Significant Predictors Of Anxiety Research Articles

Predictors of mental health and well-being in employed adults with autism spectrum disorder at 12-month follow-up.

People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) commonly experience poor outcomes in adulthood. Previous research on adult outcomes has focused on negative aspects of health and well-being, while positive well-being remains understudied. The current study charted 12-month change in daily living skills, job satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and positive well-being in 36 (32 male) newly employed adults with ASD aged 18 to 57 years who were participating in a supported employment program. There was a small increase in daily living skills, and a slight decrease in job satisfaction, with all other measures remaining stable over time. Regression analyses revealed that, controlling for baseline depression, positive well-being negatively predicted depression at follow-up. No significant predictors of anxiety were identified. Social support and depression at baseline were associated with positive well-being at follow-up; however, they were no longer significant predictors after the effects of baseline positive well-being were taken into account. The findings provide evidence that positive well-being may buffer against depression in people with ASD. Our finding of stability of mental health and well-being measures over time indicates more research is required to uncover the mechanisms underpinning mental health and well-being outcomes in employed adults with ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 482-494 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism commonly experience poor outcomes in adulthood. We studied mental health and well-being in newly employed adults with autism who were participating in a supported employment program. Apart from a slight increase in daily living skills and a slight decrease in job satisfaction, other measures of mental health and well-being remained stable over time. Our findings suggest that positive well-being may protect against symptoms of depression in people with autism.

Anxiety and depression among caregivers of hemodialysis patients at the Indonesian national referral hospital

Background: In Indonesia, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is primarily managed by hemodialysis (HD) because limited resources rule out the possibility of renal transplantation. HD patients are commonly accompanied by caregivers. However, most studies have neglected the health of caregivers, who play an important role in the survival of HD patients. This study aimed to determine the proportion of caregivers who suffer from anxiety and depression and the factors involved.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 100 caregivers in the HD unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. This study used the hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS) to determine the extent of anxiety and depression among caregivers. All caregivers were asked to fill out the questionnaire without assistance.Results: A total of 28% and 18% of caregivers were found to be anxious and depressed respectively. The caregiver’s relationship with the patient, whether the caregiver was being paid or unpaid, the total duration of care, and income were not associated with levels of anxiety and depression. However, the proportion of each 24-hour period spent on care was significantly associated with anxiety (p=0.037) and depression (p=0.015). The time spent on care every 24 hours was also a significant predictor of anxiety (p=<0.001) and depression (p=0.021).Conclusion: One-third of caregivers were found to be anxious and/or depressed. The time spent on care every 24 hours was a strong predictor of both anxiety and depression.

Mindfulness moderates the relation between trauma and anxiety symptoms in college students

Objective: To explore the relations between trauma exposure and anxiety and depression among college students, and to determine whether trait mindfulness may moderate these relations. Participants: Self-report survey data from 2,336 college sophomores were drawn from a larger university-wide study (“Spit for Science”). Methods: We constructed multiple linear regression models using past-year trauma exposure, trait mindfulness, and their multiplicative interaction to predict current anxiety and depressive symptom severity, while controlling for covariates. Results: Mindfulness was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety symptom severity. Trauma was a significant predictor of anxiety, but not depression, and high levels of mindfulness attenuated the association between trauma exposure and higher anxiety symptom severity. Conclusions: These results have implications for the treatment and prevention of anxiety among trauma-exposed college students and provide a basis for further research into the mechanisms through which mindfulness may facilitate positive mental health.

Relationship between Diet and Mental Health in a Young Adult Appalachian College Population.

Young adults in Appalachia may face poor nutritional status due to low access to healthy food and high mental health symptoms attributed to high stress and the college environment. A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the relationship between diet intake and mental health status of this population via surveys. Participant responses (n = 1956) showed students’ mean number of depressed days over the past 30 days was 9.67 ± 8.80, and of anxious days, 14.1 ± 10.03. The mean fruit and vegetable intake was 1.80 ± 1.27 times per day and the mean added sugars intake was 1.79 ± 1.26 times per day. 36.7% of students were found to be food insecure. One-way ANOVA and Chi-Squared analyses were used to determine relationship between variables. Significant variables were placed into a full logistic regression model. Food insecurity and fruit and vegetable intake remained significant predictors of depression in males (odds ratio (OR) = 2.33 95% CI 1.47–3.71 and OR = 68 95% CI 50–89, respectively) and in females food insecurity remained a significant predictor of depression (OR = 2.26 95% CI 1.67–3.07). Food insecurity and added sugars intake were significant predictor of anxiety in males (OR = 2.33 95% CI 1.47–3.71 and OR = 1.09 95% CI 0.91–1.3, respectively) and for anxiety in females, added sugars intake and food insecurity were significant predictors (OR = 1.18 95% CI 1.05–1.32 and OR = 1.65 95% CI 1.27–2.16, respectively). Improving college student’s diet intake through increased access to healthy foods could improve the mental health and well-being of students.

Cognitive appraisals and emotional status following a spinal cord injury in post-acute rehabilitation.

Retrospective, cross-sectional study. To investigate the factor structure of the ADAPSS-short form (ADAPSS-SF) in an acutely injured SCI population and to assess the relationship between cognitive appraisals made in the initial phase of rehabilitation and the experience of anxiety and depression. National Spinal Injuries Centre, UK. Participants were acutely injured patients admitted to the NSIC over 35 months. Cognitive appraisals were measured using the ADAPSS-SF; psychological distress was measured using the HADS. Individual profiles, including demographics and injury characteristics, were collected. Principle Component Analysis with oblique rotation demonstrated a coherent two-factor structure of the ADAPSS-SF: resilience and loss. Correlational analysis found that individuals who negatively appraised their injury were more likely to report lower mood. Findings identified four vulnerable subgroups that were more likely to negatively appraise their injury: females, individuals older at the time of SCI, individuals with AIS-A injuries and individuals whose SCI was acquired through assault. Hierarchical regression analysis reported that resilience and loss factors were significant predictors of depression. Gender, resilience and loss factors were significant predictors of anxiety. Cognitive appraisals accounted for more variance in mood above biological markers. Findings support a two-factor structure and validity of ADAPSS-SF in acute SCI rehabilitation. The study provides support for the role of cognitive appraisals in psychological adjustment in the early phases of rehabilitation, above injury characteristics. Findings highlighted the vulnerable subgroups that are more likely to initially endorse negative appraisals, which may influence clinical practice and provides an avenue for further research.

P069: Hardened tendencies: persistence of initial appraisals following simulation-based stress training

Introduction: Stress has been shown to impair performance during acute events. The goal of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of two simulation-based training interventions and baseline demographics (gender, age) on stress responses to simulated trauma scenarios. Methods: Sixteen (16) Emergency Medicine and Surgery residents were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) or Crisis Resource Management (CRM). Residents served as trauma team leaders in simulated trauma scenarios pre and post intervention. CRM training focused on non-technical skills required for effective teamwork. The SIT group focused on cognitive reappraisal, breathing and mental rehearsal. Training lasted 3 hours, involving brief didactic sessions and practice scenarios with debriefing focused on either CRM or SIT. Stress responses were measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (anxiety), cognitive appraisal (degree to which a person interprets a situation as a threat or challenge) and salivary cortisol levels. Results: Because the pre-intervention stress responses were different between the two groups, the results were analyzed with stepwise regression analyses. The only significant predictor of anxiety and cortisol responses were the residents appraisal responses to that scenario, explaining 31% of the variance in anxiety and cortisol. Appraisals of the post-intervention scenarios were predicted by their appraisals of the pre-intervention scenario and gender, explaining 73% of the variance. Men were more likely than women to appraise the scenarios as threatening. There were no differences in subjective anxiety, cognitive appraisal or salivary cortisol responses as a result of either intervention. Conclusion: Male residents, as well as those who appraised an initial simulated trauma scenario as threatening, were more likely to interpret a subsequent scenario as threatening, and were more likely to have larger subjective (anxiety) and physiological (cortisol) responses a subsequent scenario. Both CRM and SIT training were not effective in overcoming initial appraisals of potentially stressful events.

The direct and indirect effect of attachment insecurity and negative parental behavior on anxiety in clinically anxious children: it's down to dad.

Theoretically, insecure attachment and negative parental behaviors are risk factors for childhood anxiety. However, few empirical studies have examined their relative contribution including differences between mothers and fathers. To date, only one study has examined a mediational model including these factors, albeit in a nonclinical sample. This study ameliorates this limitation by investigating direct and indirect relations between maternal and paternal attachment and behaviors, and clinical anxiety in children (mean age 9.6years). The study recruited 54 families. Anxiety symptoms were measured by the Spielberger State-trait Inventory for Children, attachment relationships by the Security Scale, and parental behaviors using the Rearing Behavior Questionnaire. Neither insecure attachment relationship with mother nor maternal negative behavior was a significant predictor of anxiety in children. However, insecure attachment to father accounted for a significant proportion of variance in anxiety, and also fully mediated the relationship between paternal rejection and anxiety. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing the relative contribution of risk factors and the importance of including fathers when investigating the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety.

Investigating Unique Contributions of Dispositional Mindfulness Facets to Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in General and Student Populations

There is a well-documented evidence base for the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions for various health issues, and research has increasingly explored the role of mindfulness in nonclinical contexts. While the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FMMQ) was widely used to study dispositional mindfulness, no work has investigated the unique contributions of each mindfulness facet to depression, anxiety, and stress in a general population. The present study used psychometrically refined FFMQ and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) scores obtained from a sample (n = 400) of equal number of students and general population. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate predictive values of mindfulness facets to psychological distress variables. Nonjudgmental attitude was the strongest predictor of lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress across both students and general population with standardized β ranging from − .32 to − .46. Nonreactivity was the second strongest predictor for stress and depression, but Acting with Awareness was a significant predictor for anxiety and stress in students only. Overall, mindfulness facets were stronger predictors of lower DASS scores in students compared to general population. Relationships between some mindfulness facets and distress variables differ between students and general population and therefore may not be generalizable across these populations.

Anxiety, Depression and their Risk Factors in Cancer Moroccan Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: To our knowledge, no study specifically assessed anxiety and depression in Moroccan cancer population undergoing radiotherapy. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with cancer prior to the first session of radiotherapy and to identify predictor factors. Material and methods: It is a cross-sectional single center study. An interview was conducted using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: 150 patients filled the study inclusion criteria. The mean age was 54.9 ± 12.8 years, 12% of patients were in current employment. 42% of the participants had a positive family history of cancer. Out of study participants, 58% scored abnormal on the anxiety scale and 52% on the depression scale. Statistically significant predictors of anxiety and depression were similar to those reported in published studies, such as the presence of family history of cancer, received radiotherapy in family, employment status and treatment intention. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a large proportion of cancer patients have psychiatric comorbidities. There is an urgent need for psychosocial support programs and psychological screening for patients diagnosed with cancer and candidate for radiation therapy.

Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan

IntroductionA quantitative cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the role of parental bonding in relation to depressive and anxious symptoms among secondary school adolescents in Pakistan. The study also aimed to investigate the construct validity of the parental bonding inventory in the cultural context of Pakistan. MethodsThe sample consisted of 1124 adolescents recruited from eight secondary schools in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Urdu translated versions of Parental Bonding Instrument (Qadir et al., 2005) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (Mumford et al., 1991) were administered in classroom settings. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data. ResultsResults from the CFA of the Urdu version of the Parental Bonding Instrument supported a modified version of the three factor model proposed by Kendler (1996) consisting of warmth, protectiveness and authoritarianism. Based on SEM, we found a significant relationship between low parental warmth and depression symptoms among adolescents, whereas maternal protectiveness was a significant predictor for anxiety. Parental authoritarianism was not a significant predictor for depression or anxiety. DiscussionFindings of this study indicate that parental bonding is a central construct within a developmental framework in the cultural context of Pakistan, and is important when considering long-term psychosocial functioning of individuals. It should be explored further in clinical populations of Pakistani adolescents to ascertain significance of these constructs for interventions.

Adolescent Health Crisis: What Sleep-Related Factors Contribute to a Decline in Mental Health and Safety?

Sleep loss can disrupt neuron growth in the brain during adolescence, a critical period for cognitive development. Only 7.6% of teens get the recommended 9-10 hours of sleep. This study evaluates the relationship between sleep and adolescent mental health, which impacts physical health, safety and performance. The rise by 200% of disability and death rates during adolescence may be related to mental health. 160 people participated: 62 males and 98 females ranging in age from 14-17. Participants completed a 3-part assessment: a questionnaire assessing their sleep habits, an anxiety scale (AFARS), and a depression scale (CDS-DC). Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the extent to which sleep-related factors predict depression and anxiety. The overall depression and anxiety models were significant. School start time was a significant predictor of depression, and often being tired at school predicted anxiety. School start time predicted depression; however, it was not a significant predictor of anxiety. While an early school start time has been found to have many significant negative outcomes, the average high school starts at 7:30. The findings of this study imply that the benefit of offering a later school start outweigh potential inconveniences.

Anxiety and depression in Spanish-speaking Latina cancer patients prior to starting chemotherapy.

Anxiety and depression can substantially impact the life of a cancer patient, but literature on emotional distress in the Hispanic cancer population is sparse. Additionally, the influence of psychosocial variables including age, acculturation, and spiritual well-being on emotional distress in this population remains unclear. The purpose of the present report was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Spanish-speaking Latina cancer patients preparing to begin chemotherapy and to explore the predictors and correlates of these outcomes. Participants were 198 Spanish-speaking Latina cancer patients who completed measures of anxiety, depression, acculturation, and spiritual well-being prior to starting chemotherapy. Prevalence of clinically significant anxious symptomatology was 52%, and prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptomatology was 27%. Longer time since diagnosis and less acculturation predicted more severe anxiety, while longer time since diagnosis, less acculturation, and older age predicted more severe depression (Ps<.05). In multivariable analyses, only time since diagnosis emerged as a significant predictor of anxiety and depression when accounting for the influence of other variables. Greater spiritual well-being was correlated with both less severe anxiety and less severe depression (Ps<.001). The present findings document the high prevalence of emotional distress, particularly anxiety, in this patient population prior to chemotherapy initiation and identify several demographic and clinical factors associated with increased risk for heightened distress. Additionally, these findings suggest that interventions to address distress in this patient population would benefit from including components that seek to improve patients' spiritual well-being.

Long-term predictors of anxiety and depression in adult patients with asthma

It is well established that anxiety and depression are associated with asthma, but there is limited evidence about the persistence of anxiety/depression in asthma. The aim of our study was to assess the long-term predictors of anxiety and depression in adult asthmatic patients. A total of 90 adult asthma patients (63women, age 18-50years) with different levels of disease control (28 uncontrolled and 34 partially controlled) were assessed at baseline and at follow-up after 7years for anxiety, depression and asthma control. The same work-up on both occasions included: demographics, living conditions, medical history (e.g. comorbidities, adherence and exacerbations), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), disease control and lung function. Persistence was defined as the HADS scores for anxiety and depression present at baseline and follow-up. The HADS results at follow-up visit showed 36 (40%) asthma patients with anxiety and 13 (14%) with depression, with the persistence of anxiety in 17 (19%) and of depression in 7 (8%) patients. Significant predictors of anxiety at follow-up were HADS and AQLQ results at baseline and several parameters of asthma control at follow-up (area under the curve AUC0.917, 95% confidence interval CI0.829-0.969, p< 0.001) and for depression AQLQ mood disorder domain, asthma control and lung function (AUC0.947, 95% CI0.870-0.986, p< 0.001). Anxiety and depression persist over years in some patients with asthma. The association between mood disorders and asthma suggests potential mutual treatability.

Mental Health Problems among Adolescents in Relationship to Satisfaction with Parental Control

Several studies indicated a relation between parental control and symptoms of anxiety and depression among adolescents. But satisfaction with parental control has not been given much emphasis with regard to mental health problems among adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the adolescents’ satisfaction with parental control and its relationship with anxiety and depression. It was hypothesized that satisfaction with parental control (maternal and paternal) would be negatively associated with anxiety and depression among adolescents. Four hundred adolescents (200 boys and 200 girls) with age range of 15 to 19 years, were administered ‘Satisfaction with Parental Control Scale’ and ‘General Health Questionnaire’ to assess the variables under study. Correlational analysis revealed that adolescents who have greater satisfaction with their maternal and paternal control reported less anxiety and depressive symptoms. Further, regression analysis clearly indicates that satisfaction with maternal control emerged as significant predictor for anxiety and depression. Present study provides the conclusion that satisfaction with parental control improves mental health status of adolescents. The findings may have counselling implications.

The influence of patient, caregiver, and family factors on symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy.

The objective was to evaluate the association of caregiver and family factors with symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with medically refractory localization-related epilepsy (i.e., failed at least two epilepsy medications). Forty-four children (ages 6-11years) and 65 adolescents (ages 12-18years) and their parents participated in this multicentered, observational, cross-sectional study. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used to evaluate the influence of multiple patient, caregiver, and family characteristics on self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression in the children and adolescents. Among children, depressive symptoms were associated with a lower proportion of life with seizures (β=.344, p=.022), caregiver depression (β=.462, p=.002), poorer family relationships (β=.384, p=.010), and poorer family mastery and social support (β=.337, p=.025); in multivariable analysis, proportion of life with epilepsy and parental depression remained significant. No significant predictors of anxiety were found among children. Among adolescents, depressive symptoms were associated with caregiver unemployment (β=.345, p=.005) and anxiety (β=.359, p=.003), low household income (β=.321, p=.012), poorer family mastery and social support (β=.334, p=.007), and greater family demands (β=.326, p=.008); in multivariable analysis, caregiver unemployment and anxiety remained significant. Greater anxiety symptoms among adolescents were associated with females (β=.320, p=.009) and caregiver depression (β=.246, p=.048) and anxiety (β=.392, p=.001) and poorer family mastery and social support (β=.247, p=.047); in multivariable analysis, female sex and caregiver anxiety remained significant. These findings highlight the central role of caregiver psychopathology, which is amenable to intervention, on children and adolescents' symptoms of anxiety and depression. Addressing caregiver psychopathology may improve children and adolescents' quality of life even if seizure control is not attained.

Association of coronary ischemia estimated by fractional flow reserve and psychological characteristics of patients.

IntroductionPsychological characteristics of patients, depression, stress and anxiety are recognized as important confounding risk factors for ischemic heart disease. However, the impact of psychological characteristics on coronary ischemia and vice versa remain poorly understood.AimTo demonstrate the interplay of psychological characteristics, depression, stress and anxiety with coronary ischemia estimated with fractional flow reserve (FFR).Material and methodsFrom 2014 to 2016, 147 patients who were planned for FFR measurement were included in this study. Psychological characteristics of patients were evaluated using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 items (DASS 21) self-report questionnaire.ResultsComparing the FFR ischemic vs. FFR non-ischemic groups, a significant difference was observed regarding results achieved for the depression, anxiety and stress scales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to model the correlation between FFR and the DAS scale. It was clear, when controlling for previous myocardial infarction, that FFR was significant in all analyses. However, when the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris (CCS) class was entered in the model, FFR was not a significant predictor of anxiety, but was significant in other analysis.ConclusionsHigher degrees of the psychological characteristics depression, stress and anxiety were observed in the group of patients with coronary ischemia, corresponding to lower fractional flow values.

영유아 입원 환아 어머니의 불안과 극복력의 관계

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between anxiety and mastery in hospitalized young childrens mothers. Methods: The subjects were 118 mothers of young children who were hospitalized in a pediatric unit. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the variables of anxiety and mastery. In the data analysis, SPSSWIN 23.0 was used for descriptive statistics, Pearsons correlation coefficients and multiple regression. Results: The reliability of instruments were found to have a Cronbachs alpha of .84 to .92. Anxiety correlated negatively with mastery (r=-.43, p<.001) and positively with duration of hospitalization (r=.26, p=.004). In multiple regression, mastery and duration of hospitalization were significant predictors of anxiety in hospitalized young childrens mothers, explaining 24.0%. Conclusions: Anxiety and mastery were significant variables in hospitalized young childrens mothers. A strategy of nursing intervention which decreases anxiety in mothers must be developed by increasing the level of mastery in mothers of hospitalized young children.

Self-Reliance and Relations with Parents as Predictors of Anxiety and Depression in College Students

The transition to college can be stressful for young adults. Researchers have investigated factors related to students’ mental health as they adjust to college life. The current study examined the relative contributions of measures of self-reliance and parent relations to the prediction of anxiety and depression in college students. A sample of 153 college students enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a southeastern university completed the self-reliance and parent relations scales of the BASC-2 SRP-COL, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Hamilton Depression Inventory (HDI). Multiple regression analyses indicated that self-reliance and parent relations were significant predictors of anxiety and depression with self-reliance scores making a greater contribution to the prediction of each of the outcome variables.

간호대학생의 여가활동에 따른 완벽성과 자아탄력성이 불안에 미치는 영향

본 연구의 목적은 간호대학생의 여가활동에 따른 완벽성과 자아탄력성이 불안에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위함이다. 자료 수집은 A시와 B시에 소재한 2곳의 간호학과에 재학 중인 대학생 134명을 대상으로, 2015년 10월 5일부터 10월 15일까지 자가 보고식 설문조사로 시행되었다. 연구결과, 대상자의 여가활동 유무에 따라 자아탄력성(t=-3.80, p=.001)과 불안(t=3.71, p<.001)에 있어 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 그리고 여가활동을 하지 않는 대상자의 완벽성(<TEX>${\beta}=.71$</TEX>, p<.001)과 자아탄력성(<TEX>${\beta}=-.29$</TEX>, p=.003)은 불안에 58%의 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다(F=34.50, p<.001). 여가활동의 분류에 따른 분석에서, 관광, 취미 및 오락 활동의 여가활동을 하는 경우, 완벽성(<TEX>${\beta}=.54$</TEX>, p=.003)은 불안에 유의한 설명요인으로 약 26%의 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다(F=5.66, p=.009). 그러므로 여가활동을 하지 않는 간호대학생의 불안을 조절하기 위해 자아탄력성을 높이고, 완벽성을 낮추기 위한 전략이 마련되어야 할 것이며, 간호대학생의 여가활동 방해요인을 해결하고, 이들이 선호하는 여가활동을 할 수 있는 환경을 대학 내에 조성할 필요가 있다. This study examined the effects of perfectionism and ego-resiliency on the anxiety in two groups of nursing students: leisure activity, and no leisure activity group. A total of 134 undergraduate students were recruited at two universities in A and B cities, Korea using the convenient sampling method. They were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire for 11 days in October, 2015. The results showed that there were significant differences in the ego-resiliency (t=-3.80, p=.001) and anxiety (t=3.71, p<.001) according to the leisure activity. In the subjects who did not have leisure activities, perfectionism (<TEX>${\beta}=.71$</TEX>, p<.001) and ego-resiliency (<TEX>${\beta}=-.29$</TEX>, p=.003) were identified as significant predictors of anxiety and this model explained 58.0% of the variance in anxiety (F=34.50, p<.001). In the analysis according to the classification of current leisure activity, Perfectionism (<TEX>${\beta}=.54$</TEX>, p=.003) was identified as a significant predictor of anxiety in subjects doing travel watch and pastime amusement, and this model explained 26.0% of the variance in anxiety in nursing students (F=5.66, p=.009). Therefore, providing strategies to control anxiety can not only improve ego-resiliency, but also reduce perfectionism among nursing students. In addition, it is necessary to resolve the disturbance factors of the leisure activity and create an environment that promotes leisure activities in universities.

Perceived Parenting Styles and Cultural Influences in Adolescent’s Anxiety: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

A growing body of literature links particular parenting practices with negative child outcomes including greater anxiety symptoms among western societies. However, the effects of cultural differences on such linkages have not been adequately addressed in the anxiety literature. This study therefore aimed to examine the relationship between perceived parenting style and anxiety among Malay, Chinese, Indian, Arab and European/American (Caucasian) origins adolescents and the possible cultural group influences on this relationship was studied. Using multiple cluster sampling, a total of 227 students (122 boys and 105 girls) aged 13–18 years was selected. They completed questionnaires measuring parental rearing behaviors (EMBU-C) and anxiety symptoms scale (SCAS). Results indicated that in comparison to the European/American; Asian samples reported greater anxiety symptoms on all subscales of anxiety. Parental rejection, anxious rearing and control/over protection were correlated to higher anxiety independent of cultural group but these associations were stronger for Caucasians. Parenting styles as predictor of anxiety were found to be cross culturally different. Although European/American adolescents rated their parents as least over controlling, it was significant predictor of anxiety. This study provides evidence for the notion that relationship between parenting factors and anxiety were different across cultural contexts.