Signs Of Danger Research Articles

Typical tactics of treatment of patients with chronic non-specific back pain and tension-type headaches

Non-specific (musculoskeletal) back pain (NBP) and tension-type headache (THA) are among the most common conditions in neurological practice that significantly impair patients' ability to work. The typical practice of treating patients with NBP and THA has not been sufficiently investigated, which formed the basis for conducting this study.Objective: to evaluate the quality of diagnosis and treatment of chronic NBP and THA in real-life neurological practice.Material and methods. The study included 120 patients with chronic NBP and combined THA of different frequency (32 men and 88 women, mean age 38.4±9.6 years) who were treated in A.Ya. Kozhevnikov Clinic of Neurologic Diseases (CND) of Sechenov University with complaints of back pain and headache and who had previously been examined and treated by neurologists and therapists in other medical institutions on an outpatient and/or inpatient basis. All patients underwent a clinical interview to establish a diagnosis and analyze previous treatment, a neurological and neuro-orthopedic examination and a psychometric examination to assess anxiety and depression symptoms.Results. Prior to contacting CND, only 10% of patients had a diagnosis of chronic NBS, only 7% had a diagnosis of THA and the remaining patients had other misdiagnoses. All patients had previously undergone additional examinations, mainly neuroimaging of the spine and brain, ultrasound examination of the neck vessels, even if there were no "red flags" – signs of danger in back pain and headache. None of the patients had previously had their emotional state assessed, while 75% of patients had symptoms of depression of varying severity and all patients suffered from anxiety of varying severity. Neuro-orthopaedic examination was performed in only 10% of patients. All patients received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for back pain, and most patients received vascular and nootropic medication for headaches. Of the non-pharmacological methods, massage and passive physiotherapy were most frequently prescribed. Only 9% of patients were recommended kinesiotherapy, and only 5% of patients performed it.Conclusion. In real-life medical practice, chronic NBP and THA are inadequately diagnosed, excessive and unjustified additional examinations are prescribed, unsatisfactory level of treatment, and patients with chronic NBP and THA are rarely prescribed kinesiotherapy.

Identifikasi Postur Kerja Pada Karyawan CV. Zam-Zam Furniture pada Penerapan Metode RULA

Zam-Zam Furniture makes bookshelves, shelves, tables, chairs, beds and wardrobes. Working conditions that threaten the safety and health of employees are considered dangerous. Fatigue or problems with the musculoskeletal system or muscles, such as body aches during work or after work, and muscle aches, are signs of danger to worker safety and health. As work is performed in inappropriate postures repeatedly, employees complain about inappropriate work postures. Most of the work is done manually, violating ergonomic rules. This research aims to determine employee work posture using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method. The results show that one of the employees from CV Zam-Zam Furniture who was evaluated using the RULA method got a final score of 7; this shows that their attitude towards their work is in a dangerous state and that they must improve their position immediately. Keywords: Ergonomics, Final Score, Risk, RULA, Work Posture

Determinan Prilaku Ibu Hamil Melakukan Pemeriksaan Kehamilan (Antenatal Care ) Pada Masa Pandemi 19

This COVID-19 pandemic situation, many restrictions to almost all routine services including maternal and neonatal health services. Pregnant mothers become reluctant to puskesmas or other health care facilities for fear of becoming infected, the presence of a delayed pregnancy examination and class of pregnant mothers The lack of an ANC visit can cause danger to both mother and fetus such as the occurrence of bleeding during pregnancies due to the lack of detection of signs of danger. The aim of this study is to analyze determinants related to the behavior of pregnant mothers in performing pregnancy screening during the Covid 19 pandemic in BPM “S” in 2021. The study was conducted using the analytical Survey method using the cross sectional approach, the population of this study is all pregnant TM III mothers who made the ANC visit in January-November 2021. The samples were obtained by accidental sampling of 45 pregnant women in the third trimester who performed an ANC in December 2021. The results of the study using Chi Square analysis showed ρ value α ≤ 0.05 is that there is a defining relationship between the behavior of pregnant mothers performing ANC with Age (ρ value = 0.044 < 0.05), Education (ρ value = 0.013<0,05), Knowledge 0,05). Kknowledge (ρ value= 0.037< 0.05 ), Attitude (ρ value = 0.039 < 0.05) and Health Facilities (ρ value = 0.035< 0.05). Whereas the unrelated variables are maternal work (ρ value = 0.198 > 0.05) and Husband support (ρ value = 0.130 > 0.05). The Covid 19 pandemic does not prevent pregnant mothers from undergoing routine pregnancy checks.

Evaluation of the Completeness Antenatal Care Coverage (K1-K4) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province

The case of maternal mortality requires special attention as it serves as a significant indicator for improving health in a country, which is included in the achievement target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) number three, namely Good Health and Well-being. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) trend from 2016 to 2019 increased and was higher than the set target, whereas in 2020, it decreased below the set target. The high MMR is influenced by many factors, one of which is healthcare services such as Antenatal Care (ANC) examinations for pregnant women. Lack of ANC visits can endanger both the mother and the fetus due to the failure to detect warning signs. Healthcare services in the form of ANC for pregnant women are important to detect signs of pregnancy danger. The aim of this study is to assess the coverage of K1-K4. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method by utilizing secondary data available in the Special Region Of Yogyakarta Kesga Application from 2020 to 2022. The results show that K1 coverage almost reached 100%, and K4 coverage exceeded 80% in the Special Region Of Yogyakarta Province. Healthcare facility access is evenly distributed, and there is a correlation between K4 coverage and the maternal mortality rate, especially for high-risk pregnant women. In conclusion, K1 coverage in the Special Region Of Yogyakarta province has exceeded the national target, while K4 coverage is still below the national target. The high coverage of K1-K4 in Special Region Of Yogyakarta is influenced by many factors, including healthcare facility access.

Legislative guarantees of the prohibition and risks of involvement of Ukrainians in forced labour

The article analyses the legislative guarantees of the prohibition of forced labour, modern risks of occurrence and involvement of Ukrainians in martial law. International and national norms prohibiting the use of forced labour are revealed. Attention is focused on the fact that Ukraine is one of the states whose citizens suffer from this phenomenon the most in Europe. Researching the concept of "forced labour”, the authors note that it is absent in Ukrainian legislation, therefore, for a full understanding of this term, they use international practice. The article describes the main forms and manifestations of forced labour. The conditions of employment are defined, which are signs of danger for the employee and which should be paid attention to in the process of employment relations in order not to become a victim of labour exploitation. Political and socioeconomic factors that influence the increase in the number of cases of forced labour are analysed. In particular, political instability, a difficult economic situation, the inability of the state to guarantee a decent living standard, unemployment, labour migration, especially outside the state, the low level of legal culture of citizens, which is the reason for the poor awareness of Ukrainians with their rights and the principles of the prohibition of forced labour. The authors draw attention to the fact that under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, the number of socially vulnerable sections of the population that suffered from military aggression and may be at risk of being involved in forced labour has increased. Statistics of criminal proceedings related to human trafficking for 2022­2023 are presented, as a significant part of the victims of this offense were subjected to forced labour. It is emphasized that in most countries of the world the phenomenon of imposing forced labour by the state has disappeared and such an activity is recognized as a criminal offense.

دراسة عن مصادر تصنيع الخبز ودورها في تعزيز الأمن الغذائي والصحي السعودي في مدينة حائل بالمملكة العربية السعودية

Bread is the basic food for the peoples of the world, and it is a basic pillar of food security and it cannot be dispensed with or considered complete food security without securing the source of bread (tahini), which is usually made from wheat flour, but alarm bells are starting to sound regarding the adequacy of this product, as the population increase continues It increased demand, and other signs of danger appeared on the horizon, such as climate changes and the efforts of producing countries to adopt special methods in marketing and prices, as well as health warnings issued by doctors and nutrition experts from time to time. Economical and safer in terms of health. These alternatives exist and are used effectively in the world, but they are still on a small scale, including Shear bread, corn bread, oat bread, buckwheat bread, potato bread and sweet potatoes. In terms of relieving pressure on wheat as the only source for the bread industry, the problem of the study is summarized in the following question (Is relying on other sources of grains and vegetables effective? Barley, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, and sweet potatoes in the bread industry will contribute to adding new types of bread to the consumer, thus relieving pressure on wheat as the only source for the bread industry? Certainly, and therefore, it will contribute to strengthening Saudi food security and expanding the options of the political decision-maker. In her study, the researcher relied on the analytical research method, which is an approach based on the analysis of the special forces of the state, including raw materials, manufactured, and semi-manufactured goods, and is concerned with the economic aspect in the agricultural, industrial and health fields. The structure of the study has three sources, namely: the first/ the role of bread in food security, the second/ sources of bread and new mixtures and their nutritional value, third/ the possibility of diversifying the sources of bread in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Hubungan Motivasi Keluarga, Peran Bidan, Dan Efektivitas Antenatal Care Terhadap Pencegahan Tanda Bahaya Pada Ibu Hamil Di Poskesdes Desa Rajik Kecamatan Simpang Rimba Kabupaten Bangka Selatan

Introduction: Pregnancy danger signals are symptoms that indicate possible risks that may arise during pregnancy or the prenatal period and can result in maternal death if not reported or detected. The aim was to find out the relationship between family motivation, the role of midwives, and the effectiveness of antenatal care on danger signs in pregnant women at the Poskesdes of Rajik Village, Simpang Rimba District, South Bangka Regency in 2022. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The population is pregnant women using total sampling and the number of samples used is 50 people. The questionnaire is used as a research measurement tool. Data is processed using computer software. Results: The results of the analysis showed that of the 50 respondents, most of the respondents received warning signs of danger in pregnant women, namely as many as 26 respondents (52%); and most of the respondents received family motivation as many as 27 respondents (54%). most of the respondents got the midwife role. Meanwhile, there were 30 respondents (60%) who had good antenatal care effectiveness. the results of the Chi-Square statistical test obtained a p-value of 0,001 (p < 0,05) so can be concluded that there is a relationship between family motivation and prevention of danger signs in pregnant women. Discussion: There is a relationship between the role of the midwife and the prevention of danger signs in pregnant women (p-value = 0,019). there is a relationship between the effectiveness of antenatal care on the prevention of danger signs in pregnant women (p-value = 0,011). It is expected that pregnant women can increase counseling about the knowledge of pregnant women about the danger signs of pregnancy, especially midwives who actively provide counseling to increase the knowledge of pregnant women.

Crime and Policing in Africa: Tactical Politics, Authoritarianism, and the Rule of Law

In 2020, Nigerian youths took to the streets to demand the disbanding of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), a unit of the Nigerian Police with a long history of extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances, extortion, torture, and other atrocities. The Nigerian government created the division in 1992 following the killing of an army colonel, under the pretense of fighting a crime wave which was sweeping the country. In the “societies of enmity” (Achille Mbembe, “The Society of Enmity” [Radical Philosophy Vol. 200, No. 1], 23–25) we live in today, the growing militarization of law enforcement in the context of the “war on crime” has put even solid democracies in grave danger and continues to justify authoritarianism and military regimes worldwide. The expansion of state powers through the violent exploitation of its growing “margins,” (V. Das and D. Poole, eds., Anthropology at the Margins of the State [School of American Research Press, 2004]) tarnished with the signs of danger, illegality, and precariousness, has shown that bureaucratic power and state violence walk hand in hand in instituting highly unequal but economically viable social orders in postcolonial Africa and elsewhere. Those movements configure an emergent threat coming from a tactical level of political action and show that contemporary political power can indeed emerge from the tip of a machine gun, proving Walter Benjamin’s critique of Hannah Arendt’s famous image (“Critique of Violence” in Deconstruction, a Reader [Routledge, 2017], 62–70).

Analysis of the Application of Occupational Safety and Health Signs as an Effort to Reduce Risks in Building Construction Projects

The construction area is the area that has the most sources of danger. UPN "Veteran" East Java is currently constructing several buildings, such as the addition of lecture halls or the construction of laboratories. The density of the campus area with thousands of students around the construction project makes the risk of danger high. Several cases of students slipping and tripping in the construction area due to scattered building materials, making the application of safety signs need to be considered. This study aims to determine how necessary safety signs are for work safety on the UPN "Veteran" East Java construction project. Where the population used in this activity is students with a sample size of 30 people. The methods used are statistical methods of the ANOVA test, Ergonomic Checklist, and Questionnaire of understanding of safety signs. The results of data processing concluded that the application of OHS signs is needed, especially signs of danger of falling goods, tripping warnings, slipping warnings, and slippery floor warnings

Covert fault detection with imbalanced data using an improved autoencoder for optical networks

Covert faults are characterized by the performance parameters falling within the normal range, without any observable abnormalities. These types of faults pose a significant risk as they present no apparent warning signs of potential danger. Therefore, it is crucial to establish an efficient covert fault detection method to ensure the reliable and stable operation of optical networks. Data-driven technology, which reveals the internal relations and data patterns between the historical data by mining and analyzing the historical data, offers a new perspective for covert fault detection. However, equipment failures are extremely rare in real optical network systems, and the data imbalance of covert fault samples poses a challenge for standard machine learning classifiers in learning precise decision boundaries. To address this challenge, we propose a fault detection scheme based on an improved autoencoder for covert fault detection under data imbalance. The designed covert fault detection model exclusively utilizes normal samples during training and remains unaffected by data imbalance. Specifically, the model is specifically designed according to a number of encoder and decoder components to learn the normal sample data patterns in the latent space and detect covert faults based on the reconstruction errors in that space. To validate the proposed scheme, we conducted experiments using actual backbone data. According to the results, the detection accuracy and F1 score of the designed model on the test set were 0.9811 and 0.9527, and the false negative and false positive rates were 0.0026 and 0.0227, respectively. Furthermore, the visualization of the latent space reconstruction error principle for detecting covert faults was implemented using the principal component analysis dimension reduction and scatter plots.

Anger sensitivity and relatedness frustration as predictors of depression

Depression is more prevalent in individuals raised in cold and violent families, which can lead to a lack of connection or frustration in relationships and heightened sensitivity to signs of danger, such as anger on faces. These factors can both exacerbate symptoms of depression. However, research into the links between depressive symptoms and relatedness frustration, as well as depressive symptoms and anger sensitivity, has been limited. This study aims to address this gap by investigating these relationships. The study recruited 1241 participants from the general population, who completed an online task involving the recognition of emotions on morphed faces and questionnaires measuring depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS-M) and relatedness frustration (Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, BPNSFS). As expected, the results showed that depressive symptoms were positively associated with relatedness frustration, however, were negatively associated with anger sensitivity. Both factors were also found to be significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Our results are noteworthy especially given the fact that we are living in a time of staying in the home for extended periods of time, which is associated with cognitive decline and depression.

Analysis of Mother's Pregnancy Knowledge at Az-Zahra Primary Clinic Tangerang

The prevalence of cesarean sections as much as 80% have exceeded the figure recommended by WHO, about 10-15%, supported by several factors. One of them is self-autonomy which is not owned by the mother causing a lack of knowledge about pregnancy. Knowledge has an effect of 1.8 times on readiness for pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Antenatal education is a service requested by most pregnant women worldwide such as childbirth education programs or birth preparation classes. This research uses a qualitative research design. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews using a sample of 9 main informants (pregnant women). The primary and secondary qualitative data were collected through data processing and analysis techniques, imported into NVivo and classified according to the type of data to facilitate the processing and analysis of data in NVivo 12 Plus. Knowledge of the pregnancy process of pregnant women with low results; Knowledge of pregnancy signs of pregnant women with low results; Knowledge of the benefits of pregnancy examination with high results; Knowledge of the examination schedule of pregnant women is high; Knowledge of physical changes of pregnant women with low results; Knowledge of gestational age with high results; Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs with low results. Knowledge of pregnant women about pregnancy with results is still lacking, namely the knowledge of the pregnancy process, signs of pregnancy, physical changes, and signs of danger of pregna Therefore, it is necessary to provide educational services at Pratama Az-Zahra Tangerang Clinic.
 Keywords: section caesarea, knowledge, pregnant women, pregnancy

Provision of Education on the Signs of Pregnancy Danger to Pregnant Women in the Kapuas Primary Health Care Area, Central Kalimantan.

Limited knowledge of pregnant women about danger signs of pregnancy poses a risk of problems in pregnancy. The purpose of this counseling is so that pregnant women can increase their knowledge and maintain health during pregnancy. The method used is counseling by exposing material about danger signs in pregnancy accompanied by evaluation of activities in the form of pretest and posttest. The result of this counseling is a significant increase in knowledge as indicated by the results of the posttest with a score of 90% for the participants. The conclusion from this activity is that the implementation of community service in the form of health education regarding danger signs of pregnancy significantly affects mother's knowledge.

Karandu (Gong): History, Functions, and Symbols in the Life of the Tolaki People in 17th -20th Century Southeast Sulawesi

By applying the historical method, this study aims to explain the history of the development of the gong (karandu) in Southeast Sulawesi and how the gong changes its function and symbol. The karandu entry into Tolaki estimated about the 13th century AD, originated from Java (Majapahit) and then experienced development during the Wolio kingdom. Furthermore, the acquisition of karandu occurred between the 16th and 20th centuries from outside traders as well as through shipping and trade with the natives. Gongs at that time were used as royal and confidential treasures of high value, art, ceremonies, social status, and many more. The gong evolved to communicate in particular situations, such as codes or signs of danger, meetings, grief, etc. The function of adat as a customary object in the moruhu owuku/ mooli anakia custom (buying nobility). The traditional object in marriage was called tawa-tawa sara (traditional gong), then replaced with money (nililima/ nilungga). The religious function was used when the Mokoweadeath ceremony was beaten when death occurs until the body was delivered to the cemetery. This function remained limited to the descendants of the nobility, the rich, or those with positions. In the past, gongs had an economic role with high prices and values as a criterion of prosperity. Several symbols were contained in the gong: social status, classic, unity, religious, and communication. Nowadays, they are no longer considered valuable objects.

Теоретичне дослідження небезпек, загроз та ризиків в економічній безпеці підприємства

This article provides a theoretical study and generalization of the definition of the essence of danger, threat and risk in the economic security of an enterprise. The presence of danger creates a system of organizational and economic actions to protect the enterprise from the onset of risk. Schematically, the interdependence of these categories is shown which correlate with each other. At the same time, the systematization method was used to identify deterministic features and the grouping method to clarify conceptual approaches. The aim of the work is to clarify the categorical apparatus of hazards threats and risks in the context of economic security of enterprises for the successful operation of business entities in modern conditions. In the course of the theoretical study, it was possible to systematize the determining signs of danger from the point of view of the possibility of causing harm, violation of the state of balance and ignoring. The analysis revealed the existence of a process of forming terminology, strengthening the scientific justification of the definitions of the definitions "danger", "threat" and "risk". Definitions force business entities to strengthen their protection and, accordingly become competitive in the market. In case of negative events top managers gain experience and this can be considered a starting point on the way to creating sustainable business activities since the identification of obstacles that stand in the way of sustainability of the enterprise must be constantly resolved. The ability of a business entity to recover from devastating events and adapt to changes is increasingly becoming a priority especially given that most of them face disruptions in the last period of time starting with the emergence of obstacles to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

The Double Role of Nutrients in Immunity

"Background Nutrients are the substances found in food which drive biological activity, and are essential for the human body. Dietary nutrients may be converted into metabolites by intestinal microbes that serve as biologically active molecules affecting regulatory functions in the host. Objectives To demonstrate role of nutrients as functional foods in the management of immunity. Materials and methods This includes the role of macronutrients, micronutrients, and the gut microbiome in mediating immunological effects. Nutritional modulation of the immune system has applications within the clinical setting, but can also have a role in healthy populations, acting to reduce or delay the onset of immune-mediated chronic diseases. Ongoing research in this field will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the role of diet and nutrients in immune function Results Probiotics may restore the composition of the gut microbiome and introduce beneficial functions to gut microbial communities, resulting in amelioration or prevention of gut inflammation and other intestinal or systemic disease phenotypes. A well- functioning immune system is critical for survival. The immune system must be constantly alert, monitoring for signs of invasion or danger. Cells of the immune system must be able to distinguish self from non-self and furthermore discriminate between non-self molecules which are harmful (e.g., those from pathogens) and innocuous non-self molecules (e.g., from food). Conclusion This presentation describes how diet and intestinal luminal conversion by gut microbes play a role in immune-mediated chronic diseases."

Deepfakes as a Threat to Human Rights

The paper is devoted to such a new threat to human rights arising amid digitalization as deepfake technologies. The author shows that the use of such technologies is a tool that can have both positive and negative effects. In particular, the use of dipfakes entails a threat to privacy, violations of the honor and dignity of citizens. In this regard, the legislator is faced with the task of developing and implementing a set of measures, the application of which will minimize the possibility of violation of citizens’ rights by deepfake technologies. It is proposed to direct the efforts of the state: to create automated tools for detecting deepfakes with the ability to determine the date, time and physical origin of their contents, and, if there are signs of potential danger, capable of stopping the placement and distribution of deepfakes; development of fact-checking services and tools; regulatory consolidation of requirements according to which mandatory marking of deepfake content should be carried out in social networks and messengers; formation of a regulatory framework providing for responsibility for the creation and distribution of deepfake materials that can damage business reputation, humiliate the honor and dignity of a person. From the standpoint of copyright, it is proposed to consider deepfakes through the prism of a derivative work, in which the use of the original work without the consent of its copyright holder will be illegal. Taking into account the threats of deepfake technologies to human rights, a set of measures has been proposed. Its use will minimize the possibility of violating citizens’ rights by means of these technologies. These measures are: the introduction of a fact-checking mechanism, the development of its services and tools; mandatory labeling of deepfake content in social networks and messengers; the creation of a regulatory framework providing for responsibility for the creation and distribution of deepfake materials capable of damage the business reputation, humiliate the honor and dignity of a person.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Deteksi Dini Tanda Bahaya Kehamilan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sipahutar Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Tahun 2022

Early detection of danger signs and symptoms during pregnancy is the best effort to prevent serious disruption to pregnancy or the safety of pregnant women. Predisposing factors and the presence of comorbidities should also be recognized early on so that maximum efforts can be made to prevent serious disturbances to both pregnancy and the safety of the mother and the baby she is carrying. Community service activities in the form of providing health education on Early Detection of Danger Signs in Pregnancy were carried out to 76 pregnant women in 6 Classes of Pregnant Women in the Sipahutar Health Center Work Area, namely Siabal-abal Villages I, II, III, V and VI, Tapian Nauli II, Nihuta Fighting I, II and III. The activities carried out were pretest, health education, history taking and checking for signs of danger in pregnancy, namely blood pressure, temperature, fetal movement, edema, urine protein and post test. Based on the results of the pre and post test, it can be seen that there is an increase in the number of pregnant women who have good knowledge from 6 (7.90%) pregnant women at the time of the pre test to 31 people (40.79%), with sufficient knowledge of 49 people (64.47%). ) to 37 people (48.68%), while the number of pregnant women with less knowledge of pregnant women at the time of the pre test was 21 people (27.63%) at the time of the post test to 8 people (10.53%). From the examination of the danger signs in pregnancy, it was found that the results of high blood pressure were 3 people (3.95%). The activity went well and smoothly. Expected to pregnant women to always be aware of all risks of pregnancy complications by actively conducting early detection of any complications that will occur during pregnancy. In addition, pregnant women are also expected to take advantage of the Maternal and Child Health (KIA) book, in which the book also provides various kinds of danger signs of pregnancy that can occur in pregnant women.

Radiation Evangelists: Technology, Therapy and Uncertainty at the Turn of the Century by Jeffrey Womack (review).

Reviewed by: Radiation Evangelists: Technology, Therapy and Uncertainty at the Turn of the Century by Jeffrey Womack Maria Rentetzi (bio) Radiation Evangelists: Technology, Therapy and Uncertainty at the Turn of the Century By Jeffrey Womack. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. Pp. 288. Anyone who has worked on the history of radiation cannot avoid wondering at the public's faith in the commercial uses of X-ray technologies. For example, historian Rebecca Herzig estimates that tens of thousands of women across the United States and Canada may have taken X-ray treatments for hair removal, despite the fact that the practice was officially deemed harmful and taken off the market in 1946. In fact, women continued to use it well into the 1960s. But why has this been the case, despite the early warnings and signs of danger? In Radiation Evangelists, Jeffrey Womack poses this urgent question in relation to patients and practitioners of X-rays and radium in the early twentieth century. The answer is deceptively simple: operating in a context of uncertainty, radiation therapists needed faith. But faith in what? Womack's unique and exciting contribution to the history of radiation is the framing of X-rays and radium as new technologies that were transformed into therapeutic tools through a complicated and multifaceted process. Key actors in this transformation were the "radiation evangelists," a diverse group of [End Page 1230] practitioners who embraced both technologies and developed therapeutic procedures beyond any contemporary ethics. When talking about radiation during this early period, we often think of the cruel industrialists who ignored signs of radium's deadly effects on women dial painters, the radiologists who are usually portrayed as "martyrs" of an unexplored new discipline, or the well-known cases of radium poisoning due to excessive drinking of radium tonics. Womack's book changes our perception of this period by turning the spotlight on its complexities and the ways in which radiation therapy was entangled in bitter battles for professional legitimacy between licensed physicians, who quickly incorporated X-rays in their medical practice, and unlicensed practitioners, who opposed strict regulations and questioned the emphasis on licensure, training, and the standardization of uses of X-rays. As Womack gets to the bottom of these disputes, it emerges that these battles concerned the issue of who had the right to practice this new medical specialization. Interestingly enough, Womack reminds us that geopolitical conflicts, even in this early historical period, also influenced the development of both X-ray and radium therapy. For example, Western colonial powers promoted the early use of X-ray emitters through their military physicians in Sudan and Afghanistan. During and right after World War I, radium supplies became available from specific colonial territories. And despite military conflicts and war, knowledge of X-ray technologies continued to flow back and forth between national radiological communities in Europe. The focus on the professionalization of radiation therapy also brings issues of medical ethics to the forefront. Despite the great uncertainty involved in the use of X-ray technologies, Womack argues that understanding the medical practices of the early radiation evangelists presupposes a shift from the notion of ethics as the application of professional rules and codes of conduct to ethics as a matter of good character. X-ray therapy entailed a high risk for both patient and therapist. The "Golden Rule" of medical practice at the time required that a physician prescribe only the treatment he would feel comfortable prescribing to himself and his family. Instead of attributing ill motives to the early radium therapists, Womack's historiographical perspective allows a closer and more detailed look at what the Greeks would have called the "ethos" of these early radiation devotees: the moral nature of their character and guiding beliefs. Radiation Evangelists is not only a well-researched history of X-ray therapy. It also makes an important contribution to science and technology studies by providing a wonderful analysis and case study of Wiebe Bijker's notion of technological frame. To Womack, the cold cathode users of the 1900s shared an understanding of an artifact that they themselves constructed by interacting with it. This approach explains the persistent technological faith and optimism that...

Literatur Review: Pengaruh Terapi Rendaman Air Jahe Hangat terhadap Penurunan Derajat Edema Kaki Ibu Hamil

Introduction: Physiological leg edema can cause discomfort, a feeling of heaviness, and cramps at night. Pathological edema can show signs of danger in pregnancy if edema in the face or in the fingers, severe headaches, and blurred vision resulting from pre-eclampsia. The degree of edema can be reduced by improving blood circulation by soaking the feet in combination with ginger. Aims: To conduct a journal review by identifying the effect of warm ginger water immersion therapy on reducing the degree of leg edema of pregnant women from various literature studies. Methods: The research method was a literature review using several selected sources based on the criteria set by the researcher. Results: From 21 types of literature, it was found that soaking feet using warm ginger water can reduce leg edema in third-trimester pregnant women. Reducing the degree of leg edema by utilizing the content of essential oils and oleoresin (gingerol) compounds which provide a warm feeling and a spicy aroma. Conclusions: Based on the analysis that has been done, it was concluded that the application of warm ginger water immersion therapy to reduce the degree of leg edema in pregnant women has an effect on reducing leg edema in pregnant women, and it was recommended to apply foot soaking therapy as a cheaper and easier non-pharmacological alternative, can also avoid complications from pharmacological therapy (diuretic).