Silky Fowl Research Articles

Recent Findings About the Silky Fowl Egg

The current research demonstrated that nutritive constituents, oxidative stability of silky fowl egg. Present results consisted with the previous report. It was speculated that the unsaturated fatty acid chains of lipids contributed to the oxidative stability of silky fowl eggs. Rheologic properties, and oxidative stability of baked sponge cake using silky fowl egg. From the results of this study it will be concluded that the use of silky fowl egg could improve a quality and rheologic properties and oxidative stability of baked cakes. This result can submit knowledge to the food science field. From now on, you have to examine the differences in physical properties of the sponge cake and the mechanism of oxidative stability of silky fowl egg.

닭의 모색 연관 유전자인 MC1R, MITF, TYRP1의 SNP(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) 규명

닭을 구분하는데 있어 가장 눈에 띠는 것이 모색이며, 모색 관련 유전자인 MC1R, MITF, TYRP1의 SNP에 따른 유전자형을 확인하고, 각 품종별로 구별이 가능한 SNP 마커를 개발하고자 하는데, 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 마커들을 조합으로 haplotype을 보았을 때, MC1R 유전자의 SNP 조합에서 CGG type일 경우, 재래닭 만을 특별히 구별할 수 있었으며, TAG, TGG, TAA type일 경우에는 아라카나 만을 구별할 수 있었고, CAA type의 경우, 레그혼 만을 특이적으로 구별할 수 있었다. TYRP1 유전자의 SNP 조합에서는 TTTCA, CCTCA type의 경우, 레그혼 만을 구별할 수 있으며, CTTTA type의 경우, 오골계 만을 특이적으로 구별할 수 있었다. MC1R 유전자의 SNP 조합으로 재래닭, 레그혼, 아라카나를 구별할 수 있었고, TYRP1 유전자의 각각의 SNP 및 조합으로 4가지 품종 모두 구별할 수 있었다. 이렇게 품종 간의 유전적 다형성에 대한 연구가 더 많이 진행된다면, 단순 모색만으로 품종을 구별하기보다는 분자생물학적으로 품종 간의 차이를 이해할 수 있게 될 것이라고 생각된다. The Feather Color of chicken is considered as most obvious, and the purpose of this study is to identify the genotype following the SNP of MC1R, MITF and TYRP1, which are genes related to Feather Color, and develop a SNP marker that can be classified per breed. When a haplotype is observed through the combination of markers, a Korean Native Chicken can especially be distinguished when it is a CGG type in the SNP combination of the MC1R gene. In case of the TAG, TGG and TAA types, only Araucana was identified, and for the CAA type, Leghorn could specifically be distinguished. In the SNP combination of TYRP1 gene, only Leghorn was differentiated in case of the TTTCA and CCTCA types, and only Silky Fowl was identified in case of the CTTTA type. The SNP combination of MC1R gene enabled for Korean Native Chicken, Leghorn, and Araucana to be distinguished and each of the SNP and combination of TYRP1 gene allowed for all 4 breeds to be classified. If many researches are conducted about genetic polymorphism between breeds, then it is considered that the differences between breeds will be understood from a molecular biological aspect instead of simply distinguishing the breeds through Feather Color.

Accumulation of melanin in the peritoneum causes black abdomens in broilers

A suspected case of localized visceral hyperpigmentation was described for a breed of broiler in China. Using optical microscopy, the accumulation of pigments in the abdominal skin and visceral peritoneum was observed. Electron microscopy was used to further study the ultrastructure of the pigmented peritoneum, and pigment granules resembling melanosomes at different stages were found, and melanocytes were present in this tissue. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the physical-chemical properties of pigments extracted from these broilers. Using synthetic melanin as a reference and the melanin from the peritoneum of Silkie fowls as a control, the pigments in the peritonea of these broilers were found to be melanin, and it had a chemical structure similar to that of melanin from the Silkie fowl peritoneum. In this way, the black abdomens of these broilers were found to have been caused by accumulation of melanin produced by melanocytes in visceral peritonea.

Comparison of growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of korean local chickens and silky fowl.

This study was conducted to compare growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of 4 breeds of local chicken. A total of 480 1-d-old chicks were distributed to 16 pens, with 4 treatments of breed, 4 replicates and 30 chicks per pen. Three Korean local breeds of white-mini broiler, Hanhyup-3-ho, and Woorimatdag, and a breed of silky fowl were raised under identical rearing and feeding conditions for 31-d, 37-d, 36-d, and 59-d, respectively. The BW and feed consumption on a pen basis were weekly measured for all pens, and ADFI, ADG and gain:feed were calculated for each pen. The ADFI and ADG of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken were greater than those of silky fowl (p<0.05). Within the Korean local breeds, ADFI of white-mini broiler was the highest (p<0.05), and ADG of Hanhyup-3-ho and white-mini broiler was the highest (p<0.05). Gain:feed of silky fowl was less than that of the 3 breeds of Korean local chicken. The carcass and breast yield of white-mini broiler were the greater than those of other breeds (p<0.05). The breast meat color (CIE L*, a*, and b*) of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken were higher than that of silky fowl (p<0.05). The breast meat of Hanhyup-3-ho had greater cooking loss (p<0.05), whereas water holding capacity and pH were less than those of other breeds (p<0.05). The color score of 3 breeds of Korean local chicken was higher than that of silky fowl (p<0.05). Woorimatdag had a higher score on tenderness (p<0.05), whereas flavor score was less than that of other breeds (p<0.05). In conclusion, 4 local breeds of chicken have some unique features and seem to have more advantages, and this information can help consumers who prefer healthy and premium chicken meat.

A microarray study of altered gene expression during melanoblasts migration in normal pigmented White Leghorn and hyperpigmented mutant Silky Fowl

Melanoblasts originating from neural crest cells can migrate through the mesenchyme of the developed embryo and give rise to melanocytes. Unlike the melanocytes that are confined to the integument in other vertebrates, melanocytes in Silky Fowl can reach the ventral regions of the embryos owing to differences in gene expression in the process of melanoblasts migration. In this study, we used microarray profiling to identify differences in gene expression between White Leghorn and Silky Fowl. Differential expression of 2517 microarray probes (P 2) was observed in Silky Fowl compared to White Leghorn. After filtration by cluster analysis, functional annotation and pathway analysis, eight differentially expressed genes were identified to be closely related to the development of melanocytes. Moreover, differences in expression of immune genes were also detected between Silky Fowl and White Leghorn. The differentially expressed genes associated with melanocyte development were verified by q-PCR, and results were highly consistent with the microarray data. The genes with significantly altered expression involved in melanoblast migration and development suggested that different microenvironments resulted in the abnormal melanoblast migration in Silky Fowl, although there were no big differences in melanoblast development between these two breeds. The candidate genes discovered in this study are beneficial to understand the molecular mechanism of hyperpigmentation in Silky Fowl.

Histidine-Containing Dipeptide Concentration and Antioxidant Effects of Meat Extracts from Silky Fowl: Comparison with Meat-Type Chicken Breast and Thigh Meats

Histidine-Containing Dipeptide Concentration and Antioxidant Effects of Meat Extracts from Silky Fowl: Comparison with Meat-Type Chicken Breast and Thigh Meats

Relationship between the Production Traits and three Candidate Genes in the Prolactin’s In/Del×In/Del Population of Silkie Fowl

Relationship between the Production Traits and three Candidate Genes in the Prolactin’s In/Del×In/Del Population of Silkie Fowl

Genetic mutations of avian leukosis virus subgroup J strains extended their host range

The genetic diversity of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is determined not only by the env gene, but also by its 3' UTR and 3' LTR. They all play important roles in extending the host range and tumour development. In the present study, one ALV-J strain (ZB110604-6) from Black-Bone Silky Fowl (BSF) and three ALV-J strains (ZB110604-3/4/5) from grey partridge (GP), which bore multiple tumours and breed in one house of Farm A, were demonstrated extending their host to GP, while two other ALV-J strains (LC110515-3/4) from BSF of Farm B could not infect the embryo fibroblast of GP. The BSF is a unique species of chicken in China, while the GP is a close relative of the pheasant that previously demonstrated resistance to ALV-J. Histopathology showed that various tumours were induced by ALV-J in the two species. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the isolates from Farms A and B, rather than species, belong to two different clusters of ALV-J. Genetic mutations analysis revealed that the isolates obtained from Farm A showed a higher frequency of mutation in the hypervariable region 2 domain than in other variable regions of the gp85 gene. From the nucleotide alignment of the 3' UTR and 3' LTR gene, and the spectrum of tumours observed in this study, we speculate that the deletions or mutations in the redundant transmembrane region, E element and U3 (CAAT boxes, CArG box and Y box) might associate with tumour formation and development. The extension of the host range of ALV-J to the GP suggested that housing different species together provides more opportunities for ALV-J to evolve rapidly.

Rheological Properties and Oxidative Stability of Baked Sponge Cake Using Silky Fowl Egg

Baked sponge cakes using silky fowl egg and those using hen eggs were prepared, respectively. The rheological properties, lipid peroxidation and water content of the baked sponge cakes using silky fowl egg compared with those of the cakes using hen egg. The height of the baked sponge cake using silky fowl egg became higher than that of the sponge cake using hen egg. The baked sponge cake using silky fowl egg showed hardly change in hardness and adhesion of the cake for 10 days at room temperature. In contrast, the cake using hen egg increased drastically a hardness of the cake and decreased an adhesion of the cake. Though water content of the sponge cake using silky fowl egg showed hardly change on 10 days of storage at room temperature, the cake using hen egg significantly decreased water content of the cake. The sponge cake using silky fowl egg showed restricted generation of hydroperoxides for 10 days in storage at room temperature. In contrast, the cake using hen egg showed an increased amount of hydroperoxides for 10 days. The present experiments suggested that the use of silky fowl egg could improve a quality and oxidative stability of baked cakes.

Anti-Browning Effects on Baked Dough Made Using Silky Fowl Egg

The anti-browning effects on the Maillard reaction through calcination bread with silky fowl egg arediscussed in the paper. Advanced glycation end product (AGEs) generation ratio in the case of 60 minuteof baking dough with silky fowl egg has been suppressed and advantage compared to hen’s egg. Thisbehavior suggests that silky fowl egg suppresses Maillard reaction in the calcination of dough. As a resultof measuring a cross-sectional view of the bread cavity holes fired, silky fowl egg showed an increasingtrend compared to hen’s egg. A positive correlation was observed between the cavity hole and AGEsyield. We used egg white and yolk in order to examine the difference in impact and properties of the eggas a Maillard reaction. AGEs produced by Maillard reaction, which proceeds during firing has beendegraded by the egg yolk of silky fowl egg and hen’s egg. On the other hand, degradation of AGEs waspromoted by egg white, egg yolk of silky fowl egg has been presumed to inhibit the formation of AGEsamount as a result of reaction by inhibiting the Maillard reaction.

The distribution of ephrin-B1 and PNA-positive glycoconjugates is correlated with atypical melanoblast migration in Japanese Silky fowl embryos

Melanoblasts are positively stimulated to migrate in the dorsolateral pathway of the avian embryo by ephrins, but are inhibited by PNA-binding glycoconjugates. We analyzed the potential role of these molecules in the Japanese Silky fowl, which displays intense internal pigmentation. The distribution of ephrin ligands was analyzed using Eph receptor-human Fc fusion proteins. Glycoconjugates were labeled using PNA-FITC. In Japanese Silky embryos, ventral areas, including the anterior- and posterior-half somites, expressed ephrin-B1 in a pattern that correlates with the atypical migratory pathways taken by Japanese Silky melanoblasts. White Leghorn embryos displayed little to no ephrin-Bs in the ventral paths. Conversely, PNA-binding barrier tissues, proposed to prevent melanoblasts from migrating ventrally in White Leghorn, are missing or have significant gaps in Japanese Silky embryos. Thus, studies of a naturally occurring pigmentation mutant confirm that a combination of cues regulates melanoblast migration in the chick embryo.

Identification of two novel multiple recombinant avian leukosis viruses in two different lines of layer chicken

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is the most common oncogenetic retrovirus that emerges spontaneously as a result of recombination between exogenous viruses, exogenous viruses and endogenous viruses, and exogenous viruses and non-homologous cellular genes. In the present study, two natural recombinant avian leukosis viruses (rALVs) (LC110515-5 and LC110803-5) carrying a subgroup C gp85 gene, a subgroup E gp37 gene, and a subgroup J 3'UTR and 3'LTR were isolated from two different lines of layer flocks, Black-bone silky fowl (BSF) and commercial layer chicken, that suffered from myeloid leukosis. Although tumours were not observed in rALV-infected individual chickens, other non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions were evident. The two rALVs were cultured on DF-1 cells and identified by PCR, immunofluorescence assay and gene sequencing. The gp85 nucleotide sequence in the two isolates displayed a high identity (>95 %) with that of the gp85 gene in ALV-C, but the identity was less than 90 % with ALV-A/B/D/E and only 51 % with ALV-J. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences confirmed that the two isolates were recombinant between ALV-C, ALV-E and ALV-J. Subgroup C ALV is rarely found in field cases. This report is the first to provide evidence that ALV-C has recombined with ALV-E and ALV-J in two different chicken lines. The source and characteristics of the two rALVs and ALV-C need to be further investigated.

Isolation and identification of antioxidative peptides from pilot‐scale black‐bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) muscle oligopeptides

A pilot-scale production was developed to produce oligopeptide powder from black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) muscle (BSFP) by two-step enzymatic hydrolysis and multistage separation. The resultant BSFP was assessed for antioxidant activities against four free radicals (hydroxyl, 1,1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and peroxyl) and against the peroxidation of linoleic acid in a lipid peroxidation model system. After separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), five major fractions of BSFP were tested for DPPH radical scavenging activity and subjected to mass spectrometry to identify the active peptides. BSFP showed potential antioxidant activity in four assay systems. Three RP-HPLC fractions produced higher antioxidant effect than BSFP, with Fraction 4 showing the strongest activity. A total of 18 peptides were identified, and two peptides - Leu-Trp-Arg and Asn-Met - had strong scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 2.28 ± 0.05 and 4.65 ± 0.09 mg mL(-1) , respectively. Asn-Met is a novel antioxidative peptide that has not been previously reported. The results showed that the pilot-scale production of BSFP was a practical way to produce peptides with high value and potential antioxidant activity. BSFP and its antioxidative peptides can be a source of natural antioxidant and used as a food additive.

Purification and identification of novel antioxidative peptide released from Black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson)

Papain-treated Black-bone silky fowl (BSF) muscle hydrolysate was subjected to 6 kDa cutoff membrane ultrafiltration, and the resulting BSF peptides (<6 kDa) were purified by two-step reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular weight (MW) distribution and amino acid composition were investigated for characterization of the BSF peptides. The results showed that the major amino acids of BSF peptides were Glu, Tyr, Lys, Asp, Leu, Ala, Thr and Pro, and the MW was from 281 to 7,982 Da. BSF peptides exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity. At 10 mg/mL, they displayed more powerful \( {\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - } \), DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activity and reducing power than carnosine. The peptide fraction 8 with more hydrophilicity revealed stronger \( {\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - } \) and ABTS·+ scavenging activity and reducing power than BSF peptides and carnosine. Besides, a peptide, separated from fraction 8 and showed the strongest antioxidant capacity, was purified and identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS to be Glu-Pro-Asp-Arg-Tyr (678 Da).

Effects of vitamin D3 on expression of defensins, Toll-like receptors, and vitamin D receptor in liver, kidney, and spleen of Silky Fowl

The expression of avian &amp;beta;-defensins (AvBDs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) following in vivo vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;injection was studied. Healthy 90-day Silky Fowls were abdominally injected with vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; or untreated. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that injection of vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) up-regulated the expression of TLRs (TLR2, TLR5), VDR, AvBDs (AVBD-6, GAL-1), and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) in the tissues (liver, spleen, and kidney) at various times 8&amp;ndash;24 h post injection. These results suggest that expression of VDR, AvBDs, and TLRs seems to be induced by vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3 &lt;/sub&gt;and it was concluded that the tissues expressing TLRs and VDR respond to vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and in turn upregulate these tissues cellular functions to synthesize AvBDs. Intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; likely resulted in enhancing the expression of AvBDs, TLRs, and VDR, which providedinsight into factors important for the control of the innateimmune response in the chickens.

Deposition rule of yolk cholesterol in two different breeds of laying hens

The objective of this study was to investigate the deposition rule of yolk cholesterol in Lushi Green-shelled and Silky Fowl layers. A total of 90 layers of each breed were selected at an age of 15 to 51 weeks. Productive performance was recorded on a weekly basis, whereas yolk cholesterol was determined at 4-week intervals from 21 to 51 weeks of age. The average yolk cholesterol content of Silky Fowl layers during the laying period was higher than that of Lushi Green-shelled layers (58.16 and 49.67%, P > 0.05). Yolk cholesterol content decreased at 21 to 31 weeks of the laying period, whereas a non-significant increasing trend was observed during 31 to 51 weeks of laying period. In conclusion, yolk cholesterol content is not only dependent on the age of hen but also the breed of layers.

The Influence of Several Factors on the Aggregate Ratio of Melanin in Taihe Silky Fowl

The Influence of Several Factors on the Aggregate Ratio of Melanin in Taihe Silky Fowl

Study of the Physico-chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Extracted Melanins

Ultraviolet (UV) light tends to cause skin damage; melanin can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from UV to protect skin from damage caused by free radicals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of extracted melanins. Melanins were extracted from black tea (BT-melanin), black soybean (BS-melanin) and black-bone silky fowl (SF-melanin); they were then compared with synthetic melanin (SY-melanin). Three kinds of extracted melanins have absorbance ability in broad-spectrum (190-450 nm) wavelength. The experiment’s results indicated that the solubility in 25? water, organic solvents, 1 M NH4OH, and 1 M HCl of the three extracted melanins was similar to the solubility of synthetic melanin. The melanins also showed good stability in various light sources. The extracted melanins could chelate with Fe2+ and Cu2+. An in vitro study showed that the extracted melanin enhanced the survivability of fibroblast cells with 25 ?g mL-1 concentration after UV irradiation (254 nm, 0.09 mW cm2 -1) (p<0.05). All of the extracted melanins increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activity when exposed to UV light (p<0.001). They inhibited the peroxidation of lipid (TBARS) and scavenged superoxide anion (p<0.001) induced by UV irradiation. According to the above results, the melanins extracted from black tea, black soybean, and black-bone silky fowl are similar in their physico-chemical properties, and they have the capacity for anti-oxidation and photoprotection from UV irradiation.

Antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of oligopeptides derived from black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) muscle

Black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) muscle was hydrolyzed with Alcalase 2.4L and papain, and treated by multistage separation. The black-bone silky fowl muscle peptides (BSFP) with low molecular weight obtained was tested for antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. BSFP was then separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Five major fractions were collected and their 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ACE inhibitory activities were assayed. Fractions 3–5 displaying higher activities were subjected to mass spectrometry to identify the active peptides. A total of 29 peptide sequences were identified, and 11 peptides were synthesized for further ABTS radical scavenging and ACE inhibitory activity analysis. Finally, one potent antioxidative peptide (Leu-Trp-Arg, 3.25±0.11mmol Trolox equivalents/g sample) and two novel potent ACE inhibitory peptides (Leu-Glu-Arg, IC50=45.62±2.40μM; Gly-Ala-Gly-Pro, IC50=253.07±6.66μM) were found. Their activities were approximately 6.9, 14.1 and 2.8 times higher than that of BSFP, respectively.

Characterization of MC1R in silky fowl, a special black-bone rooster in China

The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) plays an important role in determining plumage color, and the variants of MC1R have been found to be associated with the color of plumage and skin in both domestic and wild birds. However, the molecular and genetic mechanism for plumage color variation has not been reported in silky fowl, which is a unique subspecies in China with high nutritive value. We sequenced and analyzed the encoding region of MC1R from silky fowl. The predicted coding region of MC1R is 945 bp, which is the same size as the one inGallus gallus. Six nucleotide polymorphisms that lead to four protein mutations were detected, which were M71T, E92K, S124G and H215P, respectively. Among the four mutations, the S124G mutation is found to be unique to silky fowl. A phylogenetic tree analysis of MC1R from silky fowl and other species of chicken shows a close relationship between silky fowl andGallus gallus. Furthermore, the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1-MC1R was constructed, and transfected into goat fibroblasts by means of electroporation. The success of MC1R gene expression in transfected goat fibroblasts makes it possible to develop transgenic animals for further studies.