Significant Fat Loss Research Articles

Qing-Luo-Yin Eased Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis by Inhibiting SIRT1-Controlled Visfatin Production in White Adipose Tissues.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 regulates both metabolism and immune functions. This study investigated if SIRT1 inhibitory property of herbal formula Qing-Luo-Yin (QLY) contributed to its anti-rheumatic effects. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats were treated by QLY and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN, a biosynthesis precursor of NAD) for 38 days. After sacrifice, blood, paws, liver and white adipose tissues (WAT) were collected. Pre-adipocytes were cultured by the rats' serum. The medium was used for monocytes culture. Some pre-adipocytes were treated by QLY-derived SIRT1 inhibitors. SIRT1 was silenced or overexpressed beforehand. The samples were subjected to kits-based quantification, polymerase-chain reaction, western-blot, immunofluorescence, and histology experiments. AIA rats experienced significant fat loss in liver and WAT. Expression of many SIRT1-related signals like PPARγ, PGC-1α, HSL, ATGL and CPT-1A were altered. QLY attenuated all these abnormalities and joint injuries. By pan-acetylation up-regulation, visfatin was obviously reduced in QLY-treated AIA rats' blood (from 191.8 to 127.0 pg/mL). NMN sustained SIRT1 activation by replenishing NAD, and weakened these effects. QLY-containing serum and the related compounds showed similar impacts on pre-adipocytes, resembling the changes in QLY-treated AIA rats' WAT. These treatments suppressed AIA serum-induced visfatin secretion (from 49.3 to 36.1 and 30.7 pg/mL). This effect was impaired by SIRT1 overexpression. The medium from the compounds-treated pre-adipocytes impaired NF-κB activation in AIA serum-cultured monocytes. Besides fat depletion, SIRT1 up-regulation in rheumatic subjects' WAT promotes visfatin production, and exacerbates inflammation. SIRT1 inhibition in WAT is an anti-rheumatic way of QLY independent of immune regulation.

Assessing the benefits and drawbacks of cryolipolysis as a noninvasive body sculpting technique: risks, side effects, and future research – an editorial

This article discusses cryolipolysis, a noninvasive body sculpting method that freezes and removes fat cells. It explores the historical context of fat reduction treatments and the development of noninvasive techniques as alternatives to invasive liposuction. Cryolipolysis gained popularity after U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and has become one of the most frequently utilized noninvasive cosmetic procedures globally. The abstract delves into case reports and complications associated with cryolipolysis, such as persistent lumps, frostbite lesions, and skin necrosis, highlighting potential risks and limitations. It also addresses common side effects like erythema, numbness, and bruising, as well as more severe adverse events such as dysesthesia and paradoxical adipose hyperplasia. Safety considerations and relative contraindications are discussed, emphasizing the importance of consulting qualified medical professionals who adhere to pretreatment and posttreatment instructions and use FDA-approved technology. Patience and a healthy lifestyle are stressed for optimal outcomes. In conclusion, cryolipolysis offers a safe and convenient fat removal option with long-lasting benefits. However, it may not be suitable for significant fat loss or certain medical conditions. Consulting medical experts and considering personal preferences are essential in making an informed decision about cryolipolysis as a body sculpting option.

The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction: XX. Impact of Long-Term Graded Calorie Restriction on Survival and Body Mass Dynamics in Male C57BL/6J Mice.

Calorie restriction (CR) typically promotes a reduction in body mass, which correlates with increased lifespan. We evaluated the overall changes in survival, body mass dynamics, and body composition following long-term graded CR (580 days/19 months) in male C57BL/6J mice. Control mice (0% restriction) were fed ad libitum in the dark phase only (12-hour ad libitum [12AL]). CR groups were restricted by 10%-40% of their baseline food intake (10CR, 20CR, 30CR, and 40CR). Body mass was recorded daily, and body composition was measured at 8 time points. At 728 days/24 months, all surviving mice were culled. A gradation in survival rate over the CR groups was found. The pattern of body mass loss differed over the graded CR groups. Whereas the lower CR groups rapidly resumed an energy balance with no significant loss of fat or fat-free mass, changes in the 30 and 40CR groups were attributed to higher fat-free mass loss and protection of fat mass. Day-to-day changes in body mass were less variable under CR than for the 12AL group. There was no indication that body mass was influenced by external factors. Partial autocorrelation analysis examined the relationship between daily changes in body masses. A negative correlation between mass on Day 0 and Day +1 declined with age in the 12AL but not the CR groups. A reduction in the correlation with age suggested body mass homeostasis is a marker of aging that declines at the end of life and is protected by CR.

Histone methyltransferase Smyd2 drives adipogenesis via regulating STAT3 phosphorylation

Adipogenesis is a complex cascade involved with the preadipocytes differentiation towards mature adipocytes, accelerating the onset of obesity. Histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 (Smyd2), is involved in a variety of cellular biological functions but the epigenetic regulation of Smyd2 in adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation remains unclear. Both Smyd2 siRNA and LLY-507, an inhibitor of Smyd2, were used to examine the effect of Smyd2 on adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Smyd2 heterozygous knockout (Smyd2+/−) mice were also constructed to validate the relationship between Smyd2 and adipogenesis in vivo. We found that Smyd2 is abundant in white adipose tissue and closely correlated with adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown or inhibition of Smyd2 restrained adipocyte differentiation in vitro, which requires the phosphorylation of STAT3. In vivo functional validation, Smyd2+/− mice exert significant fat loss but not susceptible to HFD-induced obesity. Taken together, our findings revealed that Smyd2 is a novel regulator of adipocyte differentiation by regulating the phosphorylation of STAT3, which provides insights into the effects of epigenetic regulation in adipogenesis. Inhibition of Smyd2 might represent a viable strategy for anti-adipogenesis and maybe further alleviate obesity-related diseases in humans.

A Novel Multi-Ingredient Supplement Activates a Browning Program in White Adipose Tissue and Mitigates Weight Gain in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

We investigated the effects of a novel multi-ingredient supplement comprised of polyphenol antioxidants and compounds known to facilitate mitochondrial function and metabolic enhancement (ME) in a mouse model of obesity. In this study, 6-week-old male C57/BL6J mice were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD; ~60% fat) for 6 weeks, with subsequent allocation into experimentalgroups for 4 weeks: HFD control, HFD + ME10 (10 components), HFD + ME7 (7 components), HFD + ME10 + EX, HFD + EX (where ‘+EX’ animals exercised 3 days/week), and chow-fed control. After the intervention, HFD control animals had significantly greater body weight and fat mass. Despite the continuation of HFD, animals supplemented with multi-ingredient ME or who performed exercise training showed an attenuation of fat mass and preservation of lean body mass, which was further enhanced when combined (ME+EX). ME supplementation stimulated the upregulation of white and brown adipose tissue mRNA transcripts associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, browning, fatty acid transport, and fat metabolism. In WAT depots, this was mirrored by mitochodrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) protein expression, and increased in vivo fat oxidation measured via CLAMS. ME supplementation also decreased systemic and local inflammation markers. Herein, we demonstrated that novel multi-ingredient nutritional supplements induced significant fat loss independent of physical activity while preserving muscle mass in obese mice. Mechanistically, these MEs appear to act by inducing a browning program in white adipose tissue and decreasing other pathophysiological impairments associated with obesity, including mitochondrial respiration alterations induced by HFD.

PPARGC1A gene polymorphism is associated with exercise-induced fat loss.

Obesity is a widespread problem within modern society, serving to increase the risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α) play a key role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism and is implicated in the pathology of these diseases. This study examined the association between polymorphisms of the PPARG and PPARGC1A genes and individual variability in weight loss in response to physical activity intervention. 39 obese Ukrainian women (44.4 ± 7.5years, BMI > 30.0kg/m2) undertook a 3-month fitness program whilst following a hypocaloric diet (~ 1500cal). Anthropometric and biochemical measurements took place before and after the program. Single nucleotide polymorphisms within or near PPARG (n = 94) and PPARGC1A (n = 138) were identified and expression of PPARG mRNA was measured via reverse transcription and amplification. The association between DNA polymorphisms and exercise-induced weight loss, initial body mass, biochemistry and PPARG expression was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The present intervention induced significant fat loss in all participants (total fat: 40.3 ± 5.3 vs 36.4 ± 5.7%; P < 0.00001). Only one polymorphism (rs17650401 C/T) within the PPARGC1A gene was found to be associated with fat loss efficiency after correction for multiple testing, with T allele carriers showing the greatest reduction in body fat percentage (2.5-fold; P = 0.00013) compared to non-carriers. PPARGC1A (rs17650401) is associated with fat loss efficiency of the fitness program in obese women. Further studies are warranted to test whether this variation is associated with fat oxidation.

A Simple Intervention to Decrease Nutrient Losses in Continuous Feeds With Human Milk.

Current evidence suggests that a significant amount of human milk fat is lost because of tubing adsorption. The objective was to evaluate the effect of reintroducing tubing leftover milk on the quality of macronutrient content of delivered milk. This was an in vitro study. The standard method of preparing and delivering fortified human milk includes preparing a small extra volume that would be used for priming the connection tubes. At the end of the infusion, the tubes and any milk leftover would be discarded. This method was compared with a new method where by the exact milk volume was prepared and used to prime the connection tubes. Leftover tubing milk was pushed with air. The standard method was associated with significant losses in fat, protein, and calories of 16.7%, 3.4%, and 9.2% compared with the new method of 8.2%, 0%, and 3.3%, respectively. These losses in the standard method were predominantly explained by the significant gains in the left over milk contents of fat 6.3 ± 1.1 g/dL, protein 3.5 ± 0.4 g/dL, and calories 28 ± 2.6 kcal/oz as compared with prepared milk of 4.8 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.3 g/dL, and 24.0 ± 0.8 kcal/oz respectively, P = 0.002. Traditional continuous delivery methods of human milk are associated with significant losses of fat and protein. By preparing the exact amount of ordered milk and then pushing through the residual milk left in the tubing with a small amount of air, this study offers a simple intervention that would significantly decrease these losses.

Three-Dimensionally Printed Breast Reconstruction Devices Facilitate Nanostructure Surface-Guided Healthy Lipogenesis.

Significant fat loss is common in silicon implantation with autologous lipofilling, the most popular type of breast surgery. To overcome this, a 3D-printed fat carrier with well-defined 200 μm radial string and spoke structure was developed, followed by an electrospun nanofiber coating on the entire device surface to promote fat adhesion. This device enhanced the mechanical properties comparably to commercial acellular dermal matrix for in vitro adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells, implantation compatibility without foreign body responses, and maintenance of healthy lipid droplet structures. These results show the promising potential of this device to facilitate surface-guided lipogenesis in composite breast reconstruction surgery.

Konjac Glucomannan Dietary Supplementation Causes Significant Fat Loss in Compliant Overweight Adults.

Changes in body composition and blood chemistries between overweight adult subjects receiving a supplement containing either 3g of konjac glucomannan/300mg calcium carbonate or a placebo containing only 300mg of calcium carbonate were compared as the primary objective. A secondary objective was to compare outcome differences between compliant and partially compliant subjects. A total of 83 overweight adults (66 women and 17 men) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol in which they received either a glucomannan or placebo supplement for 60days. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) total body scans and a 42-measurement blood test were completed at baseline and 60days later. Compliance was assessed by rating self-reports of (1) how many tablets were taken, (2) adherence to taking the tablets 30 minutes before eating, and (3) a sum of the ratings for (1) and (2). An anonymous poststudy questionnaire and telephone calls were also completed by 80 (96%) of the participants who were used as the study cohort. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups on changes from baseline on the DEXA and blood tests. However, when subjects were classified as either compliant or partially compliant using the compliance measures, statistically significant reductions in scale weight, percentage body fat, fat mass, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were found in the glucomannan group compared to the placebo group. This study supports the efficacy glucomannan supplementation to reduce body weight, body fat, and circulating cholesterol levels without the concomitant loss of lean mass and bone density often associated with weight loss. However, these positive outcomes were not observable until corrections for compliance were applied.

Significant Improvement in Obese, Grade Three Male Individual with Nutrient Dense Low Calorie, Moderate to High Protein Diet

Nutrient dense, low calorie moderate to high protein diet approach along with introducing a daily activity modification of 45 mints brisk walk intervention approach reduced weight significantly in obese grade ш individual. With a total weight loss of 47kg starting from 139kg to current weight of 95kg ± 5kg in 12 months starting November 2011 to December 2012, showed improved biochemical clinical reports and retained lean muscle while significant fat loss. Beginning to gradual change in diet and physical activities by introducing 500700 calorie deficit each day reduced the weight by 500 gm to 1 kg in a week. Breaking the whole diet into 5-6 small nutrient dense high fiber and moderate to high protein meals keeps the metabolism in speed. Increased soluble fiber and vegetable protein in diet maintained the satiety for a longer time.

The association between obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness in Australian workers

Objectives: Obesity is associated with chronic low grade inflammation. Adipose resident macrophages (ATMs) in obese individuals are known to produce increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. We have previously shown that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 20—30 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in lean mice can induce significant fat loss along with reduced adiposetissue-derived, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression without a concomitant change in ATM number. This study aimed to investigate whether AuNPs also reduce fat mass and metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Method: Male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks) were fed a HFD with/without daily IP injection of AuNPs (LAu 0.785 g/g/d, HAu 7.85 g/g/d) for 9 weeks. Control group was fed standard chow with vehicle injection. IP-glucose tolerance test (IP-GTT) was performed a week before the endpoint. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fat metabolic markers were determined in retroperitoneal fat and liver using real-time PCR. Results: At the end point, body weight was similar between AuNP-treated and non-treated HFD-fed mice, but adiposity and liver weight were reduced by AuNP treatment. Blood glucose levels during IPGTT were significantly lower in AuNP-treated mice compared to the non-treated HFD-fed group. In addition, AuNP treatment improved plasma free fatty acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in HFD-fed mice. In the fat tissue, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers was significantly reduced by AuNP treatment, including TNF . In the liver, AuNP treatment downregulated inflammatory markers and improved lipid metabolic markers. Interestingly, liver mRNA expression of glucose transporter-4 was upregulated by AuNP treatment. Conclusion: AuNPs treatment in HFD-fed mice prevented their development of glucose intolerance with improved fat metabolism and reduced inflammation in both the fat and liver. Our results therefore support the potential development of AuNPs as a new therapeutic strategy for obesity related metabolic disorders.

A gold bullet to treat obesity related metabolic disorders

Objectives: Obesity is associated with chronic low grade inflammation. Adipose resident macrophages (ATMs) in obese individuals are known to produce increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. We have previously shown that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 20—30 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in lean mice can induce significant fat loss along with reduced adiposetissue-derived, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression without a concomitant change in ATM number. This study aimed to investigate whether AuNPs also reduce fat mass and metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Method: Male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks) were fed a HFD with/without daily IP injection of AuNPs (LAu 0.785 g/g/d, HAu 7.85 g/g/d) for 9 weeks. Control group was fed standard chow with vehicle injection. IP-glucose tolerance test (IP-GTT) was performed a week before the endpoint. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fat metabolic markers were determined in retroperitoneal fat and liver using real-time PCR. Results: At the end point, body weight was similar between AuNP-treated and non-treated HFD-fed mice, but adiposity and liver weight were reduced by AuNP treatment. Blood glucose levels during IPGTT were significantly lower in AuNP-treated mice compared to the non-treated HFD-fed group. In addition, AuNP treatment improved plasma free fatty acid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in HFD-fed mice. In the fat tissue, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers was significantly reduced by AuNP treatment, including TNF . In the liver, AuNP treatment downregulated inflammatory markers and improved lipid metabolic markers. Interestingly, liver mRNA expression of glucose transporter-4 was upregulated by AuNP treatment. Conclusion: AuNPs treatment in HFD-fed mice prevented their development of glucose intolerance with improved fat metabolism and reduced inflammation in both the fat and liver. Our results therefore support the potential development of AuNPs as a new therapeutic strategy for obesity related metabolic disorders.

Effects of a leucine and pyridoxine-containing nutraceutical on body weight and composition in obese subjects

BackgroundWe recently demonstrated leucine to modulate energy partitioning between adipose tissue and muscle. Further, leucine exhibits a synergy with B6, resulting in reduced adipocyte lipid storage coupled with increased muscle fat oxidation. Accordingly, a nutraceutical (NuShape™) containing 2.25 g leucine and 30 mg B6 increased fat oxidation by >30 g/day in a 28-day randomized controlled trial. The present study evaluated the long-term efficacy of this combination in modulating body weight and composition.MethodsTwo 24-week, placebo-controlled, randomized trials, one with weight maintenance (n = 20) and one hypocaloric (−500 kcal/day; n = 24), were conducted using the nutraceutical Nushape in obese subjects.ResultsThe supplement resulted in fat loss in the maintenance study (−1.12 ± 0.36 and −1.82 ± 0.70 kg at 12 and 24 weeks, P < 0.01 versus placebo) while no change was found in the placebo group. In the hypocaloric study, the supplement group lost up to twice as much weight (6.18 ± 1.02 versus 3.40 ± 0.81 kg at 12 weeks and 8.15 ± 1.33 versus 5.25 ± 1.13 kg at 24 weeks, P < 0.01) and fat (4.96 ± 0.61 versus 2.31 ± 0.53 kg at 12 weeks and 7.00 ± 0.95 versus 4.22 ± 0.74 kg at 24 weeks, P < 0.01) than the placebo group.ConclusionThis nutraceutical combination results in significant fat loss in the absence of caloric restriction and markedly enhances weight and fat loss by 50%–80% over a 24-week period.

Effects of a leucine and pyridoxine‐containing nutraceutical on body weight and composition in obese adults

We recently demonstrated leucine to modulate energy partitioning between adipose tissue and muscle. Further, leucine exhibits a synergy with B6, resulting in reduced adipocyte lipid storage coupled with increased muscle fat oxidation. A nutraceutical (NuShape) containing 2.25 g leucine and 30 mg B6 increased fat oxidation by &gt;;30 g/d in a 28‐day RCT. To evaluate the efficacy of this combination in modulating body weight and composition, we conducted two 24‐week placebo‐controlled RCTs, one with weight maintenance (n=20) and one hypocaloric (−500 kcal/d; n=24). The supplement resulted in fat loss in the maintenance study (−1.12±0.36 and −1.82±0.70 kg at 12 and 24 weeks, p&lt;0.01 vs placebo) while no change was found in the placebo‐group. In the hypocaloric study, the supplement group lost up to twice as much weight (6.18±1.02 vs. 3.40±0.81 kg at 12 weeks and 8.15±1.33 vs. 5.25±1.13 kg at 24 weeks, p&lt;0.01) and fat (4.96±0.61 vs. 2.31±0.53 kg at 12 weeks and 7.00±0.95 vs. 4.22±0.74 kg at 24 weeks, p&lt;0.01) than placebo. Thus, this nutraceutical combination results in significant fat loss in the absence of caloric restriction and markedly enhances weight and fat loss by 50–80% over a 24‐week period.

Comparison of Lipid and Calorie Loss From Donor Human Milk Among 3 Methods of Simulated Gavage Feeding

The objective of this study was to compare the differences in lipid loss from 24 samples of banked donor human milk (DHM) among 3 feeding methods: DHM given by syringe pump over 1 hour, 2 hours, and by bolus/gravity gavage. Comparative, descriptive. There were no human subjects. Twenty-four samples of 8 oz of DHM were divided into four 60-mL aliquots. Timed feedings were given by Medfusion 2001 syringe pumps with syringes connected to narrow-lumened extension sets designed for enteral feedings and connected to standard silastic enteral feeding tubes. Gravity feedings were given using the identical syringes connected to the same silastic feeding tubes. All aliquots were analyzed with the York Dairy Analyzer. Univariate repeated-measures analyses of variance were used for the omnibus testing for overall differences between the feeding methods. Lipid content expressed as grams per deciliter at the end of each feeding method was compared with the prefed control samples using the Dunnett's test. The Tukey correction was used for other pairwise multiple comparisons. The univariate repeated-measures analysis of variance conducted to test for overall differences between feeding methods showed a significant difference between the methods (F = 58.57, df = 3, 69, P < .0001). Post hoc analysis using the Dunnett's approach revealed that there was a significant difference in fat content between the control sample and the 1-hour and 2-hours feeding methods (P < .0001), but we did not find any significant difference in fat content between the control and the gravity feeding methods (P = .3296). Pairwise comparison using the Tukey correction revealed a significant difference between both gravity and 1-hour feeding methods (P < .0001), and gravity and 2-hour feeding method (P < .0001). There was no significant difference in lipid content between the 1-hour and 2-hour feeding methods (P = .2729). Unlike gravity feedings, the timed feedings resulted in a statistically significant loss of fat as compared with their controls. These findings should raise questions about how those infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are routinely gavage fed.

In vivo study of spherical gold nanoparticles: inflammatory effects and distribution in mice.

ObjectivesGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 21 nm have been previously well characterized in vitro for their capacity to target macrophages via active uptake. However, the short-term impact of such AuNPs on physiological systems, in particular resident macrophages located in fat tissue in vivo, is largely unknown. This project investigated the distribution, organ toxicity and changes in inflammatory cytokines within the adipose tissue after mice were exposed to AuNPs.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose of AuNPs (7.85 μg AuNPs/g). Body weight and energy intake were recorded daily. Tissues were collected at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h post-injection to test for organ toxicity. AuNP distribution was examined using electron microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage number within the abdominal fat pad were determined using real-time PCR.ResultsAt 72 hours post AuNP injection, daily energy intake and body weight were found to be similar between Control and AuNP treated mice. However, fat mass was significantly smaller in AuNP-treated mice. Following IP injection, AuNPs rapidly accumulated within the abdominal fat tissue and some were seen in the liver. A reduction in TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels in the fat were observed from 1 h to 72 h post AuNP injection, with no observable changes in macrophage number. There was no detectable toxicity to vital organs (liver and kidney).ConclusionOur 21 nm spherical AuNPs caused no measurable organ or cell toxicity in mice, but were correlated with significant fat loss and inhibition of inflammatory effects. With the growing incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases, our findings offer a new avenue for the potential development of gold nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of such disorders.

A Pilot Study on the Use of Injection Lipolysis in Visceral Adipose Tissues

Intraperitoneal fat, also known as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), poses significant metabolic risks. Reduction of this fat is functionally and aesthetically desirable. Since surgical reduction has serious risks, a noninvasive method for reduction of this fat would have important clinical benefits. The authors evaluate the reduction in VAT in an animal model using injection lipolysis. Phosphatidylcholine was injected in half of the omentum of 16 dogs (weight 30-40 kg) by surgical laparotomy. The dogs' vital signs were followed postoperatively. A second laparotomy was performed at 2 weeks (n = 10), 4 weeks (n = 4), or 6 weeks (n = 2). Reduction of fat in the injected side was assessed by comparing with the control side. Specimens of the injected and the control sides were examined microscopically. Intraperitoneal cultures were also obtained. There was a major reduction in the amount of fat in all 16 dogs. No intraperitoneal abscesses, collections, or adhesions developed, and there was no injury to any intra-abdominal organs. Microscopic examination showed significant fat loss and lysis of fat cells with cellular infiltrate formed of predominantly macrophages, with fibrosis developing in the 6-week specimens. No bacterial or fungal growth was observed on the cultures. The dogs' vital signs showed no significant variation from the preoperative baseline. Injection lipolysis is effective and safe in reducing VAT in dogs. Further studies are needed to prove its efficacy and safety in humans and refine its indications and method of injection.

Abstract P131: The Effects of Weight Loss on Liver Function in Obese Hypertensive Patients

Objective: Insulin resistance and visceral adiposity are predisposing factors for fatty liver disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate the weight loss effects on liver function (ALT, AST, GGT). Methods: 90 overweight/obese, mild hypertensive men without medications or liver dysfunction were randomized into the 3 weight loss (WL) regimens over 24 weeks. WL was achieved with i) a mild calorie restricted diet alone (D alone; 1800kcal/day, 55% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 15% fat), ii) mild exercise alone (EX alone; 1-hr walking), or iii) a combination with a mild calorie restricted diet + exercise (D+EX) over 24 weeks. BMI, waist/hip ratio (W/H), total body fat-mass, blood pressure (BP), plasma norepinephrine (NE), fasting insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (Tch), triglyceride (TG), and liver function (ALT, AST, GGT) were measured every 4 weeks over 24 weeks with WL. Results: At entry period, BMI, fat-mass, W/H, BP levels, plasma NE, HOMA-IR, Tch, TG, ALT, AST, and GGT were similar between the 3 groups. At 24 weeks, the D+EX group had significantly higher prevalence of normalizations of BMI and BP levels (53.3%, 56.7%, respectively) compared to the D alone (13.3%, 23.3%, 30.0%) or EX alone (26.6%, 23.3%). In the D alone group, significant decreases in plasma NE and TG was observed at 2 weeks followed by significant reductions in Tch, body weight, fat mass, and HOMA at 8 weeks. Significant reductions in W/H, BP and GGT were also observed at 8 weeks, and ALT and AST decreased gradually but significantly at 12 weeks. On the other hand, in the EX alone group, significant fat loss and significant reduction in W/H, HOMA-IR and GGT were observed at 4 weeks. Body weight and plasma NE decreased significantly at 8 weeks, and significant BP reduction and decreases in TG and Tch were occurred at 12 weeks followed by decreases in ALT and AST at 16 weeks. Reductions in GGT were similar between the D alone and D+EX groups, but the groups including D had greater reduction in GGT, ALT and AST compared to the EX alone group. In the combination group (D+EX group), every improvement was observed earlier and stronger. Significant suppression on plasma NE and TG was at 2 weeks, decreases in HOMA, Tch, weight, fat-mass, W/H, systolic BP and GGT were at 4 weeks, and diastolic BP, ALT, and AST were at 8 weeks. In all subjects, reductions in HOMA-IR preceded to decreases in liver function parameters (GGT, ALT, and AST), and reductions in GGT was followed by decreases in ALT or AST. In multiple regression analyses, at both period of entry and 24-week, HOMA-IR was a significant determinant for GGT, TG and Tch. At entry and 24-week periods, Tch, but not TG, was a significant determinant for GGT, ALT, and AST. Conclusions: Improvement of insulin resistance associated with WL may play an important role of improvement of liver function during lifestyle modifications. WL is an effective treatment for fatty liver disease associated with obesity.

Eletrolipólise por meio da estimulação nervosa elétrica transcutânea (Tens) na região abdominal em pacientes sedentárias e ativas

INTRODUÇÃO:A eletrolipólise é uma técnica destinada ao tratamento de acúmulo de tecido adiposo localizado em determinadas regiões. Sua aplicação ocorre por meio de pares de agulhas de acupuntura no tecido subcutâneo, ligadas a uma corrente de baixa frequência. Essa estimulação elétrica provoca diversas modificações fisiológicas no adipócito, dentre elas o incremento do fluxo sanguíneo local, aumento do metabolismo celular e queima de calorias. OBJETIVOS:Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da eletrolipólise na redução de gordura localizada na região infra-abdominal, em pacientes que praticam atividade física e nas sedentárias. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS:As pacientes na faixa etária dos 18 aos 30 anos, sexo feminino, foram submetidas à avaliação em que foi medido o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e a razão cintura/quadril (C/Q). Com uma fita métrica foi realizada a perimetria de cintura (abaixo da última costela), da crista ilíaca, 5 cm e 10 cm acima da crista ilíaca. Foram realizadas 20 sessões, sendo duas vezes por semana, com oito agulhas de acupuntura conectadas a um aparelho de estimulação transcutânea de corrente de baixa frequência (Tens). RESULTADOS: Foi observada a redução de medidas do tecido adiposo em ambos os grupos, havendo maior notoriedade no grupo das sedentárias. CONCLUSÃO:Apesar da significativa perda de tecido adiposo neste estudo, os resultados não foram expressivos pela desistência das voluntárias no decorrer do tratamento, sendo esse um ponto bastante dificultoso do trabalho, que deveria ter permanecido com as 26 pacientes.

Twice‐weekly, in‐school jumping improves lean mass, particularly in adolescent boys

To determine the effect of a twice-weekly, school-based, 10-min jumping regime on muscle and fat tissue in healthy adolescent boys and girls. We replaced regular warm-up activities with jumping in physical education (PE) classes of early high school students for 8 months to observe the effect on muscle and fat tissue. A total of 99 adolescents (46 boys, 53 girls; 13.8 ± 0.4 years) volunteered to participate. Intervention group subjects performed 10 min of varied jumping activity, while control subjects performed a regular PE warm-up. Biometrics, Tanner staging, age of peak height velocity (PHV), vertical jump, whole body lean tissue and fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived) were measured at baseline and follow-up. Physical activity was determined by questionnaire. There were no differences in any measured variable between control and intervention groups at baseline. Boys had a significantly older age of PHV than girls (p = 0.02). No group differences were detected for 8-month change in height, weight or maturity measures for the combined sample; however, at 8 months, jumpers had accrued greater lean tissue mass than controls (p = 0.002). Sex-specific analysis revealed that intervention group boys had gained more lean tissue mass than controls (p = 0.016) and experienced significant fat loss (p = 0.010) than controls, an effect that was not observed in the girls. Regular, short-duration, jumping activity during adolescence increased lean tissue mass and boys additionally lost fat mass. Sex-specific and/or maturation-specific factors may explain the disparity in effect.