Significant Penetration Research Articles

Unraveling the SCC behavior and enhanced creep strength mechanism of AFA alloy in supercritical CO2

The oxide scale of 20Cr25Ni2.5Al AFA alloy formed under the coupling of stress and supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2, 650 ℃ / 15MPa) consisted of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, preferential intergranular oxidation zones, but lacked a thin Al2O3 protective layer. The poor oxidation resistance resulted in significant CO2 penetration into the matrix and subsequent formation of Cr2O3, thereby hindering the initiation of Cr - rich σ phase beneath the oxide scale. This competition between oxidation and precipitation effectively reduced crack initiation and delayed the connection between SCC and creep cracks, thus significantly prolonging the creep lifetime in sCO2 compared to that in air.

Nanomaterials for enhanced X‐ray‐triggered cancer therapy: Progress and prospects

AbstractX‐rays, a form of ionizing radiation with high energy and significant penetration capability, are commonly used in clinical tumor treatment through radiotherapy. Despite their widespread use, optimizing X‐ray efficacy remains a critical challenge due to issues such as radiation resistance and damage to surrounding health tissues. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced new opportunities and challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the latest progress in nanomaterials for X‐ray‐triggered cancer therapy, highlighting their various advantages such as targeted delivery, reduced side effects, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We examine how nanomaterials, including metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal fluorides, rare earth oxides, cluster compounds, metal‐organic frameworks, and nanohybrids, enhance the effectiveness of X‐ray‐triggered treatments. Furthermore, we address the current challenges and future prospects of efficient X‐ray‐triggered cancer therapy, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians in the field.

Techno-economic of Residential Application for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic-Battery under Net Energy Metering

Nowadays, the demand for electrical energy is increasing due to the application of electrical equipment such as air conditioning, refrigerators, television, computers etc. Grid-connected photovoltaic is a network that allows for significant penetration of electricity by PV generation into the national utility grid under Net Energy Metering (NEM) incentive. Under NEM incentive, the owner can offset the energy for 10 years to reduce the electricity billing. Unfortunately, after that, the self-consumption (SELCO) program is implemented. Under SELCO program, the energy generated by PV will be consumed by the owner and there is no rebate for excess energy to the grid. This paper represents the techno-economic analysis of different rated power of PV design installed for residential applications. The 1.04kWp, 1.56kWp and 2.08kWp PV are designed to charge 5.544kWh battery and simulated by using PVsyst software. The payback period is calculated under Net Energy Metering (NEM) 3.0 incentive. As a result, 1.56kWp is the optimize sizing for grid-connected PV-battery with electricity billing saving at RM730.20 per year under one-on-one program and RM660.61 under SELCO program. Thus, return on investment (ROI) of this system design is 16.5 years.

Two-photon photodynamic therapy with curcumin nanocomposite

Two-photon photodynamic therapy (TP-PDT) offers an innovative approach to cancer treatment that utilizes near-infrared light to activate photosensitizers and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for targeted cancer cell elimination. TiO2-CUR-Sofast (TCS), which uses TiO2 nanoparticles and Sofast cationic polymer to modify curcumin (CUR), has demonstrated potential as a photosensitizer under visible light irradiation, addressing the limitations of CUR's narrow spectral range and low bioavailability. This study explores the utility of the two-photon technique to activate TCS within the infrared spectrum, aiming to enhance ROS production and penetration depth compared to traditional CUR. TCS exhibits a significantly higher ROS production at 900 nm excitation wavelength, approximately 6–7 times that of CUR, signifying a substantial increase in efficiency. In TP-PDT, TCS showed significant phototoxicity against HeLa and T24 cell lines compared to CUR. Furthermore, TCS's photodynamic efficacy is further confirmed by cell apoptosis and necrosis studies, where approximately 89 % of cells treated with TCS under 900 nm light irradiation were observed in an apoptosis/necrosis state. And the TP-PDT effect in deep tissue was simulated using pig skin. It shows that the two-photon excitation has a significant penetration depth advantage over the single-photon excitation. These results indicate that the two-photon PDT scheme of TCS has greater potential than the single-photon PDT scheme in the treatment of cancer, and provides an experimental foundation for the effective treatment of deep lesions.

Accurate and efficient layered-medium modeling of wave propagation in inshore seawater for ground penetrating radar detection

The electromagnetic (EM) wave-based ground penetrating radar (GPR) finds extensive applications due to its ability to propagate through various media with significant penetration power. In the inshore shallow sea regions, the water has a low salinity and high sediment content with a nonuniform distribution. Leveraging GPR in these regions presents a novel approach to acquiring seafloor topographic knowledge. Although the oceanic environment exhibits continuous stratification, we propose a layered-medium model method (LMMM) for simplification. Through meticulous analysis of EM wave propagation within this model, GPR enables the identification of interfaces between water-suspended sediment transition zones and marine sediments, along with effective discrimination of sediment types. The wave propagation at the frequency of f = 9.0 MHz in the GPR is simulated in the environment of the shallow coast and the distribution of the magnetic field is obtained in different directions. The simulation results are compared with those of the well-known HFSS, thus validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Thrombus burden, caval thrombosis, and retrieval of the Denali inferior vena cava filter

The study purpose was to evaluate Denali IVC filter (Bard Peripheral Vascular, Tempe, Arizona) outcomes. Five hundred patients had 508 filters placed between 2015 and 2022. Filters were retrieved at the study site in 284 patients, 159 (31.4%) were deemed permanent, 21 (4.1%) were retrieved at an outside hospital, 27 (5.3%) had outside hospital follow-up without known retrieval, and 17 (3.3%) were lost to follow-up. Initial retrieval at the study site was successful in 275 cases while 7 cases had successful second retrieval attempts (99.3% overall success). Initial retrieval venogram showed clot in filter in 18/284 (6.3%) and an occluded cava in 12/284 (4.2%). Contrast enhanced imaging was available in 79 patients without study site retrieval: 7/79 (8.9%) had thrombus within the filter, 7/79 (8.9%) had caval thrombosis/occlusion/severe stenosis, and 1/75 (1.2%) had new nonocclusive caval thrombus. No filter fracture, clinically significant extravascular strut penetration, or migration was reported.

Comparative evaluation of continuous and sequential chelation on the dentinal tubule penetration of bioceramic-based sealer - A confocal laser scanning microscopic study.

Effective endodontic treatment relies heavily on proper instrumentation, thorough disinfection, and precise three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. This study aims to evaluate and compare continuous chelation (etidronic acid and sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) and sequential chelation (citric acid and NaOCl) on the dentinal tubule penetration of bioceramic-based sealer (Bio-C)-A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. In vitro experimental study. Sixty extracted permanent single-rooted teeth were selected and decoronated below cementoenamel junction to get a standardized length of 12 mm across all samples followed by enlargement of root canals till rotary ProTaper F3. The samples were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (control): Canals were irrigated with 3 mL 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/3 mL 3% NaOCl; Group II: Canals were irrigated with 10 mL etidronic acid + NaOCl solution; and Group III: Canals were irrigated with 3 mL 10% citric acid followed by 3 mL 3% NaOCl. 0.1% rhodamine B dye was mixed with Bio-C sealer followed by obturation. All the samples were subjected to confocal laser scanning microscopy evaluation. One-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post hoc test was used for the statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The pairwise comparison of depth of penetration showed statistically significant results in all the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Group II showed better depth of penetration than Groups I and III. Continuous chelation protocol using etidronic acid and NaOCl showed greater and statistically significant sealer penetration depth when compared to the sequential chelation protocol, i.e., citric acid at all three levels.

The influence of radon penetration through joints on the overall radon barrier properties of waterproof membranes

Waterproofing membranes with a proven ability to prevent radon penetration are commonly used to provide basic protection of buildings against radon from the subsoil. The goal of our research was to find out which types of joints of the pre-applied membranes are radon-tight and which, on the other hand, are radon permeable. Another goal was to find out how significant radon penetration through the joints can be, and how it can affect the ability of the whole radon-proof course to prevent radon penetration into the house. Six types of joints were investigated by determining the radon diffusion coefficient. Four of these types had a radon diffusion coefficient up to three orders of magnitude greater than the membranes themselves. A procedure was proposed for taking into consideration the high radon diffusion coefficient of joints in the calculation of the radon resistance of the whole radon-proof course. It has been proven that leaks in the joints can reduce the radon resistance of the whole radon-proof course by two to three orders of magnitude. For this reason, the course may not meet the minimum radon resistance requirements. Numerical simulation revealed that the leaks were due to the use of unsuitable sealing materials and technologies. A correct sealing technology for problematic joints was designed and subsequently verified.

Shear strength parameters identification of loess interface based on borehole micro static cone penetration system

BackgroundLoess is prone to large deformation and flow slide due to natural and artificial interfaces inside. The strength of these interfaces controls the mechanical properties of loess. Obtaining their mechanical parameters through in-situ testing is essential for evaluating the mechanical stability in loess engineering with interfaces.MethodsBy developing a borehole micro static cone penetration system and creating various types of loess with interfaces, extensive borehole penetration model tests were conducted to observe changes in cone tip resistance during penetration. The response surface method was used to analyze the impact of various test conditions on the calculated resistance. A three-dimensional surface fitting method was employed to establish the relationship between penetration parameters and shear strength parameters, which was validated through in-situ testing.ResultsThe developed borehole micro static cone penetration system achieves overall miniaturization while providing significant penetration power and ensuring an effective penetration distance. Cone tip resistance development during penetration can be divided into three stages: initial, rapid increase, and slow increase. The transition times between these stages vary for different soils. Calculated resistance is positively correlated with dry density and normal stress and negatively correlated with water content. A quadratic positive correlation was established between calculated resistance and shear strength parameters during penetration. In composite soils, the interaction between water content and normal stress is strong. Compared to intact soil samples, the shear strength parameters of composite soils are more prominently influenced by water content.ConclusionA system for testing interface mechanical parameters was innovatively developed, fulfilling the need to obtain interface shear strength parameters for deep soil. This study can provide support for ensuring the long-term stability of the loess slope or subgrade with interfaces.

Microleakage Assessment of Modified Resin Infiltration With Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles on Artificial Enamel Caries Lesion: An In Vitro Study.

Background Incorporating nanoparticles into resin infiltrant (RI) can alter its physical properties, including microleakage. This study aimed to examine the microleakage properties of RI modified with 2.5% and 5% zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles on artificially induced carious lesions (ACLs) in bovine teeth. Materials and methods Modified RIs were applied to five sound and 30 ACLs on bovine incisors. They were divided into seven groups based on the procedure (Group 1: sound enamel (SE), Group 2: artificial caries lesion only (ACL), Group 3: RI, Group 4: RI+ 2.5% ZnO, Group 5: RI + 5% ZnO, Group 6: RI + 2.5% MgO, Group 7: RI + 5% MgO). The samples were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles and then exposed to methylene blue solution for 24 hours in an incubator. The teeth were sectioned and examined with a stereomicroscope to assess the depth of methylene blue penetration (MBP), quantifying microleakage according to the following scoring: 0 = no penetration, 1 = outer half of enamel, 2 = inner half of enamel, 3 = outer half of dentin, and 4 = inner half of dentin. An ANOVA test was conducted to assess the significance of differences among the groups. Post-hoc tests, including Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) test, were performed to identify specific group differences and determine which differences were statistically significant. Results SE samples (Group 1) showed minimal penetration, with 100% scoring 1, indicating high resistance to MBP. The ACL group had significant penetration, with 77.78% scoring 3 and 22.22% scoring 2. The RI group completely prevented MBP, with all samples scoring 0. Both RI+2.5% ZnO (Group 4) and RI+2.5% MgO (Group 6) were highly effective, with 88.89% scoring 0 and 11.11% scoring 1. RI+5% ZnO (Group 5) and RI+5% MgO (Group 7) also prevented MBP but had slightly higher minimal penetration, with 77.78% scoring 0 and 22.22% scoring 1. Significant differences were observed between the ACL group and all other groups, underscoring the effectiveness of RI treatments. No significant differences were found between RI+ZnO and RI+MgO at both concentrations, indicating similar effectiveness. Conclusions The study demonstrated that RI modified with 2.5% and 5% ZnO and MgO nanoparticles effectively reduced microleakage in ACLs on bovine teeth compared to untreated lesions. These modifications significantly inhibited MBP, particularly in enamel and dentin, indicating their potential to enhance the durability and effectiveness in clinical applications. This research emphasizes the promising role of nanoparticle-modified RI in minimizing microleakage and optimizing treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and refine protocols.

Solar surge and cost shifts: Heterogenous effects of redistribution in the electricity bills in Japan

This study investigates the impact of daily intermittency in solar energy on retail electricity bills, focusing on the “Duck Curve” and “Peak Shifting” phenomena and their varying effects on different consumer groups. Notably, commercial and industrial users exhibit higher demand around midday, while residential users peak during morning and evening hours. This prompts a crucial question: do peak shifting and redistribution effects differ among consumer groups due to their distinct electricity consumption patterns? Our analysis centers on Japan's power system, which has witnessed significant solar energy penetration, with solar capacity growing from 42 GW in 2016 to 83 GW in 2022. Utilizing monthly electricity consumption data and employing robustness checks through instrumental variable methods, we empirically demonstrate that increased solar penetration leads to higher electricity prices for residential consumers but reduced costs for commercial-industrial users. Additionally, we uncover the mediating role of pumped hydro storage (PHS) stations in stabilizing prices during peak and off-peak periods by managing energy demand variability, thereby mitigating economic impacts across consumer groups. This study highlights the issue of cross-class subsidization, where certain groups bear disproportionately higher electricity costs due to increased renewable energy penetration. It underscores the necessity for carefully crafted policy interventions to uphold market fairness and sustainability alongside large-scale renewable penetration, ensuring a balanced and equitable energy transition.

Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation for Cosmetic Application Using Design of Experiments, PART II: Physical Characterization and In Vitro Skin Permeation for Sesamol Skin Delivery

Our research focuses on evaluating the preliminary stability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in order to identify an optimal formulation for studying the skin penetration of SLNs loaded with sesamol, with a view to developing potential cosmetic applications. For this study, SLNs were prepared with varying lipid and surfactant compositions and produced through homogenization and ultrasonication. The particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were analyzed for the different formulations. We identified OP2Se as the optimal formulation for skin penetration assessment due to its stable PS, PDI, ZP, and EE over time, with a Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) below 1 after a month, indicating favorable stability conditions. The in vitro skin permeation study compared sesamol-loaded SLNs with a control sesamol hydrogel, revealing controlled release characteristics ideal for localized skin effects without significant bloodstream penetration, attributed to the SLNs’ 200 nm particle size. Further exploration could enhance skin retention and targeting, potentially extending penetration studies and reducing particle size to improve accumulation in hair follicles. Exploring SLN applications beyond sesamol, such as incorporating mineral filters for suncare, offers promising avenues, underscoring SLNs’ versatility in cosmetic formulations and skincare applications.

A holistic insight on stability and transport of hematite colloid: Role of various environmental factors

Hematite colloids (Hem) could carry pollutants into deep underground environments and its potential ecological risk needs to be evaluated. This study investigated the aggregation and transport behavior of Hem under different solution pH, electrolyte concentration and humic acid (HA) concentration. Rising the electrolyte concentration would shrink the double electric layer of Hem, weaken the electrostatic repulsion and promote the aggregation of Hem. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of Hem was higher at pH 5 (48.83 mM) than pH 10 (24.70 mM), implying that Hem were more stable under acidic conditions than under alkaline conditions. The addition of HA increased the negative charge of Hem and improved the electrostatic repulsion between colloid and sand surface, thus intensifying the stability and mobility of Hem. High HA concentration (≥ 0.5 mg/L) had little effect on the surface charge of Hem, indicating that electrostatic repulsion was not the dominant, however increasing HA significantly improve the stability and transport of Hem by stimulating the steric hindrance interaction. The effect of HA on the transport of Hem under acidic condition was significantly higher than that under alkaline condition because HA changed the surface charge of Hem from positive to negative under acidic condition, so that the electrostatic repulsion between the colloid and sand surface increased sharply and accompanied by a significant penetration. This study exhibited a holistic view on the aggregation and transport behavior of Hem in typical soil environment, and extended the understanding of co-transport potential mechanisms of colloids with contaminants and/or nutrients.

Optimally tuned cascaded FOPI-FOPIDN with improved PSO for load frequency control in interconnected power systems with RES

In the operation and control of power systems, load frequency control (LFC) plays a critical role in ensuring the stability and reliability of interconnected power systems. Modern power systems with significant penetration of highly variable and intermittent renewable sources present new challenges that make traditional control strategies ineffective. To address these new challenges, this paper proposes a novel LFC strategy that employs a cascaded fractional-order proportional integral-fractional-order proportional integral derivative with a derivative filter (FOPI-FOPIDN) as a controller. The parameters of the FOPI-FOPIDN are optimised using a variant of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the literature called ADIWACO. The effectiveness and scalability of the proposed strategy are validated by extensive simulations conducted on two- and three-area test systems and performance comparisons with recent LFC control strategies in the literature. The performance metrics used for the evaluation are ITAE values, deviations in the power flows in the tie-lines, and deviations in the frequencies of the control areas with the power systems subjected to diverse load and RES generation disturbances in several experimental scenarios. Governor dead band, communication time delay, and generation rate constraints are considered in one of the scenarios for more realistic evaluation. Again, the controller’s robustness to uncertain model parameters is validated by varying the parameters of the three-area test system by ± 50%. The simulation results obtained confirm the controller’s robustness and its superiority over the comparison LFC strategies in terms of the above performance metrics.

Co-optimizing transmission and BESS expansions with system strength constraints

The increased penetration of renewables through converter interfaced generation (CIG) and the associated displacement of synchronous generators (SGs) can significantly reduce system strength. Although some network enhancements, such as the installation of battery energy storage systems (BESS), can partially counterbalance the reduction in strength, current network planning methodologies overlook system strength effects. In this context, this work proposes a new optimization model for co-optimizing investments in network expansions and battery systems to meet, at minimum cost, system strength requirements quantified through short circuit levels (SCL). Recognizing that SCL needs vary on a case-by-case basis, this model incorporates a logistic regression analysis trained on offline time-domain dynamic simulations; this approach effectively correlates SCL with system stability, providing a tailored strategy for each power system. To solve the optimization, we also propose an algorithm to iteratively find the optimal solution for the co-optimized portfolio of new transmission and energy storage investments. Through various case studies, we demonstrate the importance of considering system strength requirements in planning studies with significant penetration of CIG.

Цифровые технологии в науке и образовании (достижения, тенденции, эффекты)

The current period of technological progress is characterized by a significant penetration of digital technologies into all spheres of life and society. At the moment, a fairly extensive material has been accumulated with the results of research aimed at recognizing the effects, mostly implicit or weakly exposed, which are inherent in digital technologies, as well as to disclose the mechanisms producing them. However, work in which the task of creating a holistic representation would be solved, reflecting the most important effects in their entire entirety, have not yet been published. The article attempted to analyze all the main features of the application of such technologies in an academic environment, closely related to information processes and where the introduction of digital technologies is especially active. In order to summarize theoretically and practically proven strengths of digital technologies, to identify the most successful applications built on their base, to identify negative manifestations and effective steps taken to neutralize threats, a fairly representative set of research results on identifying individual factors and the study of the effects due to them, specific for digital technologies for a certain applied orientation. Based on the basic concepts, taking into account the experience of the implementation of organizational and administrative measures, focused on achieving the most positive effect of the introduction of digital technologies and elimination of sources of undesirable consequences, a set of key objects of comprehensive analysis is proposed, which should precede decision-making to integrate technologies into the practical activities of the academic structures and serve as the basis for the formation of general policy and strategic plan.

PH-Sensitive Hydrogels Fabricated with Hyaluronic Acid as a Polymer for Site-Specific Delivery of Mesalamine.

Hydrogels with the main objective of releasing mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) in the colon in a modified manner were formulated in the present work using a free-radical polymerization approach. Different ratios of hyaluronic acid were cross-linked with methacrylic and acrylic acids using methylenebis(acrylamide). The development of a new polymeric network and the successful loading of drug were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the hydrogel was more thermally stable than the pure polymer and drug. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a rough and hard surface which was relatively suitable for efficient loading of drug and significant penetration of dissolution medium inside the polymeric system. Studies on swelling and drug release were conducted at 37 °C in acidic and basic conditions (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8, and 7.4, respectively). Significant swelling and drug release occurred at pH 7.4. Swelling, drug loading, drug release, and gel fraction of the hydrogels increased with increasing hyaluronic acid, methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid concentrations, while the sol fraction decreased. Results obtained from the toxicity study proved the formulated system to be safe for biological systems. The pH-sensitive hydrogels have the potential to be beneficial for colon targeting due to their pH sensitivity and biodegradability. Inflammatory bowel disease may respond better to hydrogel treatment as compared to conventional dosage forms. Specific amount of drug is released from hydrogels at specific intervals to maintain its therapeutic concentration at the required level.

Biomaterial-Based Therapeutic Delivery of Immune Cells.

Immune cell therapy (ICT) is a transformative approach used to treat a wide range of diseases including type 1 diabetes, sickle cell disease, disorders of the hematopoietic system, and certain forms of cancers. Despite excellent clinical successes, the scope of adoptively transferred immune cells is limited because of toxicities like cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity in patients. Furthermore, reports suggest that such treatment can impact major organ systems including cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and hepatic systems in the long term. Additionally, adoptively transferred immune cells cannot achieve significant penetration into solid tissues, thus limiting their therapeutic potential. Recent studies suggest that biomaterial-assisted delivery of immune cells can address these challenges by reducing toxicity, improving localization, and maintaining desired phenotypes to eventually regain tissue function. In this review, recent efforts in the field of biomaterial-based immune cell delivery for the treatment of diseases, their pros and cons, and where these approaches stand in terms of clinical treatment are highlighted.

Vehicle choice modeling for emerging zero-emission light-duty vehicle markets in California

To predict the market dynamics of various zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) technologies, this study introduces a dynamic discrete vehicle choice model (VCM) that investigates the probabilities associated with 14 decision factors, applying these to the purchase of ZEVs from 2020 to 2040. Market share and penetration results are presented under eight scenarios, that vary by vehicle costs infrastructure development and incentive strategies. The findings suggest that in the early years, incentives alone may not generate significant market penetration of ZEVs before the infrastructure meets the basic convenience for daily use, especially for fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, in later years, incentives play a more important role in the market penetration of ZEVs under well-defined infrastructure networks. By 2040, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are projected to dominate the market in California. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and FCVs may experience a decline in market share due to improved charging convenience, which benefits the market penetration of BEVs. However, fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (FC-PHEVs) could still be beneficial if accessible models are available, considering the limited availability of hydrogen refueling stations. The goal set by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is achievable, but it requires a sustained combination of measures; no single effort can achieve it. These measures include technological improvements to reduce the cost of ZEVs, a wider range of models available for consumers to choose from based on their desired performance, the establishment of infrastructure (battery chargers and hydrogen dispensers), and attractive incentives aimed at promoting ZEV adoption. The proposed methodology can be adapted for other regions in the United States and globally by carefully examining the inputs for each decision factor at the desired scale.

Customer Churn Prevention For E-commerce Platforms using Machine Learning-based Business Intelligence

Aims &amp; Background: Businesses in the E-commerce sector, especially those in the business- to-consumer segment, are engaged in fierce competition for survival, trying to gain access to their rivals' client bases while keeping current customers from defecting. The cost of acquiring new customers is rising as more competitors join the market with significant upfront expenditures and cutting-edge penetration strategies, making client retention essential for these organizations. Objective: The main objective of this research is to detect probable churning customers and prevent churn with temporary retention measures. It's also essential to understand why the customer decided to go away to apply customized win-back strategies. Methodology: Predictive analysis uses the hybrid classification approach to address the regression and classification issues. The process for forecasting E-commerce customer attrition based on support vector machines is presented in this paper, along with a hybrid recommendation strategy for targeted retention initiatives. You may prevent future customer churn by suggesting reasonable offers or services. Results: The empirical findings demonstrate a considerable increase in the coverage ratio, hit ratio, lift degree, precision rate, and other metrics using the integrated forecasting model. Conclusion: To effectively identify separate groups of lost customers and create a customer churn retention strategy, categorize the various lost customer types using the RFM principle.