomes of the FLAURA2 and MARIPOSA randomized trials dedicated to EGFR-mutated aLUAD. This was achieved by replicating the experimental protocols and generating cohorts of virtual twins of patients using publicly available data. Results: In silico results were released before the actual outcomes of the FLAURA2 and MARIPOSA trials were publicly available. The simulations yielded predictions with overlapping confidence intervals, similar hazard ratios, median survivals, and shapes of curves compared to the actual trial data. Bootstrapped weighted log-rank tests were used to compare the simulated and observed Kaplan-Meier curves for the two arms of FLAURA2 and for the osimertinib arm of MARIPOSA. Between 94 and 98% of the tests were statistically non-significant (α=0.05), confirming the accuracy of the predictions. Conclusions: This first-of-its-kind prediction of clinical trial outcomes demonstrates that in silico trials, when based on robust mechanistic models, can be a reliable tool for enhancing the design of actual trials, particularly for EGFR-mutated aLUAD. They offer a promising avenue for overcoming the challenges of comparator arms in single-arm trials and may serve as a new standard for formulating statistical hypotheses in future studies.

Machine Learning Based Predictions of Airfoil Aerodynamic Coefficients for Reynolds Number Extrapolations

This study investigates the application of various machine learning (ML) algorithms for predicting two critical aerodynamic coefficients, i.e. the maximum lift coefficient (C l max ) and the minimum drag coefficient (C d min ), for wind turbine airfoils at any given Reynolds number. We propose to use clustering techniques to group similar airfoil shapes and use the created partitions to predict unseen airfoil properties utilizing their similarity. Here, we also represent airfoils in the PARSEC low dimensional space, rather than high dimensional airfoil points space, to remedy the small number of training data. For this purpose, an extended experimental airfoil database is created and used for training models based on five different ML algorithms. We observe that the Decision Tree Ensemble (DTE), Random Forest (RF) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models emerge as the most effective predictors for C l max and C d min . Testing these two ML models on three additional airfoil cases not included in the training database shows that the C l max prediction performance is generally reasonable, with error levels being around 5% on average. In contrast, the prediction error levels for C d min are usually higher, with an average of around 15%.

The Properties of Xylan Extracted from Corncob Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

Abstract Corncob is an abundant agricultural biomass that is generally underutilized and discarded. It has potential to be a resource for high-value products due to its cellulose and hemicellulose content. Xylan, which is the primary constituent of hemicellulose, can serve as a raw material or intermediary in both non-food and food industry. This research aims to study the extraction of xylan from corncob using deep eutectic solvent (DES) for clean processing and analyzes the characteristics of corncob xylan. DES comprises choline chloride and acetic acid with a molar ratio of 1:2. Xylan was extracted from corncobs by immersion in aqueous DES (70% and 90%) and heating using an autoclave at 105°C for 15 minutes. FT-IR and NMR characterized the chemical structures of xylan, while FE-SEM observed the surface. The FT-IR result showed that xylan had a peak range of 1041 cm−1, which is attributed to the glycosidic bond. A delignification process seems to have occurred as indicated by the absorption peak at 1475-1477 cm−1, indicating the presence of lignin in xylan and solid residue. Both types of extracted xylan had similar NMR spectra in the 3-4.3 ppm range, which indicates that they contained xylose. The solid residue structure obtained from extracting two DES concentrations shows the difference in the extraction process. However, the surface morphology of the two types of extracted xylan had a similar irregular shape and roughness. The use of the DES choline chloride-acetic acid could lead to the extraction and separation of xylan from lignocellulosic corncob.

The Evolution of Traditional Picture Books: A Comparative Analysis Across Three Periods (2000-2005, 2006-2008, 2009-2022)

This research paper examines the evolution of traditional Chinese culture picture books over three distinct periods from 2000 to 2022. Drawing upon a comprehensive literature review and qualitative analysis, this study investigates the significant developments, trends, and changes in the portrayal of Chinese culture within picture books. The methodology involves identifying and analyzing notable works, authors, and techniques characteristic of each period. Through a comparative approach, this paper explores the similar shapes and differences of traditional Chinese cultural picture books over a period of three decades. The findings highlight changes in creative focus, the establishment of awards and institutions, and the activity of creation and publication, emphasising the dynamic nature of traditional Chinese cultural picture books. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of picture books in promoting cultural heritage and fostering intercultural exchange. It also underscores the significance of preserving and promoting traditional Chinese culture through children's literature. The implications of this research extend to educators, scholars, and practitioners interested in multicultural education, children's literature, and cultural studies

Ceramic Complexes of the Don Settlements of Gorodets and Scythoid Cultures: Experience of Comparative Analysis

The article is devoted to one of the aspects of interaction between two population groups in the forest-steppe Don region. These interactions are related to settlements of the Gorodets and Scythoid cultures of 5th – 3d century BC. In particular, such interactions manifest as transformations of the Gorodets ceramics that gained more dominating Scythoid shapes. The article offers a formalized assessment of common features in the crockery. Previously such assessment was visual. Comparison is imposed on 25 Gorodets and 107 Scythoid modelled kitchen pots. The research compares scaling and the reference profile height and defines the shape similarity index . 22 Gorodets vessels (88%) turn out similar to 69 Scythoid samples (64%). Their similarity indices are 95 to 98%. It is the result of Gorodets potters borrowing crockery shapes from their local neighbours. This should be the consequence of their mutual business. Poorly progressed ethnic mixing is proven by a limited range of Gorodets cookware missing crockery. It is assumed that five Gorodets pots with not really Scythoid profiles and proportions reflect how potters were adapting to acquire new shapes. Scythoid traditions influence is also noticeable in the ceramics production technology. The research compares artificial admixtures detected in the moulding compositions with petrographic analysis imposed on fragments of 80 Gorodets and 108 Scythoid vessels. Both ceramic groups have similar ingredients of the moulding compositions. Among them complex compositions prevail. The study finds eight matching ratios of artificial admixtures with two minor deviations. It proves that different processes mix most probably due to kinship ties of their bearers. Two groups of settled people from the Don forest-steppe interact and make their ceramic materials illustrate dominations of the more socially and economically developed group. However, they do not allow doubts in the ethnocultural authenticity of the Gorodets dwellers.

Comparison of morphology, protein concentration, and size distribution of bone marrow and Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation and polymer-based precipitation techniques

Exosomes which are tiny extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm), transport vital proteins and gene materials such as miRNA, mRNA, or DNA, whose role in cell communication and epithelia regulation is critical. Many techniques have been developed as a result of studying exosomes' biochemical and physicochemical properties, although there is still no standard method to isolate exosomes simply with high yield. Commercial kits have gained popularity for exosome extraction despite concerns about their effectiveness in scientific research. On the other hand, ultracentrifugation remains the gold standard isolation method. This study compares these two common exosome isolation methods to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of exosomes isolated from bone marrow (BM) and Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Isolated exosomes from the two sources of the cell's conditioned medium by two methods (polymer kit and ultracentrifuge) were characterized using western blotting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the Bradford assay. Western blot analysis confirmed separation efficiency based on CD81 and CD63 markers, with the absence of calnexin serving as a negative control. The Morphology of exosomes studied by SEM image analysis revealed a similar round shape appearance and their sizes (30–150 nm) were the same in both isolation techniques. The DLS analysis of the sample results was consistent with the SEM ones, showing a similar size range and very low disparity. The exosome protein content concentration analysis revealed that exosomes isolated by the polymer-based kits contained higher protein concentration density and purity (p <0.001). In general, though the protein yield was higher when the polymer-based kits were used, there were no significant differences in morphology, or size between WJ-derived and BM-derived exosomes, regardless of the isolation method employed.

Topological analysis of 3D digital ovules identifies cellular patterns associated with ovule shape diversity.

Tissue morphogenesis remains poorly understood. In plants, a central problem is how the 3D cellular architecture of a developing organ contributes to its final shape. We address this question through a comparative analysis of ovule morphogenesis, taking advantage of the diversity in ovule shape across angiosperms. Here, we provide a 3D digital atlas of Cardamine hirsuta ovule development at single cell resolution and compare it with an equivalent atlas of Arabidopsis thaliana. We introduce nerve-based topological analysis as a tool for unbiased detection of differences in cellular architectures and corroborate identified topological differences between two homologous tissues by comparative morphometrics and visual inspection. We find that differences in topology, cell volume variation and tissue growth patterns in the sheet-like integuments and the bulbous chalaza are associated with differences in ovule curvature. In contrast, the radialized conical ovule primordia and nucelli exhibit similar shapes, despite differences in internal cellular topology and tissue growth patterns. Our results support the notion that the structural organization of a tissue is associated with its susceptibility to shape changes during evolutionary shifts in 3D cellular architecture.