Silicate Glass Substrates Research Articles

Synthesis and application of WO3/PVA Nano composite for Antibacterial and Thermal Insulation

Abstract A nanoparticle of tungsten trioxide (WO3) offers significant potential in enhancing both energy efficiency and human health, due to its natural antibacterial characteristics. The primary objective of this project revolves around the synthesis of Nano Tungsten trioxide particles via the chemical precipitation method. Developed WO3 NPs Characterized by using X-ray diffraction for; crystal structure, compound composition, and average crystalline size. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) employed to analyze the shape and dimensions of the WO3 NPs. Explored the potential thermal insulation and antibacterial attributes by coating 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% concentration of synthesized WO3 NPs in polyvinyl alcohol onto a sodium silicate glass substrate (4x4 inches; 2 mm thickness) by using 50µm doctor blade. WO3/PVA solution showed the antibacterial properties measure by agar disc diffusion method on gram positive and negative bacterial culture S. coli and E. bacterial culture and the obtained results after incubation were showing very minor zone of incubation as compare to previous studies. Thermal insulation of coated glass samples were increased with % of WO3 NPs concentration in PVA and validate by significant coefficient of determination (R2=0.98).

Effect of high concentration of ZnO on the structural and optical properties of silicate glass system

An investigation was conducted to explore the optimum composition to fabricate a zinc silicate glass substrate for optoelectronic device applications. The composition was determined based on the empirical formula (ZnO)x-(SiO2)1-x, where x = 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70 wt%, which was prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. The focus is on characterizing the physical and structural aspects as well as the optical properties of the glass substrate. The physical properties of zinc silicate samples were assessed using the densitometer and their physical appearance. In addition, the materials' amorphous and glassy characteristics were verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Finally, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectrometer were used to study the optical properties of samples. The density of the samples was observed to increase from 2805 to 3878 kg/m3 as the percentage of ZnO in the glass composition increased. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the absence of sharp peaks in the samples containing up to 0.60 wt% of ZnO, suggesting the presence of an amorphous phase. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that ZnO-SiO2 glass substrate samples favor direct forbidden transitions, with an increase in ZnO leading to higher absorption and consequently a lower band gap. The photoluminescence spectrum showed blue light emissions at 422 nm, associating with the variation of band gaps in the ZnO phase. Overall, from the interesting results achieved, this zinc silicate-based composite material at 0.60 wt% ZnO can be a potent candidate in optoelectronic applications, among other concentrations used in this study.

Laser-Induced Transformations in Thermally Evaporated Thin TlInSe2 Films Studied by Raman Spectroscopy

TlInSe2 films with thickness from 10 to 200 nm were thermally evaporated on silicon and silicate glass substrates. Micro-Raman spectra measured at a moderate excitation (532 nm, 4 kW/cm2) confirm the amorphous character of the films. Narrow features revealed in the spectra at an excitation power density of 40 kW/cm2 show the evidence for the formation of TlInSe2 , TlSe, and In2Se3 crystallites in the laser spot. For thin (10–30 nm) films, the rod-shaped TlInSe2 crystallites are shown to be oriented within the film plane. The crystallite formation is governed by the thermal effect of the tightly focused laser beam.

The Silver Ion and Nanocrystalline Pattern in the Glass Substrate, the Electric Field-Induced Thermal Transfer and Ink Absorption Layer Structure and Printing Performance

People’s research on nanocrystals is getting more in-depth with the development of science and technology, and the patterned arrangement of nanocrystals can greatly improve the performance of our equipment in related fields, allowing people to control the patterning of nanocrystals. Research on thermal transfer is also increasing. Glass materials doped with patterned metal nanocrystals have great application potential, and the search for a simple and efficient patterned preparation method has attracted great attention of many researchers. Using the directional induced migration effect of the high temperature and high voltage DC electric field, combined with the subsequent heat treatment process, the distribution of silver nanocrystals corresponding to the surface silver film pattern can be formed in the silicate glass substrate, to realize the electric field-induced thermal transfer of the nanocrystal pattern print. This article aims to study the patterned thermal transfer of silver ions and nanocrystals on the glass substrate by applying an electric field to induce and analyze the ink absorption layer structure and printing performance. On this basis, an electron beam-induced thermal transfer method and Maxwell’s equation are proposed to investigate and calculate the structure of the ink absorption layer. The experimental structure shows that using this method increases the success rate of the preparation of silver ions and nanocrystal patterns on the glass substrate by 30%, which improves the ink absorption layer and printing performance to different degrees.

Fine hole drilling of alkali-containing silicate glass substrate using preferential penetration of etchants around silver precipitates

Solid-state ion exchange is a metal doping method used for alkali-containing glass materials. When an additional voltage is applied to the silver-doped glass surface, it yields nanometer-sized dendritic precipitates in the doped area. The silver precipitation is accompanied by crack formation, which causes the formation of a network of micro-cracks in the glass substrate. These crack networks can be a penetration path for the etchants in removal processes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of etching conditions on the dissolution characteristics of silver-precipitated and un-precipitated areas. Furthermore, fine hole drilling of glass with a higher aspect ratio was performed. When hydrofluoric (HF) acid was used as an etchant, the etching rate of these areas increased with an increase in the etchant temperature and concentration. However, there was no significant change in the etching rate ratio (etching rate of silver-precipitated area per that of un-precipitated area). Similarly, the effect of the etchant concentration on the etching rate ratio was small in the case of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. However, the etching rate ratio in the KOH solution was more than three times higher than that of the HF solution. This demonstrates that the KOH solution was suitable for the preferential removal of the silver-precipitated area. Additionally, fine hole drilling of the glass substrate was performed using patterned silver plating film as a silver ion source. Consequently, through-glass hole array was successfully formed.

Growth of calcium carbonate crystal on various substrates from a saturated calcium carbonate solution utilizing difference in solubility

Crystalline calcium carbonate was deposited on various substrates (substrate temperature of 80 °C) from a saturated calcium hydrogen carbonate solution (solution temperature of 10 °C). A single aragonite phase deposited on the Al substrate, whereas a mixed phase of aragonite and calcite grew on the soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, silica glass, and polycarbonate substrates. With increasing deposition time, the crystal size and the proportion of calcite on the soda lime silicate glass substrate increased. Furthermore, calcite crystals were preferentially deposited on an Al substrate with a thin film of Au as a buffer layer (Au/Al substrate).

Transparent alumino-boro-phosphate glass coating on a thermally tempered soda-lime silicate glass substrate

Transparent alumino-boro-phosphate glass coating on a thermally tempered soda-lime silicate glass substrate

Ternary CdS1–xSexnanocrystals formed in Cd‐doped As–Se–S films due to photoenhanced diffusion during micro‐Raman measurement

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectra of amorphous As–Se–S:Cd films prepared by thermal evaporation on silicon and silicate glass substrates measured at different laser power densities show the formation of CdS1–xSexnanocrystals in the As–Se–S:Cd film under laser beam illumination due to a photoinduced material transfer and photoenhanced diffusion in the laser spot area. The material transfer and the photoenhanced diffusion are caused by a non‐thermal interaction of light with the amorphous As–Se–S:Cd films. The chemical composition of the CdS1–xSexnanocrystals can be determined from the difference of the CdSe‐like and CdS‐like LO phonon wavenumbers in the Raman spectra. The photoluminescence peak energies are in agreement with the CdS1–xSexcomposition, with the average nanocrystal size being somewhat above the exciton Bohr radius.

Dy3+ and Tb3+ co-doped boro-phosphate sol–gel vitreous thin films

A new glass with the molar composition 20B2O3-60P2O5-10ZnO-5Dy2O3-5Tb2O3 was obtained by sol–gel method and deposited on silicate glass substrates by spin-coating, at different rotation speeds and number of layers. XRD proved the vitreous state of the thin films. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the borate, meta-phosphate and mixed boro-phosphate networks in the samples. SEM, combined with AFM, demonstrated the advantages of higher deposition speeds on the higher uniformity and lower roughness of the thin films. The proposed composition of the films was proved by EDS investigations, which identified all elements in the desired proportions. Absorption bands and luminescence emissions specific to Dy3+ and Tb3+ ions are identified. These multi-component films can be used for magneto-optical devices, laser mirrors and luminescent applications.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Indium Tin Mixed Oxides on the Surface of Silicate Glass

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films grown on silicate glass substrates have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Valence band and core level XPS spectra have been used for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the films before and after Ar+ ion etching to a depth of ~50 nm. It has been found that the densest (best quality) oxide layer was produced on the surface of sample M3, prepared at a lower pressure in comparison with the other samples and a higher discharge voltage in the magnetron plasma. Sample M2 and, to a lesser extent, sample M1 have been shown to contain constituent elements of the silicate glass substrate (Si, Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, O, and C), which was due to the loose structure (poor quality) of the indium tin oxide coating on the substrate. The surface layer of the as-prepared samples contained mostly In3+ and Sn2+ ions bonded not only to oxygens of the In2O3 and SnO oxides but also to the oxygens of impurity hydroxyl and carbonate groups. Ar+ ion etching of the sample surface led to the removal of the impurities. As a result, there were mostly In3+ and Sn2+ ions bonded to oxygen in In2O3 and SnO.

Photocatalytic Activity Studies of La-Doped TiO2 Thin Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering

TiO2 is environment-friendly photocatalytic material that can be used to remove organic pollutants. The previous research showed that doping rare earth elements into TiO2 (REE-TiO2) can enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. In this paper, we have prepared La-doped TiO2 (La-TiO2) films on soda–lime–silicate glass substrates by magnetron sputtering. The film’s photocatalytic effect was demonstrated by the degradation rate of rhodamine B solution, and we operated it with a self-made photocatalytic test chamber. The XRD result shows that the La-TiO2 film is amorphous. When the La target sputtering power was set at 100 W, the Ti target sputtering power was 120 W, the oxygen flow rate was 20 sccm and the deposition time was kept for 4 h, the degradation rate of rhodamine B solution reached 84.49% within 90 min illumination, and 98.59% after 120 min illumination. In addition, the visible light transmittance of La-TiO2 film has reached more than 80%. The film’s UV–visible absorption spectrum indicates that doping lanthanum element has reduced the optical band gap of amorphous TiO2. And the light absorption peak of amorphous La-TiO2 is extended to the visible region with respect to pure TiO2 films, which is beneficial to the La-doped TiO2 film’s photocatalytic efficiency.

Determining the local pressure during aerosol deposition using glass memory

AbstractAerosol deposition (AD) is a dynamic loading process that can be envisioned as a shock wave loading, necessitating the consideration of the elastic/plastic response of solid materials. Due to the dynamic nature of this process, however, experimental determination of the local pressures during the deposition process is difficult. This work addresses this by investigating the compression and subsequent structure modification of a silicate glass after room‐temperature AD on a silicate glass substrate with Raman spectroscopy. Clear structural changes in the short‐ and middle‐range order of the silicate glass were observed, both as intertetrahedral angle distribution and as ring statistic. Therefore, the AD induced permanent densification of the glass, equivalent, in a hydrostatic approximation, to a minimal pressure of 10.5 ± 1.5 GPa during the film deposition process. Furthermore, the analysis of the Nd3+ photoluminescence of the 4F3/2 − 4I9/2 transition provided complementary information on the glass network modifications occurring during film formation. More than a pure hydrostatic densification, the AD seems to present a very intense shear deformation. This work opens up the perspective of evaluating the mechanical response of film‐substrate and of the particles themselves, and provides critical information on the mechanisms responsible for the AD film formation.

Cover Image, Volume 11, Issue 1

Cover Photograph: (Top Left) The polarization optical microscope images show the formation of crystalline microarchitectures in Na2Mn0.9Fe0.1P2O7 glass formed by laser irradiation. Formed crystal is one of the promising cathode active materials for sodium‐ion batteries. There are two structural polymorphs (beta‐ and layered‐ ) and can selectively form either of them according to the power of laser irradiation. Honma et al. DOI: 10.1111/ijag.14102. (Bottom Right) The apparent indentation fracture toughness of the silver and enamel layers deposited onto a glass substrate have been evaluated via SEM and high resolution surface topography images of the hardness imprints. The imprints are generated by nano‐indentation technique using a cube‐corner indenter. The determination of the fracture toughness by indentation consists in measuring the lengths of the cracks at the corners of the hardness impression. The absence of radial‐median cracks at the indents performed onto sintered silver provides clear evidence of the higher fracture toughness compared to enamel and glass, but prohibits a quantitative comparison. The soda‐lime silicate glass substrate has a homogeneous microstructure ensuring high repeatability onto the radial‐median cracks lengths resulting from the indentation. The average fracture toughness of the enamel layer is relatively complex to assess due to the multiphase microstructure. Walch and Roos DOI: 10.1111/ijag.13875. image

Realization of phosphor-in-glass thin film on soda-lime silicate glass with low sintering temperature for high color rendering white LEDs.

Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor-in-glass (PiG) thin film on soda-lime silicate glass substrate has been applied using screen-printing method for generation of white LED light in modern day lighting. In this work, a glass composition in a ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3 system has been optimized to have low softening temperature, as well as matching the refractive index with that of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor. The sintering of the PiG layers was performed at a relatively low temperature of 560°C to avoid the chemical degradation of the phosphors. We employed a combination of powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy to study the detailed structure and different spectral properties of PiG samples. This Y3Al5O12:Ce3+-based PiG exhibits an external quantum efficiency of ∼40%, even with its thickness of only 5μm. Under the excitation of the blue laser diode source, the synthesized PiG thin film has exhibited a bright white light with high color rendering index (CRI=92 and CCT=3877 K). The synthesized PiG sample was used to design a high-power white-light-emitting diode module by combining it with a 3W blue LED on-board chip. This module is expected to be a promising candidate for next-generation illumination at a relatively lower cost, with long-term reliability.

Surface relief hologram formed by selective SiO2 deposition on soda-lime silicate glass

We propose the fabrication of surface relief holograms via selective SiO2 deposition on soda-lime silicate glass substrates. Initially, the original hologram was recorded on an azobenzene photosensitive polymer film coated on the soda-lime silicate glass by irradiation with a conventional continuous wave Ar+ laser with a wavelength of 514.5 nm. The hologram was transferred to the soda-lime silicate glass surface via a corona discharge treatment as an index modulation hologram, which was created by partial substitution of protons for sodium ions during the corona discharge treatment in air. After the corona discharge treatment, the polymer film was removed from the substrate. The diffraction efficiency of the index hologram on the soda-lime silicate glass was estimated to be 5.8 × 10−2% at a wavelength of 532 nm. Finally, the glass substrate was subjected to corona discharge treatment in air with vaporized cyclic siloxane. A surface relief hologram with the diffraction efficiency of 2.3% was successfully fabricated on the soda-lime silicate glass.

Optical bonding of tellurite glass film on silicate glass

AbstractTellurite glass thin film was successfully bonded on a silicate glass substrate by the direct‐bonding (DB) method. Glass film (thickness 1‐3 μm) was fabricated by the glassblowing technique and the DB process was performed at room temperature at relative humidity (RH) of 62% or 15%. The surface adhesive strengths of the glass films bonded at 15% and 62% RH were measured as 250 and 96 mJ/m2, respectively, by the Obreimoff‐Metsik method. The hydroxyl (–OH) functional groups on the interface between the film and silicate glass were analyzed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The major bonding forces between the tellurite thin film and silicate glass were hydrogen bonds at 62% RH and bonds between Te on the tellurite glass and O on the silicate glass were concerned at 15% RH. These forces, contributed by Si–OH, were important for bond formation at 62%. The large amounts of water and OH groups on the silicate glass, determined by thermogravimetric analysis, indicated a weaker bonding process at 62% RH. This work will contribute toward reliable, high‐integrity components for integrated optical circuits, which are increasingly needed for high‐throughput data transfer.

One-step fabrication of Cu nanoparticles on silicate glass substrates for surface plasmonic sensors

Cu nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention as a substitute for noble metals, such as Au and Pt, due to their unique surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties, natural abundance, and low fabrication cost. We succeeded in one-step preparation of Cu NPs with a uniform size on glass surface by heating Cu2+ ions-containing Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glass in hydrogen atmosphere. The formation of Cu NPs was confirmed using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, small-angle X-ray scattering, and visible and infrared absorption spectroscopies. Heat treatment in a hydrogen environment facilitated the diffusion of hydrogen molecules into the glass to form Cu atoms and AlOH bonds. The Cu atoms migrated through gaps formed by AlOH toward the surface, where they combined to form Cu NPs. The optical spectra of showed sharp and intense SPR bands at a peak wavelength of 580 nm, indicating the homogeneous distribution of uniformly sized Cu NPs on the glass surface without aggregation. The obtained samples exhibited good sensing performance due to the strong SPR properties. Further advantage of our method was that Cu nanoparticles can be repeatedly formed by heating under H2 gas after removing the previously formed particles.

Aluminum‐enhanced alkali diffusion from float glass to PVD‐sputtered silica thin films

AbstractInterdiffusion processes between aluminum enriched PVD‐sputtered silica thin films and industrial float soda‐lime silicate glass substrates are quantitatively studied using SIMS analysis. Heat treatments are performed at temperatures close or above the glass transition temperature of the float glass. Aluminum doping of the film is shown to strongly increase the migration of alkali from the glass substrate to the silica thin film. In particular the final alkali content in the film exhibits a linear scaling with the aluminum concentration. An interdiffusion process is evidenced between bulk alkali ions and protons originating from a significant water content in the as‐deposited silica film. Experimental measurements of sodium concentration are shown to be consistent with a simple thermodynamic model based on the equilibration of the activity of sodium between the film and the glass substrate.

Fabrication of Ag@AgCl/ZnO submicron wire film catalyst on glass substrate with excellent visible light photocatalytic activity and reusability

Conventional ZnO powder catalysts possess excellent stability and photocatalytic activity, but have great difficulties for separation and regeneration after the reaction and require ultraviolet irradiation (less than 5% of solar energy), thus restricting practical applications. In this paper, unique short submicron wire-like ZnO films were successfully prepared on silicate glass substrates by calcination of spin-coated zinc acetate solution in the presence of ethanolamine (EA). A typical synthesis yields ZnO submicron wires with ca. 50–120 nm in diameter, 15–30 μm in length and 0.5–1.5 μm in height. Ag@AgCl particles were deposited on short ZnO submicron wire films by a simple impregnating-precipitation-photoreduction method. The as-prepared Ag@AgCl/ZnO film exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation and excellent self-cleaning capability under solar light. This film photocatalysts were easy to separate from the reaction, and the tests showed that the films were reusable for four times without significantly loosing efficiency. Additionally, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) was applied to investigate the degraded chemical species resulted from the photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes under Ag@AgCl/ZnO. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the photoelectrochemical measurements and radical trapping experiments.

Annealing effects on the film stress and adhesion of tungsten-titanium barrier layers

Tungsten-titanium (WTi) alloys are important barrier materials in microelectronic devices. Thus the adhesion of WTi to silicate glass substrates influences the reliability of these devices. One factor that affects the adhesion of barrier layers are thermal treatments during and after fabrication. To address the impact of annealing, WTi films deposited on silicate glass substrates were subjected to different annealing treatments. The stress development in the WTi film has been monitored with wafer curvature and X-ray diffraction. Quantitative measurements of the adhesion energies were performed using scratch testing to induce interface delamination. Imaging with atomic force microscopy provided the dimensions of the buckles to quantify adhesion energies. Focused ion beam cross-sections were used to verify the failing interfaces and to inspect any deformation in the film and the substrate caused by scratch testing. It was found that as the annealing duration increased, the residual compressive stresses in the film and the adhesion energy increased.