Significant Effect Of Condition Research Articles

High-Intensity Forward-Backward Plyometrics After the Warm-Up Entail Better Sprint and Change-of-Direction Performance Than Low-Intensity Side-to-Side Plyometrics.

This study aimed to determine the acute effects of high-intensity forward-backward and low-intensity side-to-side plyometric jumps performed following the warm-up on sprint (5, 10, and 15m) and change-of-direction (COD) (T-half test and repeated T-half tests) performance in youth volleyball players. After a familiarization week, 30 male volleyball players (age = 12.04 ± 1.03years) performed three randomized conditions (no-plyometrics, high-intensity plyometrics, and low-intensity plyometrics) in three sessions. In a within-subject design, three sets of six repetitions of forward-backward 30-cm hurdle jumps (high-intensity) and side-to-side 20-cm hurdle jumps (low-intensity) were completed. Sprint and COD were tested after each of the conditions with a 2-min rest. A significant effect of the plyometric condition was observed on sprint (p < .001, ηp2 range: .56-.70) and COD (p < .01, ηp2=.24), but not on repeated COD. More specifically, the high-intensity plyometric condition exhibited significantly better results compared with the low-intensity plyometric (Cohen's d range: 0.73-1.21) and control conditions (Cohen's d range: 0.91-2.21). Due to the importance of speed and COD in volleyball, these results suggest that young volleyball players may benefit from high-intensity forward-backward plyometric protocols following the warm-up to improve subsequent performance.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Directed Learning Behaviours in the Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction, with Direct Influence of Organizational Commitment

Balancing work and family demands presents challenges for employee well-being and job performance. Continuous skill development is also crucial for career success in today's changing workplace. However, few research studies have looked into the role of self-directed learning behaviour (SDLB) in managing work-family conflict (WFC). The current study aimed to investigate the relations between WFC, job satisfaction (JS), organizational commitment (OC) and SDLB and whether SDLB mediates the relation between WFC and JS. A sample of 157 employed adults aged 18-65 years completed self-report measures of WFC, JS, SDLB, OC and demographic variables. SEM analysis was performed to examine the proposed relationships. Results showcased a significant direct negative effect of WFC on JS (β = -0.438, p &lt; 0.001) but no indirect effect through SDLB (β = -0.012, p &gt; 0.05). Moderated mediation analyses were also performed with gender as a moderator which revealed no significant conditional indirect effects. The findings suggest WFC directly impacts employees' job attitudes, but SDLB may not buffer these effects as hypothesized. Implications and limitations are discussed. The study's findings carry significant implications for organizations striving to enhance employee performance and well-being amidst evolving workforce trends.

Development and Evaluation of Online Suicide Preventive Tool iAlive to Increase Competences in Engaging With a Suicidal Person.

Background: Online implementation of suicide prevention interventions offers many advantages, facilitating the dissemination of large-scale suicide prevention interventions. An online tool iAlive aimed at raising awareness and increasing suicide prevention competences in lay people was developed and implemented in Slovenia. Aims: To develop, implement, and evaluate the iAlive tool. Method: Following the development and implementation of the tool, a nonrandomized controlled study with 310 participants was conducted. One hundred fifty-six of them fully completed the study [intervention group (used the iAlive tool): N = 85, control group (did not use the tool): N = 71]. Perceived competences in engaging with a suicidal person were assessed in both groups at baseline and at follow-up (3-4 weeks apart), which also represents the time of the intervention. Results: A significant effect of time and condition [F(1,149) = 6.62, p = .011, ηp2 = .043] showed that the intervention group assessed their perceived competences on intervention exposure more positively compared to the control group. Limitations: Additional data on different populations and people's engagement with the tool in relation to perceived competences are needed. Conclusion: The study suggests that the interactive online tool iAlive effectively increases perceived competences in engaging with a suicidal person. These results provide a background for further dissemination of the tool.

Developing Mood-Based Computer-Tailored Health Communication for Smoking Cessation: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.

Computer-tailored health communication (CTHC), a widely used strategy to increase the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions, is focused on selecting the best messages for an individual. More recently, CTHC interventions have been tested using contextual information such as participants' current stress or location to adapt message selection. However, mood has not yet been used in CTCH interventions and may increase their effectiveness. This study aims to examine the association of mood and smoking cessation message effectiveness among adults who currently smoke cigarettes. In January 2022, we recruited a web-based convenience sample of adults who smoke cigarettes (N=615; mean age 41.13 y). Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 mood conditions (positive, negative, or neutral) and viewed pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System to induce an emotional state within the assigned condition. Participants then viewed smoking cessation messages with topics covering five themes: (1) financial costs or rewards, (2) health, (3) quality of life, (4) challenges of quitting, and (5) motivation or reasons to quit. Following each message, participants completed questions on 3 constructs: message receptivity, perceived relevance, and their motivation to quit. The process was repeated 30 times. We used 1-way ANOVA to estimate the association of the mood condition on these constructs, controlling for demographics, cigarettes per day, and motivation to quit measured during the pretest. We also estimated the association between mood and outcomes for each of the 5 smoking message theme categories. There was an overall statistically significant effect of the mood condition on the motivation to quit outcome (P=.02) but not on the message receptivity (P=.16) and perceived relevance (P=.86) outcomes. Participants in the positive mood condition reported significantly greater motivation to quit compared with those in the negative mood condition (P=.005). Participants in the positive mood condition reported higher motivation to quit after viewing smoking cessation messages in the financial (P=.03), health (P=.01), quality of life (P=.04), and challenges of quitting (P=.03) theme categories. We also compared each mood condition and found that participants in the positive mood condition reported significantly greater motivation to quit after seeing messages in the financial (P=.01), health (P=.003), quality of life (P=.01), and challenges of quitting (P=.01) theme categories than those in the negative mood condition. Our findings suggest that considering mood may be important for future CTHC interventions. Because those in the positive mood state at the time of message exposure were more likely to have greater quitting motivations, smoking cessation CTHC interventions may consider strategies to help improve participants' mood when delivering these messages. For those in neutral and negative mood states, focusing on certain message themes (health and motivation to quit) may be more effective than other message themes.

IT’S GRATEFULNESS: THE ROLE OF GRATITUDE ON ADVERSE OUTCOMES AMONG BEREAVED BLACK ADULTS

Abstract The Black population has been found to experience more bereavement than other racial/ethnic groups. Accompanying loss for Black populations is often other stressful factors such as racial trauma, childhood trauma, and comorbid depression. However, despite these hardships, one of the most prevalent strengths in the Black population is their engagement in religious faith as a means of coping. Gratitude, a major factor in Positive Psychology, shares many tenets with religious beliefs; however, the utility of gratitude has yet to be fully investigated within a Black bereaved population. This study sought to identify whether gratitude moderated the relationship between experienced negative life events (i.e., racial trauma; RT, adverse childhood experiences; ACEs) and depression in a sample of bereaved Black middle to older adults. 103 Black adults aged 45+ (33% female) were administered items assessing depression, gratitude, RT, and ACEs as part of a larger bereavement study. ACEs and RT both significantly predicted depression (p=.009, p=.008, respectively), and there was a significant conditional effect of gratitude on depression, reflecting differences in the endorsement of depression across levels of ACEs and RT. Accordingly, with the significant role of gratitude amongst the present sample, there is evidence for utilizing a strengths-based, Positive Psychology informed approach in the clinical care of Black adults experiencing bereavement, particularly in the context of impactful and racially traumatic events. Additionally, a fruitful direction for future research and policy is addressing the role of adverse traumatic events on Black bereavement.

Host-related traits influence the microbial diversity of the invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus

The microbiome influences a variety of host-environment interactions, and there is mounting evidence of its significant role in biological invasions. During invasion, shifts in microbial diversity and function can occur due to both changing characteristics of the novel environment and physiological condition of the host. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is one of the most successful crayfish invaders in Europe. During range expansion, its populations often exhibit differences in many traits along the invasion range, including sex-composition, size-structure and aggressiveness, but to date it was not studied whether crayfish traits can also drive changes in the host microbiome. Thus, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine the effects of host-related traits, namely total length (TL), body condition index (FCF), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and sex on the microbial diversity of the signal crayfish. We examined both external (exoskeletal) and internal (intestinal, hepatopancreatic, hemolymph) microbiomes of 110 signal crayfish individuals from four sites along its invasion range in the Korana River, Croatia. While sex did not exhibit a significant effect on the microbial diversity in any of the examined tissues, exoskeletal, intestinal and hemolymph microbial diversity significantly decreased with increasing crayfish size. Additionally, significant effects of signal crayfish condition (FCF, HSI) on microbial diversity were recorded in the hepatopancreas, a main energy storage organ in crayfish that supports reproduction and growth and also regulates immune response. Our findings provide a baseline for evaluating the contribution of microbiome to an invader's overall health, fitness and subsequent invasion success.

Effectiveness of a video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for foster children

Foster children are at risk for developing disorganized attachment relationships (Van den Dries et al., 2009; Vasileva &amp; Petermann, 2018) and behavioural problems (Goemans et al., 2015; Vanschoonlandt et al., 2012). Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline – Foster Care/Adoption (VIPP-FC/A) is an intervention aimed at improving sensitive parenting in order to promote secure attachment relations and reduce behavioural problems. In this study, a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was used in order to examine the effectiveness of VIPP-FC/A in a Flemish foster care sample ( n = 100), using questionnaires at three measurement moments. The hypothesis was that VIPP-FC/A would increase foster mothers’ sensitive parenting and decrease the externalizing behavioural problems and insecure attachment behaviour of the foster children and parenting stress of the foster mothers. The intervention effects on these four outcome variables were analysed by constructing four multilevel models. After controlling for the baseline measurement, there was no significant main effect of condition for sensitive parenting, externalizing problems, insecure attachment behaviour and parenting stress. There was however a significant effect of condition and age on insecure attachment behaviour: within the group of youngest foster children (under 30 months), children in the intervention group scored lower insecure attachment scores than children in the control group. Additionally, there was a significant effect of condition and type of foster care on externalizing behaviour problems. In the group of children placed in kinship foster care, children in the intervention group had lower external behavior scores than children in the control group.

A comparison of three different work to rest periods during intermittent sprint training on maintaining sprint effort performance

Background/objectivesTeam sports are characterised by repeated maximal intensity bursts of activity, requiring significant energy contribution from the phosphagen pathways. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rest periods on repeated maximal intensity efforts. MethodsThe effect of three different recovery periods (60 s, 90 s and 120 s) during a 10 × six-seconds intermittent sprint training protocol performed on a cycle ergometer was investigated. Thirteen part-time female athletes from two sports, Rugby Sevens and Netball competing for their state participated in the study. Peak Power (PPO), Mean Power (MPO), “total work” in the form of calorie expenditure, performance decrement, repetitions over 95% PPO, blood lactate, and RPE were recorded. ResultsThere was a significant effect of condition on MPO and calorie expenditure (p < 0.050). MPO was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (710.4 vs 734.4 W, ES = 0.27–0.42) and 120 s (710.4 vs 743.3 W, ES = 0.36–0.47). Calorie expenditure was significantly lower for 60 s compared to 90 s (4.41 vs 4.56 cal, ES = 0.25–0.46) and 120 s (4.41 vs 4.59 cal, ES = 0.40–0.48). There was a significant effect of time (60 s 11.7, 90 s 11.1.120 s 10.9 mmol/L, p < 0.010) but not condition (p = 0.617) for blood lactate accumulation, and a significant difference in session RPE between 60 and both 90 s and 120 s (60 s 15.5, 90 s 14.2. p = 0.034 120 s 13.9, p = 0.039). ConclusionShorter recovery durations resulted in decreased mean power and calorie expenditure, but higher RPE when compared to longer recovery periods. All three recovery periods may have fallen between the fast and slow phases of PCr resynthesis of approximately 20 and 180 s resulting in partial but not complete recovery. Total training time should be a consideration when determining what protocol to implement.

Impact of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) under Open and Protected Environment

A field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during the year 2020-21. Ten treatments with three replications were designed in a Factorial Randomized Block Design to conduct the research. The obtained results showed the significant synergistic effect of environmental conditions and nitrogen doses on the growth, yield and quality of broccoli as compared to the control. Better vegetative and yield characters were observed in the protected environment with a 125% nitrogen application, while the utmost quality was observed under the protected environment with a 100% nitrogen application, and control recorded the poorest result of all.

Memorizing song lyrics: Comparing the effectiveness of three learning formats

A central part of singing includes learning new pieces of vocal music. Learning a new song is a complex task that involves several functions and modalities, such as memory functions, language and motor skills, and auditory and visual perception. Memory functions are a well-studied area, but it is unknown how memory theories apply to a multimodal activity such as singing. In this study, an attempt is made to translate the theories to the applied field of singing. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of three types of learning formats for learning new song lyrics: auditory learning with image support (AI), auditory learning with text support (AT), and auditory learning only (A). Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions. A univariate analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of condition on the lyric recall score and post-hoc tests showed that participants performed significantly better in the AI condition in comparison to both the AT and the A condition. No significant difference was found between AT and A. This study sheds light on how memory processes might work in learning song lyrics. Practical implications for practitioners such as music educators, conductors, and choir singers are discussed.

Testing messaging strategies to correct beliefs about nicotine and relative harm perceptions of non-cigarette tobacco products compared to cigarettes: A 2 × 2 factorial experiment of factsheets

IntroductionThe misperception that nicotine is a major cause of cancer is common and may relate to inaccurate relative harm perceptions about tobacco products. To assess if messaging can correct these misperceptions, we tested factsheets that manipulated presences vs absence of (1) a causal alternative (i.e., combustion, not nicotine, causes disease) and/or (2) a reason for the misinformation (i.e., nicotine is the focus of many health messages). MethodsWe used an online 2 × 2 factorial experiment of n = 193 adults who smoke and believe nicotine causes cancer to assess the effect of different message strategies on perceptions of tobacco products and switch intention. Pre-post differences and between-condition differences were assessed. ResultsStrength of agreement with the statement that nicotine is a major cause of cancer decreased and switch intentions increased after message exposure. The proportion of participants with low relative harm perceptions increased for e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (p <.0001) and decreased for very low nicotine cigarettes compared to cigarettes. The message with both strategies decreased agreement that nicotine causes cancer more than the message with only the causal alternative. There was no significant effect of condition on relative harm beliefs or switch intentions. ConclusionsMessages with both corrective strategies can reduce the belief that nicotine causes cancer to a greater extent than messaging that only contains a causal alternative. Belief accuracy increased after any message exposure, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously given the study design. Combined strategies should be further investigated in larger samples.

Knowledge Creation and Business Process Re-Engineering Outcomes of Financial Services

Purpose - The researcher investigates the extent to which knowledge sharing moderates the relationship between knowledge creation and business process re-engineering (BPR) outcomes of financial services offered by financial institutions in Uganda. Design/Methodology - The study adopted cross-sectional survey design to collect data at one point in time using self-administered questionnaire to examine the relationship between knowledge creation and business processes. The study at first used statistical package for social scientists to establish clusters among the surveyed financial services and later a model was derived using R programming software to test for knowledge creation and business process re-engineering performance outcomes. Findings - The study found a significant conditional effect of knowledge sharing on knowledge creation and business process re-engineering outcomes. Implying that investment in knowledge sharing creates awareness about the financial services outcomes of financial institutions using business process re-engineering to provide financial services. Originality - This study contributes to business process re-engineering literature by advancing the idea that BPR is an important economic resource that enhanced through instituting knowledge creation and sharing practices in a complex environment. Ideally, creating and sharing knowledge is one of the drivers of customer value, efficiency, and effectiveness of financial services in financial institutions. Practical Implications - Managers of financial institutions need to pay keen interest in managing business processes using relevant knowledge and transforming in new products, new processes, and new markets to boost business process re-engineering outcomes by building a strong knowledge creation system through training and development programs for senior managers.

Do increasingly unstable balance devices provide a graded challenge to bipedal stance in total hip arthroplasty patients?

BackgroundProgressive balance exercises are critical to early functional rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty (THA) but little is known regarding the challenge imposed by common balance devices. Research questionDo progressively unstable balance devices provide a graded challenge to bipedal stance during early functional rehabilitation in THA patients? MethodsPostural control was evaluated in 42 patients (age, 63.7 ± 9.6 years; height, 1.72 ± 0.08 m and body mass, 78.9 ± 14.6 kg) approximately 3 weeks (23 ± 6 days) following unilateral primary THA. Patients were divided into two groups, based on their ability to complete a 20-second unipedal stance test (UPST) on the operated limb. A lumbar mounted inertial sensor monitored center of mass (COM) displacement during bipedal balance conditions involving three balance pads of progressive stiffness and an oscillatory platform, used in isolation and in combination with the most stable balance pad. COM displacement was normalised to bipedal stance on a hard surface. Differences between conditions and patient groups were assessed using a mixed-model analysis of variance. ResultsTwenty patients (48%) were able to complete the UPST on their operated limb. There was a significant effect of balance condition on COM displacement during bipedal stance (F4,160 = 82.6, p < .01). COM displacement was lowest for the oscillatory platform but increased non-linearly across the three balance pads (p < .05). There was no significant difference in COM displacement between THA patients able and unable to complete the UPST. SignificanceIncreasingly compliant balance pads provided a progressive, though nonlinear, challenge to bipedal balance control in THA patients that was greater than that of an oscillating platform and independent of the ability to stand independently on the operated limb. These findings serve as a guide for the design of progressive training programs that enhance balance in THA patients.

The Effect of Illumination Patterns during Mung Bean Seed Germination on the Metabolite Composition of the Sprouts

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) sprouts are popular over the world because of their taste, nutritional value, well-balanced biochemical composition, and other properties beneficial for human health. Germination conditions affect the composition of metabolites in mung bean sprouts, so a detailed study into its variability is required. This article presents the results of a comparison of the metabolite composition in the leaves of mung bean sprouts germinated first in the dark (DS) and then in the light (LS). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) made it possible to identify more than 100 compounds representing various groups of phytochemicals. Alcohols, amino acids, and saccharides predominated in the total amount of compounds. The analysis of metabolomic profiles exposed a fairly high intra- and intervarietal variability in the metabolite content. DS and LS differed in the qualitative and quantitative content of the identified compounds. The intravarietal variability was more pronounced in DS than in LS. DS demonstrated higher levels of saccharides, fatty acids, acylglycerols, and phenolic compounds, while amino acids were higher in LS. Changes were recorded in the quantitative content of metabolites participating in the response of plants to stressors—ornithine, proline, GABA, inositol derivatives, etc. The changes were probably induced by the stress experienced by the sprouts when they were transferred from shade to light. The analysis of variance and principal factor analysis showed the statistically significant effect of germination conditions on the content of individual compounds in leaves. The identified features of metabolite variability in mung bean genotypes grown under different conditions will contribute to more accurate selection of an illumination pattern to obtain sprouts with desirable biochemical compositions for use in various diets and products with high nutritional value.

P013 The Effect of Noise Exposure during Sleep on the Cortisol Awakening Response

Abstract Introduction Environmental noise could negatively impact the sleep and well-being of nearby residents. This study tested for overnight noise exposure effects on the cortisol awakening response (CAR), a potential marker of noise-related stress responses, and for differences in CAR and hair cortisol between different prior noise exposure groups. Methods A randomised controlled laboratory trial was conducted in 68 individuals from four groups; including WFN-exposed residents n=14 with and n=18 without WFN-related complaints, n=18 quiet rural control and n=18 urban traffic-noise exposed residents. Across six nights, after an initial adaptation night, participants were exposed in random order to different noise conditions, which included intermittent WFN and road traffic noise (RTN), WFN at average exposure levels throughout wake, sleep or both and a quiet control night. Salivary CAR responses were evaluated from 5 serial saliva samples collected following awakening. Hair cortisol levels were also collected. Mixed effects models were used to examine group and night effects on CAR and group effects on hair cortisol. Results There was a significant main effect of condition on CAR (p=0.038), but no significant pairwise differences between the control night and noise exposure nights, and no further differences between nights or groups on CAR or hair cortisol concentrations. Conclusions Acute in-laboratory noise-related sleep disturbance at the levels used in this study do not appear to alter acute cortisol awakening responses. A better understanding of chronic noise exposure effects and stress responses is important to help clarify and mitigate potential environmental noise exposure effects on nearby residents.

Walking Performance during Concurrent Cognitive and Motor Tasks in Individuals with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of simultaneous cognitive and motor tasks on walking performance between individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and healthy controls. A total of 20 patients with NSCLBP and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. They walked at their self-selected speed on a treadmill under 3 walking conditions in a randomized order: walking only, walking while performing a concurrent cognitive task, and walking while performing a concurrent motor task. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance with additional post hoc comparison (Bonferroni test) was used to evaluate the effects of group and walking conditions on gait parameters. The result showed a significant main effect of the group for swing time ( P = 0.012) and double support time (P = 0.021) in those with NSCLBP compared with healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the group and condition for cadence ( P = 0.004) and step width variability (P = 0.016).Regarding stride length variability and stride time variability, the analysis indicated a significant effect of condition (P = 0.002 and P = 0.030, respectively). In both groups, no significant differences were observed in gait parameters between motor dual task and single walking ( P > 0.05). Our findings indicated that those with NSCLBP adapted successfully to walking performance to maintain the performance of the concurrent cognitive task under the cognitive dual-task walking condition. Moreover, the present study observed no dual-task interference under the motor dual-task condition.

Skin Cold Stimulation Can Modulate the Perceptual Rating of Musical Chords.

We studied the effect of cutaneous cold stimulus on the perceptual rating of musical chords. Despite the shown influence of music and tactile stimuli on human psychological evaluation, the effect of a cold stimulus on sound perception remains underexplored. We examined the effect of a cold stimulus on four psychological measures (frisson, arousal, pleasantness, and valence) as participants listened to two-note chords (consonance and dissonance). The cold-stimulus condition involved an experimenter touching the back of the participant's neck with a cooling device while listening to the sounds, while the control condition used a cooling device with the power off. For the frisson and arousal measures, the main effect of the stimulus condition was significant, showing that the cold stimulus increased the frisson and arousal measures. For the pleasantness and valence measures, there was a significant main effect of two-note chords, showing that a consonance was perceived as more pleasant than a dissonance; however, there was no significant main effect of stimulus condition, showing that the cold stimulus did not affect pleasantness and valence ratings. The results showed that a cold stimulus could bias frisson and arousal without affecting pleasantness and valence ratings when listening to musical sound.

The effects of social environment on AD-related pathology in hAPP-J20 mice and tau-P301L mice

In humans, social factors (e.g., loneliness) have been linked to the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To date, AD pathology is primarily characterized by amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles. We aimed to assess the effect of single- and group-housing on AD-related pathology in a mouse model for amyloid pathology (J20, and WT controls) and a mouse model for tau pathology (P301L) with and without seeding of synthetic human tau fragments (K18).Female mice were either single housed (SH) or group housed (GH) from the age of 6–7 weeks onwards. In 12-week-old P301L mice, tau pathology was induced through seeding by injecting K18 into the dorsal hippocampus (P301LK18), while control mice received a PBS injection (P301LPBS). P301L mice were sacrificed at 4 months of age and J20 mice at 10 months of age. In all mice brain pathology was histologically assessed by examining microglia, the CA1 pyramidal cell layer and specific AD pathology: analysis of plaques in J20 mice and tau hyperphosphorylation in P301L mice.Contrary to our expectation, SH-J20 mice interestingly displayed fewer plaques in the hippocampus compared to GH-J20 mice. However, housing did not affect tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 of P301L mice, nor neuronal cell death in the CA1 region in any of the mice. The number of microglia was increased by the J20 genotype, and their activation (based on cell body to cell size ratio) in the CA1 was affected by genotype and housing condition (interaction effect). Single housing of P301L mice was linked to the development of stereotypic behavior (i.e. somersaulting and circling behavior). In P301LK18 mice, an increased number of microglia were observed, among which were rod microglia.Taken together, our findings point to a significant effect of social housing conditions on amyloid plaques and microglia in J20 mice and on the development of stereotypic behavior in P301L mice, indicating that the social environment can modulate AD-related pathology.

Psychopathy and proclivity to accept rape myths as predictors of negative attitudes towards victims of rape: the moderating role of narcissism

BackgroundRape myths may harm those who have been sexually assaulted, according to the past literature. This study looked at the associations between grandiose narcissism, psychopathic characteristics, and rape myth acceptance and attitudes towards rape victims in Pakistan. The issue of sexual violence against women and how specific personality characteristics, such as psychopathy, grandiose narcissism, and rape-supporting ideas, may lead to unfavourable views towards sexual assault victims are still being debated. In affluent nations, there has been substantial study on the psychological aspects that influence attitudes towards rape victims, but information on developing nations like Pakistan is lacking.MethodThe study used a cross-sectional methodology with a purposive sample of 430 individuals, ranging in age from 18 to 68. The appropriate sample size was determined using a G*Power analysis. In order to analyse the data, SPSS 21.0 was used. Stepwise regression, MANOVA, and moderated mediation analysis were all used.ResultsAll variables showed acceptable levels of Cronbach’s alpha reliability. Rape myth acceptance was significantly associated with attitudes towards rape, primary and secondary psychopathy, and grandiose narcissism. Rape myth acceptance, primary psychopathy, and grandiose narcissism significantly predicted attitudes towards rape victims. Moreover, grandiose narcissism showed a conditional indirect effect through primary psychopathy on the relationship between rape myth acceptance and attitudes towards rape victims, according to the results, which showed that rape myth acceptance, primary psychopathy, and those attitudes all had significant effects on attitudes towards rape victims.ConclusionsIn conclusion, it has been assessed that unfavourable views towards victims of sexual assault in Pakistan were substantially correlated with high levels of rape myth acceptance, primary psychopathy, and grandiose narcissism. Furthermore, the study discovered that these variables strongly impacted views towards rape victims. Additionally, rape myth acceptance, levels of primary psychopathy, and attitudes towards rape victims all showed significant gender differences. Moreover, grandiose narcissism had a significant conditional effect on the association between rape myth acceptance and attitudes towards rape victims via the mediation of primary psychopathy. Secondary psychopathy did not play a role in this predictive relationship.Clinical impact statementThe study’s findings highlighted the widespread prevalence of rape myths, the importance of primary psychopathy and grandiose narcissism, and their predictive value in highlighting peoples’ attitudes and beliefs regarding sexual assault victims. The study also emphasizes the influence that grandiose narcissism and psychopathic qualities have on the predicted relationship between rape myths and attitudes towards sexual assault victims. The findings have significant policy implications since rape victims in Pakistan frequently bear a great deal of responsibility and receive little legal assistance. This study can assist in guiding initiatives to solve these problems and enhance the assistance provided to rape victims.

Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults: Asystematic review and network meta-analysis.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an alternative training method to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, a crucial molecule involved in plastic brain changes. Its effect compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is controversial. We aimed to estimate, and to comparatively evaluate, the acute and chronic effects on peripheral BDNF levels after a HIIT, MICT intervention or a control condition in adults. The CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 30, 2023. A network meta-analysis was performed to assess the acute and chronic effects of HIIT versus control condition, HIIT versus MICT and MICT versus control condition on BDNF levels. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for RCTs using a random-effects model. A total of 22 RCTs were selected for the systematic review, with 656 participants (aged 20.4-79 years, 34.0% females) and 20 were selected for the network meta-analysis. Network SMD estimates were significant for HIIT versus control condition (1.49, 95% CI: 0.61, 2.38) and MICT versus control condition (1.08, 95% CI: 0.04, 2.12) for acutely BDNF increase. However, pairwise comparisons only resulted in a significant effect for HIIT versus control condition. HIIT is the best training modality for acutely increasing peripheral BDNF levels in adults. HIIT may effectively increase BDNF levels in the long term.