Silage Feeding Research Articles

黒毛和種去勢牛へのイアコーンサイレージ給与が増体性および産肉性に及ぼす影響

イアコーンサイレージ（ECS）給与が，肥育牛の増体性および産肉性に及ぼす影響を検討した．黒毛和種去勢牛を，濃厚飼料の可消化養分総量（TDN）として40％相当をECSで代替した飼料を給与した区（ECS区）および市販濃厚飼料給与区（対照区）に各6頭ずつ配置し，10～27ヵ月齢まで肥育して増体性と産肉性を調査した．その結果，ECS区の体重および増体量（865kg, 0.93kg/日）は，対照区（790kg, 0.83kg/日）を上回り，TDN要求量はECS区が対照区よりも少なかった（P<0.05）．枝肉重量やバラの厚さはECS区で対照区よりも良好であったが（P<0.05），肉質や肉の理化学的分析値に差は認められなかった．このように，肥育牛に対するECSの給与は，増体性および産肉性において慣行法と遜色ない結果が得られたことから，国産飼料として活用可能であると結論づけられた．

A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRESH RYEGRASS AND RYEGRASS SILAGE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR SHEEP

The objective of this study was to compare between fresh ryegrass and ryegrass silage in the ability of sheep to consume the material, retained its nitrogen in their body with a special reference of some inorganic elements. A digestibility and nitrogen and minerals balance trials were conducted to compare between fresh ryegrass and ryegrass silage. Twelve mature cross breed rams aged 4 years old and weighted around 42 kg in average were assigned randomly into two experimental groups, 6 animals each and fed the fresh ryegrass (grass group) and its ryegrass silage (silage group) as a sole source of feedstuffs in the rations. Results indicated that dry matter (DM) intake and digestion were reduced by feeding silage (P 0.05). Lead intake and retention was higher in fresh grass group than silage group (P 0.05) higher in grass group than silage group. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between grass group and silage group for sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, cupper. Whereas, values of potassium, calcium and zinc (intake and retention) were (P<0.05) higher in grass group than silage group. It could be concluded that fresh ryegrass was the better when compared with ryegrass silage but preserving ryegrass as silage to be used in the rations of ruminant is favorite during fodder scarcity season.

이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 급여가 한우 경산우의 번식 성적에 미치는 영향

이탈리안 라이그라스 사일리지 급여가 한우 경산우의 번식 성적에 미치는 영향

Ketahanan Pakan melalui Silase untuk Ternak Domba di Kecamatan Takokak, Kabupaten Cianjur

The society at Takokak Sub-District, Cianjur have the fresh green feed issued which are limited in dry season. This society services with the aim for giving socialization and skill about silage feed technology for a group of sheep cattlemen have been done. This program was conducted with Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method which involves the society in planning and implementating the program. There are six program, as followed; 1) Choosing the member; 2) Socialization the program; 3) Training; 4) Making the silage; 5) Applying silage feed; and 6) Monitoring and evaluating. The society is very enthusiastic in implementating the program. There are six results gained from the implementation of this program, such as; 1) The society involvement was plenty enough; 2) Formed of piloting group who become the cadre and manager of “silage house”; 3) The participants knowledge increased after having socialization and training of making silage.; 4) The society could make a good standard silage which is convinient for the cattle; 5) The society could get a solution through the difficulty of gained the green feed in dry season; and 6) The society begins developing silage technology by their self. This program could be conducted well as which has been planned, and generally it could be said that the program is successful as the purposes of the program.

Effect of different levels of corn steep liquor addition on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of fresh rice straw silage.

The object of this study was to determine the proper mixing ratio of fresh rice straw to corn steep liquor (CSL) to obtain a high protein content silage feed. The following experimental silages were generated: the control (C1), composed of fresh rice straw without CSL additive, mixed with CSL in the ratios of 4:1 (C4), 3:1 (C3) and 2:1 (C2). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant was applied at the rate of 50 mL/kg (fresh basis) of forage to achieve a final application rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh matter (FM). Duplicate silos for each treatment were opened after 0, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 d for microbiological and chemical analysis. The results showed that the addition of CSL significantly increased crude protein (CP) contents, and decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of treatments after 60 d of ensiling (P < 0.05). The lactic acid contents in C4 and C3 were significantly higher than that in C1 (P < 0.05). In summary, mixing fresh rice straw with CSL at addition levels of 4:1 (C4) and 3:1 (C3) can improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of fresh rice straw silage. However, a large proportion of CSL (C3) had a negative impact on the aerobic stability of fresh rice straw.

LEVELS AND CONGENER PROFILES OF DIOXINS, FURANS AND DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS IN CERTAIN EGYPTIAN COW’S MILK FARMS

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like-PCBs (dl-PCBs) were determined in thirty five pooled raw cow milk and fifty nine animal feedstuffs samples including silage, hay, cereals and other farinaceous feed, premixes and mixed feeds were consequently collected from different regions of Egypt farms [Qaliubiya, Banha, Sharkia, Monoufia, Damietta, Kafr El-Sheikh, Gharbiya, Ismailia, Port Said, Noubaria (Beheira), Fayoum and Beni Suef]. The method performance used was assessed through successfully participation in specific interlaboratory studies (food and feed) organized by European Union Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed. The obtained results showed that PCDD/Fs concentrations in cow milk ranged between 1.19 and 12.48 pg WHO TEQ g-1 fat weight (FW) and in animal feed ranged between 0.08 and 1.43 pg WHO TEQ g-1 dry matter (DM), however dl-PCBs concentrations in cow milk ranged between 0.14 and 3.7 pg WHO TEQ g-1 (FW) and animal feed ranged between 0.01 and 0.38 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 (DM). The mean concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs was 0.32 pg TEQ g-1 dry matter (DM) for animal feed, this level proved to be below the maximum (EU) limits (0.75 pg WHO TEQ g-1 DM). While the level of 3.9 pg TEQ g-1 (FW) for cow milk proved to be higher than the acceptable European (EU) standards limits for milk (3 pg WHO TEQ g-1 FW). However the mean concentration of dl-PCBs was 0.05 pg TEQ g-1 (DM) for animal feed which was below the maximum (EU) limits for feed (0.5 pg WHO TEQ g-1 DM). The obtained dl-PCBs level of 0.98 pg TEQ g-1 (FW) for cow milk was below the acceptable EU standards limits for milk (3 pg WHO TEQ g-1 FW). These finding showed that animal feed have often been reported as the major source to the PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs intake into the cow milk chain, which characterized in parallel by the total TEQ (dioxin and dl-PCBs). Data revealed that the sum of furan (TEQ) was the predominant group with contribution by 49.96 and 42.51%; followed by the sum of dioxin (TEQ) with contribution by 29.66 and 44.46%; followed by the sum of non-ortho PCBs (TEQ) with contribution by 18.1 and 11.48% and then the sum of mono-ortho PCBs (TEQ) with contribution by 2.27 and 1.54% in cow milk and animal feed, respectively. Finally, the present results indicated that the general exposure of the population in Egypt to the main highest persistent organic pollutants was carried through cow milk and animal feedstuffs intake.

An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of equine peripheral dental caries in the United Kingdom and possible risk factors for its development.

Equine peripheral caries (PC) is an increasingly recognised disorder that causes premature wear of teeth and dental fractures and thus has major welfare implications. Little information is available on its prevalence or severity in UK horses and there are no proven associations with any risk factors. To document the prevalence of PC over a wide area of the UK, assess its intraoral distribution and severity in affected horses and examine for potential risk factors for its development. Cross sectional study. Experienced personnel were recruited for a UK wide dental survey on their patients during dental examinations. Established guidelines were used for grading PC. Frequency of PC occurrence was compared between teeth and dental arcades using McNemar's tests. Potential risk factors for PC were screened using univariable logistic regression prior to building a multivariable model. A total of 706 horses were examined by 25 participants, showing a 51.7% prevalence of PC (365/706). Some regional differences in prevalence were found. The PC primarily affected the cheek teeth with the 12 caudal being significantly more commonly affected than the 12 rostral cheek teeth. Most of the hypothesised risk factors including age, breed, sex, time at pasture and feeding of silage (haylage) were unproven. A limited association with moderate levels of concentrate feeding was observed. The presence of concurrent dental abnormalities were significantly associated with the likelihood of having PC. Not all regions in UK were included and there may be inconsistencies between examiners. Peripheral caries is common in British horses, primarily affecting the caudal cheek teeth. There was limited evidence of an association between feeding and PC. The association between PC and concurrent dental disorders indicates that these should be addressed in affected horses.

The effects of late gestation maternal nutrient restriction with or without protein supplementation on endocrine regulation of newborn and postnatal beef calves

A study was conducted to evaluate late gestation maternal nutrient restriction (NR) with or without protein supplementation on endocrine regulation in newborn beef calves. This study used multiparous cows (4 and 5 years of age, n = 57) randomly assigned to one of three treatments for the last 100 days of gestation. The control (Con; n = 19) cows were fed to increase body condition score, whereas the NR (n = 19) and NR with protein supplement (NRS, n = 19) cows were fed to lose 1.2 ± 0.2 body condition score units during the last 100 days of gestation. Control cows were allowed ad libitum access to tall fescue/crabgrass paddock and, when grazing became insufficient, ad libitum hay was provided along with 1.3 kg of corn gluten feed 5 days/wk. Tall fescue paddocks were strip grazed to limit forage availability for NR and NRS. The NRS-treated dams were individually penned and fed 0.45 kg of soybean meal 3 days/wk. As forage became limited, the nutrient-restricted paddocks received limited fescue hay. After parturition cow/calf pairs were moved to a common pasture and received ad libitum silage and high-concentrate feed. Maternal NR regardless of supplementation reduced cow plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during late gestation (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0051, respectively). Calves from NR dams weighed less at birth than Con calves (P = 0.04), whereas NRS calves were intermediate (33.4 ± 1.2, 35.0 ± 1.3, and 37.2 ± 1.3 kg NR, NRS, and Con, respectively). Plasma glucose concentrations of unsuckled calves at birth were reduced (P = 0.037) in NR and NRS calves compared with Con (67.7 ± 6.5 and 60.1 ± 6.9 vs. 83.7 ± 6.1 mg/dL, respectively). At birth, Con and NRS calves had increased (P = 0.0037) plasma leptin concentrations compared with NR calves, whereas calf plasma cortisol concentrations were greater for the nutrient-restricted groups than the Con group (treatment × day P = 0.0135). Plasma IgG concentrations from calves at 5 days of age were similar (P = 0.701) between maternal late gestation treatments. This research reports that late gestation NR reduces postnatal calf birth weight, plasma glucose and leads to reduced plasma leptin. Maternal protein supplementation appears to partially alleviate the effects of late gestation NR on reducing plasma leptin, birth weight, and growth rate from Day 30 of age to weaning.

Fusarium and Aspergillus mycotoxins contaminating wheat silage for dairy cattle feeding in Uruguay.

Wheat is one of the most important cultivated cereals in Uruguay for human consumption; however, when harvest yields are low, wheat is usually used in ensiling for animal feeding. Ensiling is a forage preservation method that allows for storage during extended periods of time while maintaining nutritional values comparable to fresh pastures. Silage is vulnerable to contamination by spoilage molds and mycotoxins because ensilage materials are excellent substrates for fungal growth. The aim of the study was to identify the mycobiota composition and occurrence of aflatoxins and DON from wheat silage. A total of 220 samples of wheat were collected from four farms in the southwest region of Uruguay were silage practices are developed. The main fungi isolated were Fusarium (43%) and Aspergillus (36%), with Fusarium graminearum sensu lato and Aspergillus section Flavi being the most prevalent species. Aflatoxin concentrations in silo bags ranged from 6.1 to 23.3 μg/kg, whereas DON levels ranged between 3000 μg/kg and 12,400 μg/kg. When evaluating aflatoxigenic capacity, 27.5% of Aspergillus section Flavi strains produced AFB1, 5% AFB2, 10% AFG1 and 17.5% AFG2. All isolates of F. graminearum sensu lato produced DON and 15-AcDON. The results from this study contribute to the knowledge of mycobiota and mycotoxins present in wheat silage.

Produção de Espécies Forrageiras Produtoras de Grãos e Composição Química de Silagens

This study was conducted with the object of evaluate forage species that produce grains and chemical composition of their silages under the conditions of the Brazilian Northeast. They were evaluated four forages: maize, millet, sorghum and sunflower. It was determined the dry dead forage mass (DDFM), total dry mass of grain (TDMG), total dry mass of leaf (TDML) and total dry mass of stem (TDMS). Silage produced with the species was rated to the ammonia nitrogen, losses gases (G), losses effluent (E), dry matter yield (DMY), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Sorghum showed higher (p<0.05) accumulation of DDFM, TDMG and TDMS than maize, millet and sunflower. Sunflower had higher losses by G and E and lower DMY for silage production. There was no difference of silages for CP. To EE sunflower silage had a higher amount, a fact that undermines the quality of this silage for ruminants feeding. Sorghum has more appropriate characterization for silage, because of its high production of bulky, low losses and chemical composition similar to corn silage under the conditions of the Brazilian Northeast.

Level of Leucaena leucocephala silage feeding on intake, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in dairy steers.

The objective of this experiment was to determine effects of Leucaena silage (LS) feeding on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation in dairy steers. Four rumen fistulated dairy steers, 167 ± 12kg body weight (BW), were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: T1 = 100% untreated rice straw (RS), T2 = 70% RS + 30% LS, T3 = 40% RS + 60% LS, and T4 = 100% LS, respectively. All animals were fed rice straw and LS ad libitum with concentrate mixture supplemented at 0.2% BW. The results found that dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility were the highest in dairy steers fed 60% LS (P < 0.05). Ruminal temperature and pH were not affected by LS feeding (P > 0.05) while ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen concentration were linearly increased with increasing levels of LS feeding (P < 0.01). On the other hand, total volatile fatty acids and propionate (C3) were improved by LS feeding especially in steers fed 60% LS (P < 0.05) whereas acetate (C2) production and C2/C3 ratio were decreased. Moreover, methane production was reduced together with increasing LS feeding level (P < 0.05). Based on this study, it could be concluded that 60% LS feeding could enhance feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation end-product while reducing methane production in dairy steers. This study suggested that LS could be used as high-quality roughage for ruminant feeding in the tropical region.

Effect of inclusion of different levels of Leucaena silage on rumen microbial population and microbial protein synthesis in dairy steers fed on rice straw.

ObjectiveLeucaena leucocephala (Leucaena) is a perennial tropical legume that can be directly grazed or harvested and offered to ruminants as hay, silage, or fresh. However, Leucaena contain phenolic compounds, which are considered anti-nutritional factors as these may reduce intake, digestibility and thus animal performance. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine effects of Leucaena silage (LS) feeding levels on rumen microbial populations, N-balance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy steers.MethodsFour, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial weight of 167±12 kg were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments were as followings: T1 = untreated rice straw (RS; Control), T2 = 70% RS+30% LS, T3 = 40% RS+60% LS, and T4 = 100% LS. Dairy steers were fed rice straw and LS ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate at 0.2% of body weight/d.ResultsResults revealed that the rumen microbial population, especially cellulolytic, proteolytic bacteria and fungal zoospores were enhanced in steers that received 60% of LS (p<0.05), whereas the amylolytic bacteria population was not affected by treatments (p>0.05). Protozoal population was linearly decreased with increasing level of LS (p<0.05). Moreover, N-balance and microbial protein synthesis were enhanced by LS feeding (p<0.05) and were the highest in 60% LS group.ConclusionBased on this study, it could be concluded that replacement of RS with 60% LS significantly improved microbial population and microbial protein synthesis in diary steers.

Effect of Complete Feed Silage Made from Agricultural Waste on Milk Yield and Quality of Dairy Cows

The problem facing dairy cow producers in tropical area is the low availability of proper nutrition, especially during the dry season. One solution to overcome this problem is to utilize technology of Complete Feed (CF) silage using ensiled several local abundant ingredients from agricultural wastes. This study aimed to find a formulation of CF silage from agricultural wastes as forage substitution for dairy cows to increase yield and quality of the milk. The study was conducted on dairy farms in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi of Indonesia. The formulations of CF silage used in the study were tested both in vitro and in vivo and compared with the farmer's practices that using elephant grass plus rice bran. A total of 20 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in 4-5 months lactation with a lactation period of 3rd-5th were used for in vivo study. The treatments were Elephant Grass + Rice Bran (EG-RB), Elephant Grass + Concentrate (EG-CON), Complete Feed Silage made from straws (CF-S) and complete feed silage made from straws and vegetable wastes (CF-VW). The results of this study showed that the dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cow were higher in EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW compared to EG-RB and were not different among EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW. The crude protein, lactose, calcium and phosphorus of the milk were higher in the EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW than EG-RB and were not different among EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW. Fat content, density and pH of the milk were not different among treatments. In conclusion, in order to maintain and to improve the yield and quality of milk in dairy cows, the agriculture wastes, such as straws and vegetable wastes can be used as the basal feed of dairy cows for fodder substitution in the form of CF silage.

Fatty acid composition of ruminal digesta and longissimus muscle from lambs fed silage mixtures including red clover, sainfoin, and timothy.

This work investigated the effects of feeding silage mixtures of a plant containing polyphenol oxidase (PPO; red clover [; RC]), a plant containing tannins (sainfoin [; SF]), and a grass species not containing these compounds (timothy [; T]) on ruminal and intramuscular (i.m.) fatty acids of lambs. Forty 4-mo-old castrated male Romane lambs, divided into 5 groups, received 1 of the following silages: 1) T (100%), 2) a binary mixture of timothy and tannin-containing sainfoin ( cv. Perly; 50:50 [T-SF]), 3) a binary mixture of timothy and PPO-containing red clover ( cv. Mervius; 50:50 [T-RC]), 4) a ternary mixture of timothy, sainfoin, and red clover containing both tannins and PPO (50:25:25, respectively [T-SF-RC]), and 5) a binary mixture of tannin-containing sainfoin and PPO-containing red clover (50:50 [SF-RC]). In the rumen digesta, the partial or total replacement of T with forage legumes was associated with greater concentrations of PUFA ( < 0.001) and 1esser concentrations of MUFA ( < 0.001). The inclusion of forage legumes in the silage favored the accumulation of 18:3 -3 ( < 0.001), with the greatest concentrations being observed in SF-RC. This latter diet also led to the greatest percentage of 18:2 -6 ( < 0.001). Forage legumes decreased the -11 18:1 to 30% of T in rumen digesta ( < 0.001). Forage legumes decreased the total concentration of branched-chain fatty acids in the rumen digesta (on average, -28%; < 0.001), this effect being less marked (-17%; = 0.014) in T-RC in comparison with T. The dietary treatment tended to affect the proportion of MUFA ( = 0.081) and of PUFA ( = 0.079) in the i.m. fat of the LM, respectively, at the highest and lowest numerical value in the T group. The sum of -3 fatty acids was less in the T and T-SF groups compared with the mixture of legumes without T (SF-RC; < 0.001 and < 0.008, respectively). The latter group had also a lesser -6-to--3 ratio than the T-SF group ( = 0.01). -11 18:1 was greater ( < 0.03) in lambs given T as the sole silage in comparison with lambs given T-RC, T-SF-RC, and SF-RC. Rumenic acid (-9 -11 CLA) was detected at a greater percentage in the LM from the animals fed the T silage compared with animals fed the T-SF-RC treatment ( = 0.004). Contrarily, -9 -12 -15 18:3 was found at a greater concentration in the muscle from lambs in the SF-RC treatment compared with lambs in the other treatments ( < 0.001). Furthermore, the T-RC group showed a greater proportion of α-linolenic acid than the T group ( = 0.03). In conclusion, the effects of the 2 active compounds (PPO and tannins) appear to be similar and additive. Moreover, a silage composed of a mixture of RC and SF is an excellent forage for growing lambs in terms of i.m. fatty acid composition.

Performances of lactating yaks on silage and complete feed block based feeding regiments

An experiment was conducted on lactating yaks at Nyukmadung farm under ICAR. Lactating yaks (16) of uniform age and parity (second and third) and body weights were randomly divided into groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 of 4 animals each and fed individually for 112 days with maize stover based complete feed blocks (CFB-T1), maize silage with and without concentrates (T2 and T3) and free grazing (T4), respectively. The average daily gain in body weight varied among the groups and values changed negatively in animals of T4 that were fed no supplementary feeding. The cost of feeding in terms of per kg milk yields was significantly reduced in group T3 than that of other experimental groups. Study revealed silage feeding with or without supplementation of concentrates and complete feed blocks (CFB) have beneficial effects in lactating yaks during winter.

Effect of feeding a by-product feed-based silage on nutrients intake, apparent digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep.

BackgroundLiterature is lacking on the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) retention in sheep. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing rye straw with BF-based silage as a roughage source on ruminal parameters, total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, and N balance in sheep.MethodsThe by-product feed silage was composed of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (45 %), recycled poultry bedding (RPB) (21 %), rye straw (11 %), rice bran (10.8 %), corn taffy residue (10 %), protected fat (1.0 %), bentonite (0.6 %), and mixed microbial additive (0.6 %). Six sheep were assigned randomly to either the control (concentrate mix + rye straw) or a treatment diet (concentrate mix + BF-based silage).ResultsCompared with the control diet, feeding a BF-based silage diet resulted in similar ruminal characteristics (pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate: propionate ratio), higher (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N, higher (p < 0.05) ether extract digestibility, similar crude protein digestibility, lower (p < 0.05) dry matter, fiber, and crude ash digestibilities, and higher (p < 0.05) N retention (g/d)ConclusionThe BF-based silage showed similar energy value, higher protein metabolism and utilization, and lower fiber digestion in sheep compared to the control diet containing rye straw.

Effect of supplementation of concentrate to sweet sorghum bagasse with leaf residue silage on nutrient utilization and nitrogen balance in native sheep

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of concentrate at different levels to sweet sorghum bagasse leaf residue (SSBLR) silage on nutrient utilization in growing lambs in a metabolism trial conducted after 120days of feeding. Sixteen growing Nellore ram lambs (18.3±0.8) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary groups (4 in each group) and were inducted into metabolic cages five days prior to collection for acclimatization followed by a seven day collection period. The four dietary groups were SSBLR silage fed ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate mixture (CP 17% and ME 2.53 Mcal/kg DM) at 0.0 (R-I), 0.75 (R-II), 1.0 (R-III) and 1.25 (R-IV) per cent of their live Weight. Significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher total DMI (g/kg w0.75) was noticed in concentrate supplemented groups. The organic matter, crude protein and nitrogen free extract digestibility was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in lambs fed R-IV ration than those fed R-I ration. No significant difference in the digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and cell wall constituents was observed among the rations. The digestible crude protein (%) (P&lt;0.01) and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg) values increased (P&gt;0.0) with increase in level of concentrate in the diet. Negative and lower (P&lt;0.01) nitrogen balance (g/d) was noticed in R-I ration. The N balance linearly increased with increase in level of concentrate supplementation. The study indicated feeding of sole SSBLR silage couldn't meet the nutrient requirements and Supplementation of concentrate mixture (0.75-1.25%) to SSBLR silage improved the nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing lambs.

Effect of Feeding of Ear Corn Silage, High Moisture Shelled Corn or Dry Shelled Corn on Lactation Performance and Metabolic Profile of Dairy Cows

Effect of Feeding of Ear Corn Silage, High Moisture Shelled Corn or Dry Shelled Corn on Lactation Performance and Metabolic Profile of Dairy Cows

Obtaining and characterizing silage acid flour from corvine (micropogonias furniere) residues with and without of rice bran

The objective of this work was to obtain chemical silage for bird feeding, from residues of Corvine (Micropogonias furniere), accompanying hydrolysis degree and characterizing the different obtained fractions. For the elaboration of the silage, the residues were grinded, distributed in buckets, acidified with acetic acid P.A. (10% P/V). The silage was stored at room temperature, with periodic homogenization, pH and temperature of the process being monitoring. After 15 days of experiment it was removed the bony matter by crude filtration and pressing and the filtrate was centrifuged for separation of the different fractions: liquid, proteinic and greased. The other proteinic fraction was dried in greenhouse with and without addition of rice bran. The proximal composition of the raw material and of the obtained fractions were determined and also determined the soluble nitrogen for the hydrolysis degree verification. The obtained silage presented a proteinic value of 59,54%. Part of the proteins, present in the raw material, they were retained in the minerals flour and liquid fractions obtained in the silage process. The

Zdanliv� in vivo str�vitelnost �iv�n kukuricn�ch sil�� u kon�

The aim of the experiment was to analyzed coefficients of digestibility of the maize silage nutrients in horse feeding. Horses of Slovak warmblood breed engaged in the research were 2.5 ± 0.5 years old. Horses in boxes without bedding to avoid eating it and excrement contamination were stabled. Horses individually with ad libitum access to water were housed. The boxes with trough for corn silage were equiped. The corn silage contained 362.3 g of dry matter, 74.1 g of crude protein, 27.1 g of crude fat and 948.2 g of organic matter in kg of dry matter. The feed twice a day, in the morning and in the evening was given. The feed intake and leftovers were weighed every day. Excrements immediately after excreting to avoid urine contamination into plastic containers were collected and weighed. The content of nutrients in the feed intake and in the excrements were analysed. In analysed samples the gravimetric dry matter amount by drying at 103 ± 2 °C, crude protein content by Kjeldahl method, fat content by extraction method according to Soxhlett – Henkel, ash content by burning the sample at 530 ± 20 °C in muffle furnace and organic matter content by calculation were determined. Coefficients of apparent digestibility in percent from taken in and excreted nutrients were calculated. In maize silage for horse feeding an average coefficient of digestibility of dry matter 61.94%, of crude protein 56.03%, of crude fat 72.34% and of organic matter 65.19% was found.