Significant Synergy Effect Research Articles

The impact of environmental regulation on environmental pollution in China: an empirical study based on the synergistic effect of industrial agglomeration.

In recent years, as environmental degradation has become more and more serious, the Chinese government has formulated a series of environmental policies and regulations aimed at improving environmental quality. Does environmental regulation significantly inhibit environmental pollution? Environmental regulation will not only directly affect environmental pollution but also have an indirect impact on environmental pollution. This paper uses Bayesian posterior probability, the optimal model structure selection method, based on join 112 kinds of spatial econometric model structure, and the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2016 to study the effects of environmental regulation on environmental pollution base on the industrial agglomeration mechanism of synergy effect. The research covers the national level and four regions, including the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions of China. The research shows that: (1) environmental regulation at the national level and in the eastern, central and northeastern regions can significantly curb environmental pollution, but the environmental pollution in the western region shows a significant trend of enhancement. (2) Increased industrial agglomeration across China has significantly worsened environmental pollution. (3) Environmental regulation and industrial agglomeration form a significant synergy effect, which has a significant positive impact on environmental pollution in regions other than northeast China, and a significant negative impact on environmental pollution intensity in northeast China.

Removal of elemental mercury from simulated flue gas by ZSM-5 modified with Mn-Fe mixed oxides

Zeolite (ZSM-5), as a kind of carbon-free sorbent or catalyst, has been widely applied in many fields due to its big surface area, good chemical and thermal stability, and excellent adsorption performance. In this study, Mn-Fe modified ZSM-5 are synthesized via sol-gel approach and employed for elemental mercury (Hg0) removal from simulated flue gas at low temperature. The results show that pure ZSM-5 shows poor mercury capture ability with Hg0 removal efficiency of ~8.5–18.8% at 100–300 °C. Mn or Fe modification can both efficiently enhance the Hg0 removal efficiency of the ZSM-5. The sorbent with Mn/Fe molar ratio of 1:2 exhibits the optimal mercury capture ability with the highest Hg0 removal efficiency near 100% at temperatures of 200 and 250 °C due to the significant synergy effect between Mn2O3 and Fe2O3. The presence of NO has a negligible effect on the Hg0 removal performance of Mn/ZSM-5 and Mn1Fe2/ZSM-5, while the existence of SO2 considerably degrades the Hg0 capture performance of Mn/ZSM-5 owing to competing adsorption and side reactions. Fe addition can protect Mn active sites from SO2 poisoning and thereby enhancing the SO2 resistance of Mn/ZSM-5 to some extent.

Development of the Nickel-Refining Production at Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta Oy in GMK Norilsk Nickel

As a result of the innovative solutions found due to the joint efforts of Russian and Finnish researchers, the recovery of nonferrous and precious metals in Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta was significantly increased (%): the recovery of Ni was increased to 98.7; that of Cu, to 99.5; Pt, to 99.6; and Pd to 99.6. Simultaneously, a copper cake (one of the main commercial products) of an improved composition, namely, (%) 57–62 Cu, <3 Ni, 8–11 Fe, was produced. The arsenic content in the copper cake was decreased from 1.5–2 to 0.15–0.3%. The largest projects are as follows: stage-by stage implementation of a matte-free technology with simultaneous modification of the matte line for processing converter matte; the development of a jarosite technology of iron deposition from a nickel solution, which decreased the irreversible losses of nonferrous and precious metals with a waste iron cake as much as possible (the losses of nickel and cobalt were decreased by 11 times; those of copper, by 23 times; platinum, by 16%; palladium, by 10%; rhodium, by 9%; gold, by 12%); and the building and introduction of carbonate processing, which allowed the production of nickel cathodes to be increased. As a result of the measures taken to redistribute raw materials, the mattes of slag-cleaning furnaces, which contained 35–40% Fe, were moved to KGMK. This integration solution led to a significant synergy effect in Nornickel. One of the key factors of the economic efficiency of the matte-free technology was a decrease in the specific consumption of the main reagents (oxygen, air, sulfuric acid) and the energy resources used for the manufacture of nickel products. As a result, the transaction costs were decreased by ~3.5 mln dollars per year.

A comparative study for the removal of imidacloprid insecticide from water by chemical-less UVC, UVC/TiO2 and UVC/ZnO processes.

Chloronicotinic insecticide are a class of pesticides that are commonly used as insecticides. Among the frequently used chloronicotinic pesticide, imidacloprid (IM) was developed in 1986. The residual of this insecticide or any pesticides may have serious public health threats. Both degradation and mineralization of the imidacloprid (IM) in aqueous solution was studied under various experimental conditions using different advanced oxidation processes namely, ultraviolet C (UVC), UVC + TiO2, and UVC + ZnO. All the experiments were performed using a lab-scale batch photoreactor with a working volume of 100mL equipped with low-pressure mercury vapor lamp (9W, 18cm long, Philips Co.), emitting UV radiation with maximum intensity at 254nm. The possible intermediates and a reaction pathway for photocatalytic degradation of the IM were also evaluated. It was observed that under optimal condition for UVC/TiO2 process (C0 = 100mg/L, pH = 7.5, t = 20min, TiO2 dose = 100mg/L), IM was effectively degraded (88.15%) and followed the first order kinetics model. The degradation efficiency increased with increasing of illumination time and is more favorable in alkaline pH compared to acidic pH. Degradation of the IM in photocatalytic process was compared with photolysis showing a significant synergy effect in the case of the photocatalytic degradation process, leading at 20min illumination time to a 36.7% increase of the IM removal efficiency in comparison to the single UVC. The GC/MS chromatograms before and after treatment confirmed the effectiveness of the UVC/TiO2 process in simplifying the nature of IM and its conversion to more simple and degradable compounds. The heterogeneous UVC/TiO2 process was found to be an efficient chemical-less method that is appropriate for degradation of IM from aqueous phase.

Development of Korean Herbal Medicine Cosmetics Containing Polygonum Multiflorum Extracts

cosmetics that can improve aging skin of middle-aged women through the analysis of anti-oxidation and anti-aging using domestic PolygonumMultiflorum.Method: Extraction, anti-aging and antioxidant experiments were designed and performed by synthesizing previous studies based on scientific evidence and a prescription in Donguibogam (Treasured Paragon of Eastern Medicine) that utilized PolygonumMultiflorum for regaining vigor and rejuvenating at an old age.Findings: The result of this study showed that PolygonumMultiflorum presented high anti-oxidation effect from the analysis of Polyphenol, Flavonoid, and DPPH and it also has an excellent inhibiting ability, showing great possibility to be used as a material for functional cosmetics. Moreover, it showed a significant synergy effect in composites mixed with other raw materials at a small mixing quantity.Improvements/Applications: it has a great potential to be developed as a natural material for complex cosmetics in future

Is there a trade-off between social and financial performance of public commercial banks in India? A multi-activity DEA model with shared inputs and undesirable outputs

Indian public commercial banks play a crucial role in the financial support for the economic development, poverty alleviation, and women's empowerment. As social banks, they have dual performance objectives of financing the vulnerable sections of society as well as providing mainstream financial services. Balancing these twin missions is the biggest challenge for these hybrid enterprises. To date, no study has been published giving evidence on whether these banks are efficient in both facets of their dual goals. For this reason, this paper adds to the literature by measuring the social and financial efficiency of a sample of 26 Indian public banks over 2011–2014 by using an innovative Multi-activity Data Envelopment Analysis (MDEA) model with shared inputs and undesirable outputs. Our study also examines whether there is a conflict or trade-off between socially responsible and for-profit banking practices. We find that Indian public banks have managed their dual mission relatively well, but on average, they have been much more efficient in social (99.4%) than conventional banking (81.9%) activity. Moreover, this study shows a significant synergy effect between social and financial performance. However, when regional differences across India are considered by comparing the social and financial efficiency scores for different degrees of economic and human development in Indian states, the significant synergy effect is only confirmed in those public banks located in less more economically developed Indian states.

CO2 Reforming of Methane over Ni/Ce-SBA-15: Effects of Ce Addition

Background/Objectives: The effects of Ce loading (1-7 wt%) on the properties of Ni/SBA-15 andCO2 dry reforming with methane was studied. Methods/StatisticalAnalysis: The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were analyzed by XRD, BET, TEM and FTIR. Catalytic performance of catalyst was performed using a fixed bed reactor at 700°C. Findings: NCS7 catalyst had the highest activity and good stability with CH4 conversion, CO2 conversion and H2/CO ratio of 94.9%, 95.1%, and 0.99, respectively. This can be attributed to the Ce ensuring a good Ni dispersion and inhibited the carbon deposition on the catalyst surfaces. Moreover, high Ce loading of NCS7 promoting the formation of a significant synergy effect between Ni active sites with SBA-15 for target reaction. Application/Improvements: The result presented is very promising to improve the GHGs conversion strategies for the production of useful chemical products.

Synergies in Labour Market Institutions: the Nonlinear Effect of Minimum Wages on Youth Employment

Empirical evidence on the effect of minimum wages on youth employment is inconclusive, with studies pointing to negative, positive or insignificant effects. In trying to explain some of the conflicting evidence, this research paper examines synergies of minimum wages with other labour market institutions using an unbalanced panel dataset of 19 OECD countries over 1985–2013. Institutions that enforce labour market rigidity, such as unemployment benefits and union density, are found to exacerbate the negative effect of minimum wages on youth employment, while government expenditure on training programmes for the unemployed dampen it. This finding of significant synergy effects indicates that panel data models which omit interactive terms between minimum wages and institutions might be misspecified. In addition, the analysis suggests that the negative effect of minimum wages is most severe in rigid labour markets with high unemployment benefits and union density. Therefore, policymakers need to consider the full spectrum of institutions they face before adjusting minimum wages.

Chemometric Modelling of Experimental Data on Co-gasification of Bituminous Coal and Biomass to Hydrogen-Rich Gas

In the paper the data set from the experimental study on the influence of a fuel blend composition on the efficiency of steam co-gasification process was explored with the application of the principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering analysis. Based on the analysis the synergy effects observed in the steam co-gasification process at the temperature of 700 and 900 °C were interpreted. In the co-gasification tests the significant differences between studied biomass types (Miscanthus Giganteus and Sida Hermaphrodita) were observed. The more pronounced synergy effects were reported in co-gasification of coal and Sida Hermaphrodita biomass blends than for coal and Miscanthus Giganteus biomass. Furthermore, more significant synergy effects in co-gasification of coal and Sida Hermaphrodita biomass were observed at lower temperature. A further, in-depth analysis of the relationships between the physical and chemical parameters of fuels and the product gas quality and volume enabled to determine the biomass content in a fuel blend, and the thermal conditions optimal for hydrogen-rich gas production.

Improving removal of 4-chlorophenol using a TiO2 photocatalytic system with microwave and ultraviolet radiation

A conventional photocatalytic system is a viable tool to purify wastewaters, whereas poor degradation performance due to diverse pollutants under various conditions still leaves it behind commercial markets. This study aimed to determine the degradation efficiency and mechanism of 4-chlorophenol in a hybrid system integrating a series of unit processes such as a conventional TiO2 photocatalytic reactor as well as microwave and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The decomposition (rate) of 4-chlorophenol was assessed with respect to the microwave intensity, pH, circulating fluid velocity, hydrogen peroxide level, and oxygen gas injection, along with a mix of individual processes. Results showed that there were favorable conditions for improving the degradation performance within certain limits. However, a significant synergy effect was also observed in the combined processes, which was substantially larger than any single process. Out of them, the best degradation performance was achieved using microwave irradiation and hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic reactor. The four intermediates (i.e., benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 4-chlorocatechol, and hydroxyhydroquinone) appeared to be generated through hydroxyl radicals-mediated hydroxylation and dechlorination in the proposed photocatalytic pathway. The present research is expected to provide new insights into designing the high performance photocatalytic system with affordable cost.

The role of governance in mobile phones for inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the synergy effects of governance in mobile phone penetration for inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa with data for the period 2000–2012. It employs a battery of interactive estimation techniques, namely: Fixed effects, Generalised Method of Moments and Tobit regressions. Concepts of political (voice and accountability and political stability/no violence), economic (government effectiveness and regulation quality) and institutional (corruption-control and rule of law) governance are employed. The following findings are established. The previously apparent positive correlation between mobile phones and inclusive development can be extended to a positive effect. Although political governance is overwhelmingly not significant across estimated models, the average effects from economic governance are higher relative to institutional governance. On the interactions between mobile phones and governance variables, while none are apparent in Fixed effects regressions, there are significant synergy effects in Generalised Method of Moments and Tobit estimations, notably, from: regulation quality in the former and political stability, voice and accountability and rule of law in the latter. There is consistent evidence of convergence in inclusive human development. Policy implications are discussed.

Effects of Iron(III) Dodecylbenzenesulfonate on the Slurry-Phase Hydrocracking of Venezuela Fuel Oil with an Oil-Soluble Mo Catalyst

The coke formation, liquid product distribution, alterations in catalytic active sites, and variations of residue colloidal stability were analyzed to investigate the additive effect of iron(III) dodecylbenzenesulfonate (IDBS) with an oil-soluble Mo catalyst in slurry-phase hydrocracking of Venezuela fuel oil (VFO). Experiments demonstrated that IDBS as well as polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) for comparison could separately promote the amount of suspended coke and reduce the sedimentary coke on the surface of the reactor, while changes in total coke were minor. In the presence of the Mo catalyst, IDBS showed a significant synergy effect with the Mo catalyst on mitigating the coke formation in contrast to Tween 80 and SDBS. The sulfidity of the Mo catalyst and catalytic active centers for hydrogenation were facilitated using IDBS, according to the analyses of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determination and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. In addit...

The Role of Governance in Mobile Phones for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the synergy effects of governance in mobile phone penetration for inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa with data for the period 2000-2012 by employing a battery of interactive estimation techniques, namely: Fixed effects (FE), Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Tobit regressions. Concepts of political (voice & accountability and political stability/no violence), economic (government effectiveness and regulation quality) and institutional (corruption-control and rule of law) governance are employed. The following findings are established. First, the previously apparent positive correlation between mobile phones and inclusive development can be extended to a positive effect. Second, whereas political governance is overwhelmingly not significant across estimated models, average effects from economic governance are higher relative to institutional governance. Third, on the synergy effects from interactions between mobile phones and governance variables, whereas none are apparent in FE regressions, there are significant synergy effects in GMM and Tobit estimations, notably, from: (i) regulation quality in the former and (ii) political stability, voice & accountability and rule of law in the latter. Fourth, there is consistent evidence of convergence in inclusive human development. Policy implications are discussed.

Single pass hybrid laser–MIG welding of 4-mm thick copper without preheating

Abstract Laser–arc hybrid welding of highly reflective T2 copper was conducted and significant synergy effect was observed. Effects of primary welding parameters on the shape and integrity of copper joints were studied through bead-on-plate (BOP) welding test. Results of X-ray inspection and infrared photography showed that both porosity susceptibility and crack susceptibility were highly dependent on welding heat input or energy coupling efficiency, but had totally different trend, which narrowed the process window of BOP welding of copper. Hot crack and porosity were successfully suppressed by using a square butt joint configuration with a proper gap size. A 4-mm thick, defect-free butt joint was obtained by single-pass hybrid welding at a speed of 1.3 m/min without preheating the work piece. The microstructure, microhardness, mechanical properties and tensile fracture surface of the butt joint obtained were studied. Tensile strength and elongation rate of the butt joint obtained were about 87% and 56% of that of base metal, respectively. The lowered mechanical properties of butt welded copper joint were related to the softening of fusion zone (FZ) and its vicinity, the coarse microstructure in FZ and heat affected zone (HAZ), and the possible concentration of impurity elements at the central region of FZ.

Cytotoxicity enhancement in MDA-MB-231 cells by the combination treatment of tetrahydropalmatine and berberine derived from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang.

Aim:Our previous works have demonstrated that Chinese herb medicine yanhusuo (Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang) has strong anti-cancer proliferation effect in MDA-MB-231 cells. The goal of this study was to find out the synergic cytotoxicity effect of three natural compounds, tetrahydropalmatine (THP), berberine (Ber), and dehydrocorydaline (DHC), isolated from C. yanhusuo W. T. Wang.Materials and Methods:The IC50 of THP Ber and DHC in single use, as well as in combination use at fixed ratios and doses was measured by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Isobologram, combination index and modified coefficient of drug interaction (CDI) methods were used for evaluation the combination effects of THF! Ber, and DHC in different ratio and concentration.Results:The results indicated that the combination of THP and Ber shown the strongest anti-cancer cell proliferation effect at the ratio of 2:3 (Ber: THF the average CDI value was 0.5795). DHC and THP have additive cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. However, there wasn’t any synergistic effect between Ber and DHC, and it even exhibited antagonistic effect when the percentage of DHC was >50%.Conclusion:Our findings suggested that the combination of THP and Ber might be beneficial for anti-proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a significant synergy effect.

Study on the Competitive Adsorption of Dimethoate with Multiple Pesticides and Heavy Metals Based on Fractional Factorial Design

In order to reveal the composite contaminations characteristic of dimethoate adsorption onto the surficial sediments, the competitive adsorption of dimethoate in pesticide (dimethoate, metalaxyl, atrazine, malathion, and prometryn)/heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and nickel) system is investigated. A 210-5 fractional factorial design method at resolution IV and a multiple linear regression adsorption model are used to identify the main effects and interactions of above ten pollutions. The adsorption amount of dimethoate surficial sediments is set as the dependent variable, and the main effects and second-order interactions of ten pollutions are set as independent variables. Thus, a multiple linear regression model of dimethoate adsorption is screened and established. The results of model show that the main effects of Cd, malathion and prometryn performed a significant antagonistic effect (α=0.05) on the adsorption of dimethoate onto the sediment (competitive adsorption effects), and the order is: prometryn (-0.0925) &gt; Cd (-0.0878) &gt; malathion (-0.0827); while heavy metal Zn performed a significant synergy effect on the adsorption of dimethoate. The second-order interaction effects of Zn*prometryne, Pb*atrazine and Pb*atrazine has a significant antagonistic impact on the adsorption of dimethoate in sediments, which is in a sequence of Zn*prometryne (-0.0967) &gt; Pb*atrazine (-0.0945) &gt; Cd*atrazine (-0.0922). Moreover, according to the rate of contributions of main effects and second-order interaction effects in composite contaminations system, we can also estimate and definite the pollution levels of target pollutant.

A Combination of Alkaloids and Triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. Leaves Enhances Immunomodulatory Activity in C57BL/6 Mice and Induces Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the induction of apoptosis and the immunomodulatory activities of alkaloids and triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. leaves (ASL). Importantly, their possible synergistic properties were also explored in this study. Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and Lewis tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were used for the evaluation of their activities. A MTT assay was used to determine the proliferation inhibition in A549 cells. Annexin-V/PI double staining as well as flow cytometry was performed to detect apoptosis and cell cycle status. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to determine the levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum. Furthermore, western blot analysis was applied to evaluate the expressions of proteins associated with cell death. Alkaloids or triterpenes showed a high anti-proliferative activity in A549 cells, with IC50 values of 14.4 µg/mL and 9.3 µg/mL, respectively. The alkaloids and triterpenes combination could significantly inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice, compared with alkaloids or triterpenes alone (7.5, 15, 30 g raw material/kg). The immune organs indexes including spleen index and thymus index were increased remarkably by the combination of alkaloids and triterpenes, whereas the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were up-regulated significantly. Moreover, Annexin-V/PI double staining and flow cytometry showed that the combination of alkaloids and triterpenes (1, 2 and 3 mg raw material/kg) could induce apoptosis and cause S cell cycle arrest in A549 cells. Western blot analysis also showed that their combination (2 mg raw material/kg) significantly down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and pro-casp8 level, whereas it remarkably increased the level of cleaved caspase-8 leading to apoptosis in A549 cells. These observations provide preliminary evidence that both alkaloids and triterpenes possess immune regulation and induction apoptosis activities. Their combination has a stronger activity than that of either class alone. Our findings suggested that these components might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of NSCLC through a significant synergy effect.

3차 만화산업중장기발전계획 수립과 전문인력양성 정책

It is expected that interests and supports for `the creative economy` will increase considerably since the establishment of the Park Geun Hye Administration. According to a report with respect to its cultural policy handed in by the Minister of Culture to the president on March 28, 2013, the administration will set up a basic plan of establishing regional fusion-typed laboratories including such genres as story telling, animations, games, cartoons, performances, etc. in May this year, and opening contents Korea laboratories across the country by the first quarter in 2014 as part of its core task. Furthermore, it will focus on implementing such policies for training professional manpower as creative mentoring programs, expansion of education for field employees and expansion of a creative education for young students, including a plan to train 1,000 creative contents talents by 2017 as described in the report. Since the Comics Promotional Law took effect in August 2012, the Korea Culture and Content Agency and the Comics Industry have been establishing the third plan for medium and long term development of the comics industry together. One of the most important policy is about training professional manpower. Joint Business with Creative Talents, in which the amount of 4.5 billion won was invested, has already been implemented, and Support Business for Field Employees of Comics Creating Enterprises, in which the amount of 0.6 billion won was invested, has been performed so far through the Korea Comics Contents Agency upon the request of the Comics Industry. The government`s plan to train professional manpower is interlocked with its foundation and employment policies, and thus, this will be a good opportunity for colleges and universities that have comics related majors, especially for those that need proper measures for bring their graduates a chance to get a job. Accordingly, it seems that if the government develops more aggressive policies, reflects this on the third medium and long term development plan of the comics industry, and then organizes policy and study meetings led by the learned societies to implement this, it will be able to generate a significant synergy effect. This Article will concentrate on first examining the flow and patterns of the policy to train special manpower by the comics industry, the Ministry of Culture and related institutions since the establishment of the Comics Promotional Law, analyzing some problems in the first and second medium and long term development plan of the comics industry to be implemented from 2003 through 2013 and the third medium and long term development plan to be announced in June 2013 to train professional manpower, and then suggesting an effective direction and some alternatives to train professional manpower in universities in a medium and long term way.

Grid Computing at GSI for ALICE and FAIR - present and future

The future FAIR experiments CBM and PANDA have computing requirements that fall in a category that could currently not be satisfied by one single computing centre. One needs a larger, distributed computing infrastructure to cope with the amount of data to be simulated and analysed.Since 2002, GSI operates a tier2 center for ALICE@CERN. The central component of the GSI computing facility and hence the core of the ALICE tier2 centre is a LSF/SGE batch farm, currently split into three subclusters with a total of 15000 CPU cores shared by the participating experiments, and accessible both locally and soon also completely via Grid. In terms of data storage, a 5.5 PB Lustre file system, directly accessible from all worker nodes is maintained, as well as a 300 TB xrootd-based Grid storage element.Based on this existing expertise, and utilising ALICE's middleware ‘AliEn’, the Grid infrastructure for PANDA and CBM is being built. Besides a tier0 centre at GSI, the computing Grids of the two FAIR collaborations encompass now more than 17 sites in 11 countries and are constantly expanding.The operation of the distributed FAIR computing infrastructure benefits significantly from the experience gained with the ALICE tier2 centre. A close collaboration between ALICE Offline and FAIR provides mutual advantages. The employment of a common Grid middleware as well as compatible simulation and analysis software frameworks ensure significant synergy effects.

The Dynamic Effects of Bundling as a Product Strategy

Several key questions in bundling have not been empirically examined: Do consumers value bundles over and beyond their component products, indicating synergy? Is mixed bundling more effective than pure bundling or pure components? Does correlation in consumer valuations make bundling more or less effective? Does bundling serve as a complement or substitute to network effects? To address these questions, we develop a consumer-choice model from micro-foundations to capture the essentials of our setting, the handheld video game market. We provide a framework to understand the dynamic, long-term impacts of bundling on demand. We find evidence that bundles have a significant negative synergy effect, and that consumer valuations for component products are positively correlated. Despite these effects, bundling can be effective through a third previously unexamined effect: dynamic consumer segmentation. Our results therefore contradict prior static models: bundling can be profitable even when consumer valuations for components are highly correlated. In the absence of bundling, both hardware and software sales decrease, and consumers who had previously purchased bundles might delay purchases, resulting in lower revenues. We also find that mixed bundling dominates pure bundling and pure components in terms of both hardware and software revenues.