Similar Conversion Research Articles

Propensity-score matched analysis of the pathologic outcomes and survival benefits of neoadjuvant therapy in stage II-III anal adenocarcinoma.

Anal adenocarcinomas are a rare condition which account for less than 10% of anal cancers. The present study aimed to assess the impact of neoadjuvant therapy on the clinical and pathologic outcomes and overall survival (OS) of patients with stage II-III anal adenocarcinomas after abdominoperineal resection (APR). A retrospective cohort study of patients with anal adenocarcinoma in the US National Cancer Database (NCDB) (2010-2020) was conducted. Propensity-score matching was used to compare patients who received neoadjuvant therapy (neoadjuvant therapy group) to the no-neoadjuvant group. The primary outcome was 5-year OS whereas secondary outcomes included conversion to open surgery, hospital stay, surgical margins, 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, and 30-day readmission. A total of 742 patients (56% male) with a mean age of 63.6 ± 12.4 years were included. A total of 214 patients in the neoadjuvant group were matched with 107 in the no-neoadjuvant group. The mean OS was similar between the two groups (47.5 vs. 44.8 months, p = 0.253). Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy had a longer median time between diagnosis and surgery (151 vs. 54 days, p < 0.001), lower 90-day mortality (1.9% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.046), more pT0 tumors (15.7% vs. 0%), less pT3-4 tumors (28.4% vs. 36.4%, p = 0.001), less pN1-2 tumors (22.9% vs. 34.7%, p < 0.001), and less lymphovascular invasion (16.2% vs. 40%, p < 0.001) than the no-neoadjuvant group. Both groups had similar conversion rates, hospital stay, 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, and positive surgical margins. Neoadjuvant therapy before APR was associated with significant downstaging of anal adenocarcinomas and lower 90-day mortality, yet similar OS to patients who were surgically treated without neoadjuvant treatment.

Comparing the Activity of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Iron Complexes and Free Carbene Precursors in the Hydrosilylation of CO2

Piano-stool iron complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have shown high potential in the activation and conversion of C═O bonds in aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Here we demonstrate the expansion of this activity to the functionalization of CO2 with amines to form N-formamide products in the presence of a silane (PhSiH3). This synthetically valuable utilization of CO2 as C1-synthon is catalyzed by iron complexes containing a variety of different NHC ligands. Structural variations of the NHC ligands did not reveal any correlation with catalytic activity, with imidazole and triazole-derived NHCs reaching similar conversions. However, the use of BF4– as counterion in cationic complexes, and also incorporating a Cp* instead of a Cp spectator ligand led to a marked decrease in catalytic activity. While NHC iron complexes reach mediocre activity (about 50% conversion at 5% catalyst loading in 24 h), the corresponding imidazolium and triazolium carboxylates as precursors of free carbenes display excellent catalytic activity with essentially full conversion after 1 h at 1 mol % loading. Experiments at variable iron complex loading as well as carbene trapping experiments with S8 together with spectroscopic investigations demonstrated a high stability of the Fe–CNHC bond during catalysis and lend strong support to a NHC iron unit as catalytically active species rather than free NHC resulting from Fe–NHC dissociation, even though free NHCs are excellent catalysts for this reaction. Optimized of reaction conditions, in particular the addition of another equivalent of silane allowed to reach high conversions of piperidine and CO2 to N-formylpiperidine using a triazolylidene iron complex as catalyst precursor.

Pressure polarization oscillation in large-scale bulb tubular pump

Hydraulic consistency between a prototype pump and its hydraulic model is generally considered to be satisfied, that is, the energy performance and the flow structures conform to the similarity law. However, such hydraulic consistency may not always exist in actual engineering projects. Head change and vibration enhancement in large-scale bulb tubular pumps are exhibited, but the reason for this inconsistency is still unclear. In this article, a case study was performed for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, and the pressure characteristics in the impeller were explored under the optimal condition. An interesting new phenomenon, pressure polarization oscillation, is found. Its most important feature is the constant difference in average pressure values among axisymmetric blades, that is, the blades with axisymmetric structures exhibit large-amplitude pressure oscillations around different average pressure values, and one revolution is equivalent to one rotating cycle due to the failure of hydraulic consistency. Further in-depth analysis reveals that pressure oscillations are realized by the adjustment of the resultant force between the Coriolis force and the potential rothalpy gradient to fluid motions under the sinusoidal disturbance of gravity, and its action path presents a hysteresis loop with the impeller rotating. This adjustment mode leads to a special conversion between the gravity potential energy, pressure energy, and the kinetic energy, and, thus, the hydrostatic pressure difference at the initial phase cannot be fully eliminated; the pressure transition between the sides along and against the gravity is inconsistent. This finding suggests that the difference induced by the hydraulic inconsistency should be considered if the conventional similarity conversion is applied to large-scale tubular pumps.

A Bifunctional Liquid Fuel Cell Coupling Power Generation and V3.5+ Electrolytes Production for All Vanadium Flow Batteries.

All vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are considered one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technology, but restricts by the high manufacturing cost of V3.5+ electrolytes using the current electrolysis method. Here, a bifunctional liquid fuel cell is designed and proposed to produce V3.5+ electrolytes and generate power energy by using formic acid as fuels and V4+ as oxidants. Compared with the traditional electrolysis method, this method not only does not consume additional electric energy, but also can output electric energy. Therefore, the process cost of producing V3.5+ electrolytes is reduced by 16.3%. This fuel cell has a maximum power of 0.276mW cm-2 at an operating current of 1.75mA cm-2 . Ultraviolet-visible spectrum and potentiometric titration identify the oxidation state of prepared vanadium electrolytes is 3.48 ± 0.06, close to the ideal 3.5. VFBs with prepared V3.5+ electrolytes deliver similar energy conversion efficiency and superior capacity retention to that with commercial V3.5+ electrolytes. This work proposes a simple and practical strategy to prepare V3.5+ electrolytes.

Solar radiative and chemical reactive influences on electromagnetic Maxwell nanofluid flow in Buongiorno model

BackgroundThe generation, utilization, adaptation, and transmission of thermal energy are all included in the controller topic of heat transport. Engineering and manufacturing disciplines include nutrition processing, the construction of food herbs, electric refrigeration, microturbines, and other fields rely heavily on heat transport. Because of the fascinating possibility in productions including the fabrication of polymers, papers, crystal glasses, and other materials, academics tried to probe the impact of heat transfer on liquid via an expandable sheet. ObjectiveTo conduct our inquiry, we built a symmetric system connecting the properties of bio convection into an extended Maxwell nanofluid (MNF) using Fourier and Fick equations in a symmetrical stretchable slippage. Consideration has been given to the Cattaneo-Christov fluxing model. According to a Cattaneo-Christov connection (CCC), the Buongiorno occurring is likewise used for a symmetrical movement of nanofluids (NFs) in the Maxwell liquid. FormulationThe regulator scheme that governs PDE was converted into ODE for the numerical solution utilizing similarity conversions. Galerkin finite element technique (GFEM) is created using the COMSOL application to produce mathematical conclusions for non-linear equations. FindingIn contrast to the updated Fourier-Fick scenarios, we saw higher temperatures and concentrations for Fourier-settings to calculate the current Biot quantity and general MNF factor, the heat outline is elevated. NoveltyThere is currently no information in the available literature on GFEM research of Maxwell nanofluid (MNF) in the occurrence of temperature producing, radiation temperature fluxing, and Cattaneo-Christov mass and temperature fluxing.

Heat generation/absorption effects in thermally radiative mixed convective flow of [formula omitted] hybrid nanofluid

Investigation on hybrid nanofluids has increased significantly, and findings indicate that these fluids are effective heat transfer fluids for industrial applications. The thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, particle volume fractions, and mass flow rates play a major role in the enhancement of heat transfer of nanofluids. The enhancement in thermal transport only depends on the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles when particle volume fractions and flow rates are constant. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the flow of Zn−TiO2/H2O hybrid nanofluid past an inclined shrinking surface. The PDEs of the flow model are converted into ODEs by using similarity conversions. The mathematical problem is tackled numerically by employing the bvp4c solver in Matlab software. The impacts of controlling parameters on fluid velocity, temperature distribution, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number are studied and graphically depicted. The obtained results reveal that the mixed convection parameter is found to enhance friction drag and heat transport rate for the upper branch while it reduces the lower branch. Moreover, the kinetic energy is inclined as the heat sink/source, Eckert number, and temperature ratio parameters increase, causing the thermal distribution to rise for both branches.

Effect of Pulsed Feeding of GIFT Strain of Tilapia in Biofloc System Using Inland Saline Water

Feed is one of the major inputs in aquaculture system and constitutes 60%–80% of total production costs of tilapia. Inappropriate selection of feed quality and the feeding strategy affects the feed utilization resulting in high food conversion ratio (FCR). A 60 days experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and immuno-physiological responses of GIFT tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) by pulsed feeding under biofloc culture system in inland saline water. For the experiment, feeding pattern in pulsed was followed viz., in situ biofloc with daily feeding (T1), in situ biofloc with alternate day feeding (T2), in situ biofloc with every third day feeding (T3), in situ biofloc with no feeding (T4), and clear water control with daily feeding (C) each in triplicates. Biofloc based treatment receiving daily feeding (T1) resulted in significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher average body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to control. T1 and C showed a significantly similar feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Fish maintained in T4 grew the least and survival was lowest (85%). The immunological parameters showed a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and myeloperoxidase content whereas no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) for lysozyme activity was observed. Higher NBT activity was observed in biofloc based treatments compared to control. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were considerably higher (P&lt;0.05) in biofloc based treatments than control. Among biofloc based treatments the antioxidant activities were lower in T1. The carbohydrate metabolism enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were lower in T1, T2, and T3 compared to control and T4. In conclusion, in-situ biofloc with daily feeding is found to be effective in growth improvement and to elicit immune-physiological responses in GIFT tilapia under pulsed feeding using biofloc based system.

Dynamical dissipative and radiative flow of comparative an irreversibility analysis of micropolar and hybrid nanofluid over a Joule heating inclined channel

This report scrutinized the influence of radiation and Ohmic heating on the dissipative flow of micropolar and hybrid nanofluid within an inclined length 2h channel under convective boundary conditions. Primary flow equations are renewed as the system of NODEs with the assistance of proper similarity conversions. In two circumstances, hybrid fluid flow and micropolar fluid flow, a blend of shooting and Runge–Kutta 4th order strategy, is used to achieve the desired results. The critical consequences of the current study are Larger pressure gradient minimizes the fluid velocity, and a more significant inertia parameter minimizes the rotation profile in the case of Newtonian fluid flow but facilitates the same in the case of hybrid nanofluid flow. It is perceived that the escalation in Brinkmann number causes the amelioration in the fluid temperature, and the radiation parameter mitigates the same. Furthermore, it is discovered that the Grashoff number enhances the Bejan number at the centre of the channel but lessens the same at other areas. Finally, validation is executed to compare the current outcomes with the former results and perceive a good agreement.

Insightful into dynamics of magneto Reiner-Philippoff nanofluid flow induced by triple-diffusive convection with zero nanoparticle mass flux

The motive behind this article is to investigate the impact of triple diffusive convective flowing on Reiner-Philippoff (R-Ph) past a stretchable surface with Avramenko-Blinov-Shevchuk boundary restrictions. The governing determined partial differential equation (PDEs) are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the utilization of similarity conversions and handled these equations computationally with the application of a well-recognized computational structure called Cash and Carp method. The dimensionless parameters used in figures and tables range between 0.1 ≤ γ ≤ 1.1 , 0.1 ≤ λ ≤ 2.1 , 0 ≤ Nc 1 ≤ 2 , 0.1 ≤ Nc 2 ≤ 1.3 , 0.1 ≤ Le 1 , L e 2 , Ld 1 , a n d Ld 2 ≤ 2 , 0.1 ≤ Nd 1 ≤ 0.5 , 0.1 ≤ Nd 2 ≤ 0.5 , 0 ≤ R d ≤ 3 , 0.1 ≤ ∊ ≤ 0.5 , 0 ≤ N b ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ N t ≤ 1.2 . From numerical outcomes, it is revealed that the velocity field devalues outstanding to an incremental change in the Grashof number factor and the solutal profile escalates by the benefit of an intensification in the Dufour Lewis number. The heat of the fluid amplifies as a consequence of amplification in both linear heat radiation and Brownian diffusion parameters.

Impact of starvation and re-feeding on growth and metabolic responses of Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) juveniles

A 56 days feeding trial was conducted to study the impact of starvation followed by re-feeding on growth performance of Indian pompano juveniles. 450 juveniles (mean ± SE, 16.69 ± 0.22 g) were divided into 3 treatments in triplicates. Control group (C) was fed to satiation three times a day and other two experimental groups were designated as 2S (2 days starvation) and 1S (1day starvation) i.e. re-feeding for 5 and 6 days in 2S and 1S respectively. At the completion of 28 days of culture (4 feeding cycle), it is resulted that 1S and C fed group performed with similar (p > 0.05) growth performance in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate indicating that complete compensatory growth occurred. Whereas, pompano juveniles maintained in 2S and 1S showed significant (p < 0.05) difference with highest weight gain and specific growth rate (72.48 ± 1.85; 3.73 ± 0.06 respectively) in 1S group during the same period of culture. However, C performed with better WG (85.57 ± 4.53) and SGR (3.02 ± 0.01) at the end of the culture period (8 feeding cycle). Juveniles maintained in control and 1S recorded similar food conversion ratio (p > 0.05), and lowest was observed in 2S at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in condition factor among all the treatments. Moisture, total lipid, ash, glycogen content of liver and muscle were significantly varied among the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The digestive enzymes activity was significantly (p < 0.05) affected during the starvation and re-feeding cycles. Lowest serum total protein, albumin and globulin were observed in 2S, followed by 1S and the highest was in C fed group (p < 0.05). It is concluded from the study that, feeding cycle with pompano juveniles starved for 1 day and re-fed for 6 days in a week (1S) resulted in complete growth compensation during the first half of the experiment (28 days), while fish starved for 2 days and re-fed for 5 days in a week (2S) showed partial compensation throughout the experimental period. Our results indicate that compensatory growth occurred in Indian pompano and the magnitude and duration of the compensatory growth depended on the length of starvation.

Embracing technical improvements in airway management

The surgical on-call team approach a female aged in her mid-30s. She has CT-proven appendicitis and has been kept ‘nil by mouth’ overnight. The consultant takes a seat next to the bed and following introductions and a quick re-assessment, they decide she will need to have it removed surgically. They explain the basics of the procedure, and then pause for a moment. ‘Now, we do have this newer approach whereby we make a few keyholes and remove it with the help of a camera and a couple of ports. It leaves a much smaller scar, causes less pain, and can have you home earlier and back to your normal activities sooner than with an open approach [1]. But I'm just more used to doing it the old-fashioned way, so I am not entirely sure I can offer you this. Also, it takes a fair bit of kit and all sorts of faff. So I guess we'll just consent for an open appendicectomy, shall we?’ Claiming that I found the editorial by Lyons and Harte a refreshing read would be disingenuous [2]. In fact, I imagine many clinicians advocating for the adoption of universal videolaryngoscopy (VL) have grown tired of endless conversations, in academic circles and in anaesthetic rooms, about the merits of direct laryngoscopy (DL) over VL. The anecdotes that ‘one time where DL saved the day’ after a poorly executed hyperangulated VL approach had failed. Or blanket regurgitated statements about the bleeding tonsil where ‘VL is useless anyway’, without anyone even attempting it or being able to produce any robust evidence to support the notion. This editorial makes a tenuous stab in trying to dismantle the now overwhelming evidence favouring VL over DL for most technical and patient-oriented outcomes [3]. At this point, I hope that most readers will agree that such a claim is contentious and does not hold much water at the best of times. We may argue that in 9 out of 10 times, securing the airway will be easy, even though our clinical bedside tests to predict difficulty are notoriously flawed [4]. Adopting a ‘marginal gains’ attitude to improving clinical practice, especially for a risk-laden procedure such as asleep tracheal intubation, with the knowledge that each subsequent attempt after the first one will increase the odds of an adverse outcome, we should be using tools with the best efficacy and safety record [5]. However, there is much work to be done to ensure safe and effective training in VL, with a high-quality hyperangulated VL technique being at the forefront of these efforts. Equally, a universal VL clinical milieu allows the intubator to maintain DL skills, using the best tool to teach DL: a Macintosh-style videolaryngoscope. The fictitious and exaggerated patient interaction I wrote at the beginning, which I hope has never actually taken place, is not unlike our attitudes to the tools and approaches we use in the conduct of anaesthesia. If we were to speak to patients with full candour, a similar conversation would have to take place when defending the routine use of DL today. I hope that as a specialty we can follow in the footsteps of, not only the commonly referred to aviation industry and its attitudes to safety, but also our surgical colleagues.

Numerical analysis on the heat and mass transfer MHD flow characteristics of nanofluid on an inclined spinning disk with heat absorption and chemical reaction

AbstractThis work examines the heat transfer properties of magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow. Through a similarity conversion, the leading structure of partial differential equations is changed to that of ordinary differential equations. A rigorous mathematical bvp4c methodology is used to generate numerical results. The purpose of this study is to characterize the different temperature, concentration, and velocity limitations on a nanofluid with a magnetic effect that is spinning. The findings for rotating nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanoparticles are shown using graphs and tables. The influence of physical factors such as heat transfer rates and skin friction coefficients is studied. When the magnetic parameter M is raised, the velocity of the nanoliquid decreases. A rise in thermal radiation (Rd) causes the temperature graphs to grow substantially, although the concentration profiles exhibit the opposite tendency. The effect of the convective heat transfer factor Bi on temperature is shown to increase as Bi increases, but the concentration distribution decreases as Biot increases.

Robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer is safe in morbidly and extremely morbidly obese patients

ObjectiveObesity has risen to affect >25% of the Canadian population. Perioperative challenges with increased morbidity are encountered. We evaluated the outcome of robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer (EC) in obese patients. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all robotic surgeries performed for EC in women with BMI ≥40 kg/m2, from 2012 to 2020 in our center. Patients were divided into 2 groups (class III: 40-49 kg/m2, class IV: ≥50 kg/m2). Complications and outcome were compared. Results185 patients were included: 139 class III and 46 class IV. The main histology was endometrioid adenocarcinoma (70,5% of class III and 58,1% of class IV (p = 0,138)). The mean blood loss, overall sentinel node detection and median length of stay were similar in both groups. Six class III (4,3%) and 3 class IV (6,5%) patients required conversion to laparotomy due to poor surgical field exposure (p = 0,692). The rate of intraoperative complications was similar between the 2 groups (1.4% in class III vs none in class IV, p = 1). There were 10 class III (7,2%) and 10 class IV (21,7%) post-operative complications (p = 0.011), but most were grade 2 (3,6% in class III vs 13% in class IV, p = 0.029)). Grade 3 and 4 postoperative complications were low (2.7%) and not statistically different between the 2 groups. Readmission rate was low in both groups (4 in each group, p = 1.07). Recurrence occurred in 5,8% of class III and 4,3% of class IV patients (p = 1). ConclusionRobotic-assisted surgery for EC in class III and class IV obese patients is a safe and feasible procedure, with low complication rate, similar oncologic outcome, conversion rate, blood loss, readmission rate and length of hospital stay.

Hydromagnetic flow of magnetite–water nanofluid utilizing adapted Buongiorno model

The hydromagnetic flow of magnetite–water nanofluid due to a rotating stretchable disk has been numerically assessed. The nanofluid flow has been modeled utilizing the adapted Buongiorno model that considers the volume fraction-dependent effective nanofluid properties and the major slip mechanisms. In addition, experimentally gleaned functions of effective dynamic viscosity and effective thermal conductivity are deployed. The modeled equations are transformed into a first-order ODEs scheme employing Von Kármán’s similarity conversions and then resolved via the Runge–Kutta algorithm through the shooting technique. The impact of pertinent terms over the physical quantities, nanoliquid temperature and nanoliquid concentration is explained with the support of graphs. Results show that rising volume fraction of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) and magnetic field term enhance the drag force. Mass transport rate is demoted with augmenting values of magnetic field parameter whereas is promoted with increase in Schmidt number. Further, it is detected that the changes in stretching strength parameter are directly proportional to Nusselt number and inversely proportional to the thermal field. The findings of this numerical analysis have applications in spin coating, rotating disk reactors, storage devices for computers, food processing, and rotating heat exchangers.

Deep reinforcement learning method for turbofan engine acceleration optimization problem within full flight envelope

In order to solve the multidimensional restricted optimization problem of aeroengine acceleration process and improve the acceleration performance of full envelope, a design method of aeroengine full envelope acceleration controller based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed. Firstly, the thermo-aerodynamic principle of the engine acceleration process is analyzed, and the mathematical analytical model of the multidimensional restricted optimization problem of the turbofan engine acceleration process is established. On this basis, the design method of acceleration controller based on twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient is studied. The proportional integral controller is designed to pursue the asymptotic stability at the acceleration destination and stable control is achieved through switching. Additionally, the flight envelope is divided into regions by clustering to reduce the span of data changes, so as to enhance the network convergence ability of deep reinforcement learning. Finally, based on the similarity conversion method of equal engine inlet total temperature, the acceleration controller of full flight envelope is realized. The digital simulation results demonstrate that compared with the traditional proportional integral differential controller, the acceleration controller based on twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient shortens the acceleration time up to 48.33%, and the control effect in a large flight envelope (H=0∼10 km, Ma=0∼1.6) has been verified.

Oxidative ethane dehydrogenation under thermal vs. microwave heating over Ga/ZSM-5 and GaPt/ZSM-5

Conventional thermal heating versus microwave heating for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with CO2 as the oxidative co-reactant over 2%Ga/ZSM-5 and 1.5%Ga0.5%Pt/ZSM-5. The Ga/ZSM-5 and GaPt/ZSM-5 had a similar ethane conversion under microwave heating at 450 °C, compared to the thermally heated catalyst at 650 °C. The bimetallic GaPt/ZSM-5 performed better than the Ga/ZSM-5. Both the GaPtMWFB-450 °C and GaMWFB-450 °C resulted in a lower production rate to carbon monoxide and water than the TFB-650 °C, suggesting that the microwave heating is less favorable to the water gas shift reaction. In this study, microwave heating increased the catalytic conversion of ethane and selectivity to ethylene.

Variable fluid properties analysis for thermally laminated 3-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching sheet

This article is mainly focused on the viscous flow of cu-water/Methanol suspended nanofluids towards a three-dimensional stretching sheet reformed by magnetohydrodynamic phenomenon. The viscous effect is considered as temperature dependent with water treated as a base fluid. Similarity conversions are employed to set forth the non-linear equations of this physical problem. An innovative model for 3D analysis for cu-water/Methanol nanofluid with an irregular viscosity is presented in the present study. Reynold’s model of viscosity is considered in the present study. Moreover, shooting technique is employed to elaborate the non-linear coupled governing equations with the relevant boundary conditions. The physical interpretation of these numerical calculations is presented through a graphical specimen of velocity, Nusselt number, temperature, and skin friction etc. The results of present model are showing quality harmony with the results of existing model. This model is being used for manipulating and designing the surfaces such as stretching/shrinking wrapping and panting devices in nanotechnology. The results also show the significant changes in flow characteristics with changing the value of stretching parameter. It is observed that with an increasing in nanoparticles volume fraction boundary layer thickness decreases. Further, it is also observed that with an increase in viscosity parameter, temperature increases because here we are considering temperature dependent viscosity.

Mathematical modeling for experimental data to investigate the convective heat transfer in non‐Newtonian nanofluid's flow over a thin needle

AbstractThe flow of homogeneous non‐Newtonian nanofluid over a horizontal moving thin needle is studied through experimental data‐based mathematical approach. Experimental data is collected for nanofluids which are prepared by spreading the SiO2, MgO, and TiO2 nanoparticles with correspondingly diameters (20–30 nm, 60–70 nm), (20, 40 nm), and (30, 50 nm) at volume fractions (5%–20%) in ethylene glycol (EG). The rheological power‐law model of viscosity is employed on the current experimental data to govern the co‐relation expression and is further used in heat and mass flow equations. The problem is reduced to ordinary differential equations by employing similarity conversion and then numerically solved. The influence of various volume fractions and diameter of nanoparticles on the distribution of velocity and temperature are discussed through the graphical results. Moreover, velocity and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, momentum and displacement thickness, skin friction coefficient, and Nusselt number are also studied in detail and displayed graphically. The results indicate that enhancing nanoparticle volume fraction causes the decline in velocity profile and rise in temperature profiles. On the contrary, the velocity is amplified and temperature is reduced with enhancing the diameter of the nanoparticle. Newtonian model for nanofluid is not valid in all cases. So, a non‐Newtonian model is applied for nanofluid flow that follows the experimental behavior in the current study. This experimental based model has not investigated before.

Ensuring Animal Well-Being in Animal-Assisted Service Programs: Ethics Meets Practice Learning at Green Chimneys

Abstract This paper illustrates the complexity of meeting a high and constant standard of animal welfare at Green Chimneys, a residential treatment facility and therapeutic day school for children with psychiatric diagnosis ages K-12. Green Chimneys incorporates over 300 animals of various species in animal-assisted education and therapy programs. Ensuring the well-being of horses, farm animals, camels, reptiles, dogs, and wild birds in captivity demands a practical, systemic, and most of all, flexible philosophical animal welfare framework. Implementing a consistent animal care program, in a larger community of students and adults who often have divergent beliefs about the treatment of animals, is challenging. Examples of ethical struggles that impact practical, real life animal care and treatment decisions are included. The authors also describe their ongoing communication process regarding animal care with their team, with the goal of encouraging other programs to engage in similar conversations and recognize that ethically caring for and working with animals in a human-service setting is an ongoing journey.

Magnetized homann flow comprising GO and Co3O4 nanoparticles past a biaxially stretching surface

The usage of hybrid nanofluid due to their outstanding thermal conductivity has become a fascinating topic in research. This study considers the suspension of graphene oxide and cobalt oxide in ethylene glycol on a biaxially, planarly, and perpendicularly stretching surface. The influence of heat Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion with generation/absorption, Joule heating, and shapes of nanoparticles is scrutinized. The similarity conversions are assumed, which determine dimensionless ordinary equations. The collocation method, bvp4c routine is utilized to determine the numerical and asymptotic behavior of the problem. Because of better thermal and electrical conductivity of nanoparticles under consideration, this research can be used for energy storage, electronics, catalytic supports, and cooling of a system. The thermophysical properties are scrutinized via the Hamilton-Crosser model of nanofluids, which is significant as it provides a quantitative understanding of the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids, enabling the design and optimization of nanofluid-based heat transfer systems. Due to the magnetic field, temperature distribution is increased; however, velocities diminish. Moreover, energy transport is maximum for spherical-shaped nanoparticles, while it is lowest for blade-shaped nanoparticles. By incrementing volume fraction, the intermolecular motion amongst the particles becomes disorderly and erratic, which enhances the flow and thermal transport. The wall stress parameter along the x-axis is augmented due to an increment in the stretching parameter, while the opposite trend is seen for the wall stress parameter along the y-axis.