Significant Differences In IL-6 Research Articles

Assessment and Prognosis in CSA-AKI Using Novel Kidney Injury Biomarkers: A Prospective Observational Study.

Simple SummaryCardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury is a common complication of cardiac surgeries that worsens postoperative outcomes and the patient’s prognosis. One of the main problems concerning this complication is its early diagnostics. In this study, the authors attempt to provide new data regarding the usage of novel kidney injury biomarkers in early detection of acute kidney injury and in the prognosis of the long-term postoperative kidney function. Perioperative factors that may influence kidney function were also analysed. It was concluded that biomarkers such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MMP-9 and NGAL are reliable acute kidney injury indicators. It was also demonstrated that intraoperative hypoperfusion secondary to hypovolemia is a main factor that damages the kidneys during cardiac surgeries. The authors hope that these findings will contribute to the development of new diagnostic protocols for acute kidney injury, which would involve novel renal biomarkers, thus enabling quicker diagnosis and more effective treatment of acute kidney injury.Background: There is a need for early diagnostic solutions for cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) as serum creatinine changes do not occur dynamically enough. Moreover, new approaches are needed for kidney protective strategy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery procedures; Methods: Samples of serum and urine were taken from the selected group of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of specific inflammation and kidney injury biomarkers in the early diagnostic of CSA-AKI and in the prognosis of long-term postoperative kidney function; Results: At 6 h after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, there were significant differences in IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MMP-9 and NGAL concentrations in patients with CSA-AKI, compared to the control group. Serum IL-8 and urine NGAL 6 h after weaning from CPB proved to be independent acute kidney injury predictors. The TNF-α, MMP-9, IL-18, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in the early postoperative period correlated with long-term kidney function impairment; Conclusions: Novel kidney injury biomarkers are an eligible tool for early diagnosis of CSA-AKI. They are also reliable indicators of long-term postoperative kidney function impairment risk after cardiac surgery procedures.

The Comparison of the Effects of Voluntary Running Wheel and Endurance Training on Il-6 and Testosterone Levels in the Rats With PCOS

Background and Aim: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. In cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, exercise training is an effective solution for treating and declining the symptoms. This study aims to compare the effects of the voluntary and the endurance exercise on some of the inflammatory and hormonal markers in rats with PCOS. Methods & Materials: In this study, Which was experimental and applied in terms of purpose, 40 female Wistar rats with Mean±SD weight of 220±20 g were divided randomly into four groups of ten: 1) control, 2) PCOS, 3) PCOS + Running wheel and 4) PCOS + endurance training. The rats in the voluntary group experienced voluntary activity of wheel running for 8 weeks (5 times a week). Alternatively, the endurance training group underwent aerobic exercises for 8 weeks (5 sessions in a week) on a treadmill. The blood samples were taken from the heart to measure the concentration of interleukin-6 and testosterone level and were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Tehran University, Iran (Code: IR.UT.REC.1395016). Results: The results showed no significant difference in IL-6 and testosterone indices between endurance and voluntary training groups (P=0.565), (P=0.496). Both training groups (endurance and voluntary) separately resulted in a significant reduction in il6 and testosterone compared to rats with PCOS (P=0.002), (P=0.000), (P=0.038), (P=0.007). Conclusion: Altogether, the present study’s findings suggest that voluntary and endurance training in rats have similar effects on IL-6, Testosterone, and weight.

Inflammatory cytokines during a manic episode in bd patients and its correlation with cognitive and affective symptoms at follow-up

IntroductionBipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe recurrent disorder with a complex biogenetic and psychosocial etiology. The immune system cytokines in interaction with the CNS play a role in the pathophysiology.ObjectivesTo compare inflammatory cytokines between BD patients and controls during the manic episode; additionally, compare these cytokines with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive performance during follow-up.MethodsWe recruited 25 BD patients in mania with paired controls. We measured baseline IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSG, TNF- α, and TNF- γ in plasma. We used U-Mann-Whitney for group comparison and Spearman correlation between sub-group follow-up assessments and cytokines.ResultsWe found a significant difference in IL-6 between subjects and controls (figure 1). During the follow-up, we found a correlation with psychiatric symptoms, cognition, and cytokines during manic episodes (Table 1). Table 1. Follow-up Correlation with cytokines during a manic episode. BD follow-up N=8CytokineMADRSBPRSSCIP-S WMT-SCIP-SPST-SCIP-SIL-10(-) Rho=-.957 (p=<0.001 R2=0.14).IL-4(+) Rho=.78 (p=0.02 R2=0.09)INF- γ(+) Rho=.73 (p=0.03 R2= 0.48)(+) Rho=.751 (p=0.032 R2=0.53)(+) Rho=.737 (p=.037 R2=0.40)INF- α(+) Rho=.887 (p=.003 R2=0.53),(+) Rho=.830 (p=0.011 R2=0.59)(+): positive correlation; (-): negative correlation. WMT: working-memory test, PST: Processing-speed test.ConclusionsIL-6 was significantly different in patients with BD during a manic episode regardless of the treatment they were taking. IL-10 at manic episode was negatively correlated to general psychiatric symptoms, IL-4 positive correlated to depressive symptoms, and cognitive performance was positively correlated to TNF- α and TNF- γ at follow-up.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Effect of Acupuncture on Ovary Morphology and Function in DHEA-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats.

To investigate the effects of acupuncture on ovary morphology and function in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model rats. A total of 40 adult female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups by a random number table, including control, model, metformin and acupuncture groups, 10 rats in each group. PCOS rat model was developed by injecting with DHEA (6 mg/100 g body weight) in 0.2 mL of oil subcutaneously. Electrical stimulation (2 Hz, 3 mA) was applied to Guanyuan (CV 4), Zigong (EX-CA1) and Qihai (CV 6) acupoints for 30 min daily in the acupuncture group, and metformin (200 mg/kg) was given to rats in the metformin group, both once per day for 21 consecutive days, and rats in the normal group was fed with normal saline and fed regularly. After 21 days of administration, the rat blood samples were collected for detecting the reproductive hormonal levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T)] and inflammatory factors (visfatin, IL-6) analysis. Ovary tissue was used for histopathological analysis. Compared with the model group, rats in the acupuncture and metformin groups were significantly lower in weight gain, FSH, LH and T levels, and E2 and P levels significantly increased (alll P<0.05). Meanwhile, LH and FSH levels were significantly decreased, and P, T and E2 levels significantly increased in the acupuncture group, compared with the metformin group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, IL-6 and visfatin levels were significantly decreased in the acupuncture and metformin groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in IL-6 and visfatin levels between the acupuncture and metformin groups (P>0.05). Ovarian diameter in the acupuncture and metformin groups were smaller than the model group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in ovarian diameters between the acupuncture and metformin groups (P>0.05). Acupuncture might improve ovary morphology and its function in DHEA-induced PCOS model rats.

Insights into the association between coagulopathy and inflammation: abnormal clot mechanics are a warning of immunologic dysregulation following major injury.

BackgroundSevere injury initiates a complex physiologic response encompassing multiple systems and varies phenotypically between patients. Trauma-induced coagulopathy may be an early warning of a poorly coordinated response at the molecular level, including a deleterious immunologic response and worsening of shock states. The onset of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) may be subtle however. In previous work, we identified an early warning sign of coagulopathy from the admission thromboelastogram, called the MAR ratio. We hypothesized that a low MAR ratio would be associated with specific derangements in the inflammatory response.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study, 88 blunt trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were identified. Concentrations of inflammatory mediators were recorded serially over the course of a week and the MAR ratio was calculated from the admission thromboelastogram. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between MAR and inflammatory mediators. Dynamic network analysis was used to assess coordination of immunologic response.ResultsSeventy-nine percent of patients were male and mean age was 37 years (SD 12). The mean ISS was 30.2 (SD 12) and mortality was 7.2%. CRITICAL patients (MAR ratio ≤14.2) had statistically higher shock volumes at three time points in the first day compared to NORMAL patients (MAR ratio >14.2). CRITICAL patients had significant differences in IL-6 (P=0.0065), IL-8 (P=0.0115), IL-10 (P=0.0316) and MCP-1 (P=0.0039) concentrations compared to NORMAL. Differences in degree of expression and discoordination of immune response continued in CRITICAL patients throughout the first day.ConclusionsThe admission MAR ratio may be the earliest warning signal of a pathologic inflammatory response associated with hypoperfusion and TIC. A low MAR ratio is an early indication of complicated dysfunction of multiple molecular processes following trauma.

Inflammatory Responses in Oro-Maxillofacial Region Expanded Using Anisotropic Hydrogel Tissue Expander

Objective: Reconstruction of oral and facial defects often necessitate replacement of missing soft tissue. The purpose of tissue expanders is to grow healthy supplementary tissue under a controlled force. This study investigates the inflammatory responses associated with the force generated from the use of anisotropic hydrogel tissue expanders. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (n = 7, body weight = 300 g ± 50 g) were grouped randomly into two groups—control (n = 3) and expanded (n = 4). Anisotropic hydrogel tissue expanders were inserted into the frontal maxillofacial region of the rats in the expanded group. The rats were sacrificed, and skin samples were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin wax for histological investigation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect histological changes between the two groups and to investigate the inflammatory response in the expanded samples. Three inflammatory markers, namely interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Result: IL-1-α expression was only observed in the expanded tissue samples compared to the controls. In contrast, there was no significant difference in IL-6, and TNF-α production. Histological analysis showed the absence of inflammatory response in expanded tissues, and a negative non-significant correlation (Spearman’s correlation coefficient) between IL-1-α immune-positive cells and the inflammatory cells (r = −0.500). In conclusion, tissues that are expanded and stabilized using an anisotropic self-inflating hydrogel tissue expander might be useful for tissue replacement and engraftment as the expanded tissue does not show any sign of inflammatory responses. Detection of IL-1-α in the expanded tissues warrants further investigation for its involvement without any visible inflammatory response.

Lower fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels are associated with depressive symptom in males: A population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundWe examined cross-sectional associations between depression and both inflammatory markers and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). MethodsThis cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of the data of the Iwaki Health Promotion Project 2016 (1,148 subjects). We analyzed the subjects' characteristics and laboratory data including plasma interleukin (IL)-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and FeNO. The subjects with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores ≥16 were assigned to the depression group. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine whether inflammatory markers and FeNO were associated with depression. ResultsWe assessed 1,099 subjects (430 males, 669 females). The depression group was 237 subjects (21.5%) [84 males (19.5%), 153 females (22.9%)]. The non-depression group was 862 subjects (346 males and 516 females). There were no significant differences in IL-6, hs-CRP, or FeNO between both groups. However, the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that lower FeNO was significantly associated with depression in males after adjusting for possible confounding factors (age, BMI, comorbidities, high-sensitivity troponin T, FEV1%, asthma, antidepressant use, smoker and alcohol drinker) (per 1 bpm increase, OR: 0.982; 95%CI: 0.967–0.998; p = 0.032). ConclusionOur findings indicate that lower FeNO may be associated with depression in males.

Umbilical cord interleukin-6 predicts outcome in very low birthweight infants in a high HIV-burden setting: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesSouth Africa has a double burden of high neonatal mortality and maternal HIV prevalence. Common to both is a proinflammatory in utero and perinatal milieu. The aim of this study...

The clinical significance of IL-6\u2009s and IL-27\u2009s in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

BackgroundIL-6 was associated with the severity of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). But the relationship between IL-27 and MPP was unknown.MethodsNinety-eight patients with MPP < 14 years old were enrolled in this study and divided into groups by severity (mild cases and severe cases), infection types (MP single infection group and MP mixed infection group) and DNA loads (low MP DNA loads group and high MP DNA loads group), respectively. Fifteen children with foreign bodies in bronchus were also enrolled as control. IL-6 s and IL-27 s in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) from these children were measured by ELISA.ResultsThere were significant differences in IL-6 s of BALFs from patients between mild cases and severe cases, MP single infection group and MP mixed infection group, and low MP DNA loads group and high MP DNA loads group, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with IL-6 s of BALFs from control, IL-6 s in BALFs from the 6 patient groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05). IL-27 s in BALFs from MP mixed infection group were significantly lower than those from MP single infection group and control (P < 0.05) respectively.ConclusionIL-6 was firmly associated with MPP and had potential application in clinical practice while IL-27 was not related to MP infection.

Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Levels and Cancer-related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors: Effects of an Exercise Adherence Program.

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effect of an exercise intervention on subjective cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in breast cancer survivors (BCS).MethodsBCS with greater than moderate CRF (≥ 4) were recruited and randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. The experimental group participated in a 12-week exercise adherence program (Better Life after Cancer - Energy, Strength, and Support; BLESS). Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were determined at 3 time points (M1: baseline, M2: post-intervention, and M4: 6 months after intervention). Subjective fatigue was measured using the Korean version of the revised Piper Fatigue Scale.ResultsIn this analysis of participants with physiological fatigue measures available (19 experimental, 21 control), there were no statistically significant differences in IL-6 (F = 1.157, p = 0.341), TNF-α levels (F = 0.878, p = 0.436), and level of fatigue (F = 2.067, p = 0.118) between the 2 groups at baseline. Fatigue in the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement compared to the control only at M2 (p = 0.022). There was no significant relationship between subjective and physiological fatigue at the 3 measurement points.ConclusionThe BLESS intervention improved CRF in BCS immediately at post-intervention, and this study presents clinical feasibility for the management of CRF in BCS in the early survivorship phase who are already experiencing fatigue.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF QUERCETIN ON MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE-INDUCED DEPRESSION IN SWISS ALBINO MALE MICE

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of quercetin in monosodium glutamate (MSG) model of depressed male mice.&#x0D; Methods: MSG was administered (500 mg/kg) to different groups of albino male mice daily for 21 days to induce depression. The interventions (Quercetin and imipramine) were started on day 9th and continued till 21st day. On 23rd day, mice are sacrificed, hippocampus and amygdala supernatant are subjected for analysis. p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in interleukin (IL)-6 levels in animals treated with quercetin and imipramine compared to control group (p&lt;0.001). There was also a statistically significant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in quercetin with MSG groups (p&lt;0.05) and imipramine with MSG groups (p&lt;0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in IL-6 and BDNF levels between the groups of animals treated with quercetin (100 mg/kg) and imipramine (10 mg/kg) alone.&#x0D; Conclusion: Quercetin appeared to have an antidepressant activity. More extensive research is required to substantiate and elucidate the role of quercetin in behavioral disorders such as depression.

Mechanism of Th1/Th2 Cytokines in HLA-DQ8 Transgenic Mice Model of Ocular Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis

Objective To analyze the levels of cytokines (IL-2,IFN-γ,IL-6,IL-10) associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice model of ocular experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (oEAMG) induced by recombinant H-AChR γ subunit immunization.Methods DQ8 mice were immunized with 20 μg of AChR γ subunit,20 μg of crude E. coli extract (E. coli group),or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) only (CFA group). All mice were immunized on days 0,30,and 60. Mice were euthanized 28 days after the third immunization,and draining lymph node cells (LNC) and spleen lymphocytes were cultured in vitro. The supernatant was collected to observe the interleukin(IL)-2,interferon(IFN)-γ,IL-6,IL-10 production by ELISA.Results LNCs and spleen lymphocytes of H-AChR γ subunit-immunized mice exhibited significantly enhanced IFN-γ (F=76.332,P<0.001;F=34.865,P<0.001) and IL-2 (F=42.835,P<0.001;F=38.030,P<0.001),which associated with Th1 cells,as compared to E. coli group and CFA group. There were no significant differences in IL-6 (F=1.325,P=0.284;F=1.935,P=0.166) and IL-10 (F=0.908,P=0.417;F=1.189,P=0.322) levels,which secreted by Th2 cells,among these three groups.Conclusion Th1 cytokines play key roles in the pathogenesis of oEAMG,while the mechanism of Th2 cytokines for oEAMG remains unclear.

Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Is a Predictor of Persisting Symptoms Post-Concussion in Children

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)-associated blood proteomics have become an emerging focus in the past decade, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approving the use of a blood test to determine the necessity of a computed tomography scan after adult mTBI. We now also know that the blood proteome of children is different from that of adults, and new evidence suggests that children may take longer to recover from an mTBI. Despite this, comparatively fewer studies have analyzed changes in blood protein expression after pediatric mTBI. Concussions, an mTBI subset, often go underreported, despite the potential for post-concussive symptoms to last more than one month in up to 30% of children. In the current study, we used a multiplex immunoassay to measure blood protein expression of Apolipoprotein, enolase 2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, S100 calcium-binding protein B, tau and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) at admission, one to four days, two weeks, and three months post-pediatric concussion, comparing patients with normal recovery (n = 9) with those with persisting symptoms (n = 9). We identified significant differences in IL-6 (p < 0.001) and tau (p = 0.048) protein expression across time post-injury irrespective of clinical outcome and in IL-8 protein expression (p = 0.041) across time post-injury specific to children with persisting symptoms. Significantly, we have identified an increase in TNFα protein expression at one to four days post-injury (p = 0.031) in children with persisting symptoms compared with normal recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify TNFα as a potential blood biomarker for persisting symptoms post-pediatric concussion.

Association between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Promoter -308 G/A Polymorphism and Early Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants.

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is diagnosed during the first 7 days of neonatal life and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. Genetic predisposition may have an impact on EOS susceptibility and outcome. The aim of our study was to explore the association between TNF-α -308 G/A or IL-6 -174 G/C gene polymorphism and the susceptibility and outcome of EOS in preterm infants. The study included 471 preterm infants: 282 with EOS (151 with culture proven sepsis and 131 with clinical sepsis) and 189 without infection (control group). TNF-α -308 G/A and IL-6 -174 G/C were genotyped using Real-time RCR method. We observed significantly higher frequency of A allele of TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism in blood culture proven EOS (p = 0.017) or clinical EOS (p = 0.025) compared with the control group. Logistic regression confirmed significant association between TNF-α -308 GA+AA genotypes and development of culture proven EOS (B = -0.718, p = 0.013) or clinical EOS (B = -0.602, p = 0.027). No significant differences in IL6 -174G/C alleles or genotypes distribution have been observed between culture proven EOS group, clinical EOS group and the control group. An association between TNF-α -308 G/A or IL-6 -174 G/C genotypes and EOS lethal outcome was not observed (p = 0.652 and p = 0.384, respectively). According to our analysis of large cohort of preterm infants with clearly defined EOS groups, the TNF-α -308 A allele may be a risk factor for the EOS occurrence.

PO-068 Influence of different intensity exercise on immune factor in the hot and humid environment

Objective to study the influence of exercise on immune factor IL-2、IL-3、IL-6 in the hot and humid environment by comparing the changes of leukocytes after different intensity exercise with the normal environment，exploring the training program which is beneficial for the immune system in the hot and humid environment, and supply the theoretical basis for the sports training and National Physical Fitness in the hot and humid area.&#x0D; Methods The experimental subjects were 32 healthy male college students of Guangzhou Sports with an average age of 20.9 years. All the subjects tested the maximum oxygen uptake before the experiment, and then were divided into the control group, the 55%VO2max sports group, the 70%VO2max sports group and the 85%VO2max sports group. The experimental subjects took a treadmill running in the normal environment(20-25℃;RH: 55-60%) and finished the same exercise training program in the hot and humid environment(30-32℃；RH：90-95%) after a week, collected the elbow venous blood before and after exercise in the normal environment, The main test indicator contained IL-2、IL-3 and IL-6, Training program: control group sit quietly for 30 min; The 55%VO2max group: Movement×2, 15min one time, Interval 5 min; The 70% VO2max group: Movement×3, 10min one time , Interval 5 min; The 85%VO2max group: Movement ×4, 7.5 min one time , Interval 5 min; All data were calculated using SPSS 25.0, Mean + / - standard deviation (Mean + / - SD), paired T test, single factor variance and multifactor variance analysis. P&lt;0.05 was the significant level, and P&lt;0.01 was the very significant level.&#x0D; Results 1、IL-2 is mainly produced in activated T lymphocytes, which can promote T cell proliferation, improve the secretion and function level of NK cells, play an important role in immune regulation and is an important regulatory factor. Under normal circumstances, IL-2 of the body of each exercise group increased slightly after acute exercise, but there was no statistical significance (p&gt;0.05). In the humid and hot environment, IL-2 decreased in all groups after exercise, and the decrease in the quiet group was large, but there was no statistical significance(p&gt;0.05).2、IL-3 is a multipotent hematopoietic regulatory factor that ACTS on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, mainly produced by activated T lymphocytes. Under normal circumstances, the IL-3 increase of 55% VO2max and 85% VO2max group was not obvious after exercise, while that of 70% VO2max group was not obvious before and after exercise. After acute exercise in hot and humid environment, IL-3 increased in all groups, but there was no statistical significance(p&gt;0.05). Compared with the normal environment, IL-3 increased after exercise in each group.3、IL-6 plays an important role in the regulation of motor mediated function, known as kinematic factor, mainly from stimulated mononuclear macrophages, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Skeletal muscle can also express IL-6 under exercise stress, which is involved in the repair of muscle cell injury and plays an important regulatory role in skeletal muscle metabolism. Under normal circumstances, after exercise, there was a significant increase in all the exercise groups, among which 55% of the VO2max group and 70% of the VO2max group had a significant difference in IL-6 before and after exercise (p&lt;0.05), and 85% of the VO2max group had a very significant difference (p&lt;0.01). In the humid and hot environment, IL-6 increased after thermal stress in the quiet group, and IL-6 increased significantly after acute exercise in all the exercise groups (p&lt;0.01). Compared with the normal environment, IL-6 increased more significantly and significantly in each group after exercise.&#x0D; Conclusions The combined effect of heat stress and exercise stress on human immune function in the thermal environment is more significant than that of heat stress or exercise stress alone. The greater the intensity of exercise, the decrease of IL-2 and the significant change of IL-6, the more attention should be paid to the temporary immunosuppression caused by excessive intensity of exercise in the humid and hot environment.

T14. ASSESSING DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATORY MARKERS BETWEEN FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS: THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING FOR CONFOUNDING FACTORS

BackgroundAlthough there is a cumulative evidence for increased level of markers of inflammation in psychosis, it has not been conclusively proven yet whether this is due to the disorder in itself or to other factors. One reason for this is the lack of studies that have controlled for major confounding factors such as obesity, smoking, antipsychotic use and stress. The BMI, as an indirect measure of body fat level, and tobacco smoking are known to play a role in modulating the immune system, but little research has been done in this area in patients with psychosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in markers of inflammation and neuroplasticity between FEP patients and HC while controlling for a priori confounding factors, such as BMI and tobacco smoking.MethodsNineteen First Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients and 21 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, gender, ethnicity and marital status were recruited in South London (UK). Blood samples were collected to measure High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Body Mass Index (BMI) was also assessed. Moreover, patients were asked whether they were tobacco smokers. Differences in continuous variables were analysed using independent samples t-tests. Categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square (χ2) test. One-way ANCOVAs were conducted to assess difference between FEP patients and HC in markers of inflammation and BDNF while controlling for the effect of BMI and tobacco smoking. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS statistical software version 23. The significance value for all tests was set at α = 0.05.ResultsFEP patients had higher serum level of hs-CRP compared to controls (N = 19, M = 2.29 mg/L, SD = 2.76; N = 21, M = 0.56 mg/L, SD = 0.41; respectively, t(27.79)=-2.41, p=0.02), suggestive of a hyperactivation of the immune system. There was no significant difference in IL-6, IL-8 and BDNF serum levels between the two groups. BMI was significantly higher in patients than controls (N = 19, M = 27.67, SD = 4.91; N = 21, M = 23.55, SD = 3.31; respectively, t(38)=-3.14, p=0.003) and there was a significantly higher number of smokers in the FEP patient group than in the HC group (smokers= 57.9% of FEP patients; smokers=14.3% of HC; χ2(1)=8.34, p=0.004). The one-way ANCOVAs showed that there was not significant effect of group on hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and BDNF values when controlling for BMI and tobacco smoking. In fact, BMI was significantly related to the hs-CRP level, F(1,36) = 7.20, p = 0.01.DiscussionWe found that BMI and tobacco smoking may be important confounding factors when investigating disease-related alterations in the levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and BDNF. More studies are needed to assess the role of potential confounding factors on markers of inflammation in psychosis and to understand the role of immune activation in the pathophysiology of these disorders.

The effects of combined probiotic ingestion and circuit training on muscular strength and power and cytokine responses in young males.

To our knowledge, the efficacy of combined probiotic supplementation with circuit training has not been evaluated. Thus, we investigated the effects of probiotic supplementation combined with circuit training on isokinetic muscular strength and power and cytokine responses in young males. Forty-eight healthy sedentary young males were recruited and randomised into 4 separate groups: sedentary placebo control, probiotics (P), circuit training with placebo (CT), and circuit training with probiotics (CTP). Participants in the CT and CTP groups performed circuit training 3 times/week with 2 circuits of exercises from weeks 1-8 followed by 3 circuits of exercises from weeks 9-12. Participants in the P and CTP groups consumed multi-strain probiotics containing 3 × 1010 colony-forming units of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, L. casei, Bifidobacterium longum, B. bifidum and B. infantis twice daily for 12 weeks. Measurements of body height and weight, blood pressure, resting heart rate, blood samples, and isokinetic muscular strength and power were carried out at pre- and post-tests. Isokinetic knee strength and power in CT and CTP groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at post-test. In addition, interleukin (IL)-10 concentration was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) at post-test in P and CT but a trend toward significant increase in CTP (P = 0.09). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in IL-6. This study suggests that 12 weeks of circuit training alone and the combination of circuit training and probiotic consumption improved muscular performance while circuit training alone and probiotics alone increased IL-10 concentration.

Role of inflammatory and hemostatic biomarkers in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia - A pilot study from a tertiary center in Northern India.

A reliable plasma biomarker in differentiating between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Vascular dementia (VaD) is the need of the hour, in most memory clinics. Even though there is no disease modifying treatment, it is important to know the type of dementia for both symptomatic treatment and prognostication. Neuropsychological assessment, MRI brain, FDG-PET brain and CSF biomarkers of AD (Aβ42 and total tau) were used for establishing the diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), AD or VaD. 68 diagnosed patients of AD/MCI/VaD were included. FDG PET brain, plasma fibrinogen, d dimer, IL6 and CRP were done in all 68 patients while 48 patients underwent CSF biomarker analysis. Sixteen patients had MCI, of which 11 were MCI-AD and 5 were MCI-VaSC. There were 41 patients with AD (Mild AD-9, Mod AD-23, Severe AD-9) and 11 patients with VaD. Alzheimer group (MCI-AD and AD) and Vascular group (MCI VaSC & VaD) consisted of 52 and 16 patients respectively. Alzheimer and Vascular groups did not exhibit significant difference in IL6 and CRP levels. Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in VaD and vascular group as compared to Alzheimer group. But MCI-VaSC was not significantly different from MCI-AD. Plasma d dimer levels were significantly higher in all vascular subgroups compared to Alzheimer subgroups except between MCI-VaSC and MCI-AD. Hemostatic biomarkers were higher in Vascular group compared to Alzheimer group whereas there was no difference in inflammatory biomarkers. But the sensitivity and specificity of fibrinogen and d-dimer were not high enough for routine clinical use. Further studies in a larger sample are required to confirm these results.

Serum IL-6, IL-8 and CRP as Markers for Prediction of Bacteremia by Gram Negative Rods in Febrile Cancer Patients and in Irradiated Rats

In this study, serum inflammatory mediator’s levels (IL-6 and IL-8) at fever onset to predict gram negative bacteremia in cancer patients have been determined. Also, the effect of gamma irradiation on IL-6 serum levels has been investigated using animal model at dose level 24.4 Gy. Seventy feverish in-patients were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected at onset of fever for assay of IL-6, IL-8, CRP, C3 and total leukocytic count. IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels were higher in patients with gram negative bacteremia than in those with non-microbial fever. For patients with gram negative bacteremia and those without there was significant difference in IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels (P=0.0001 and P=0.0059 respectively). While, CRP and C3 serum levels showed non-significant differences. Using (ROC), IL-6 was potentially useful with Sp, NPV of 100% and 398.6 pg/ml cut-off value and AUC of 1.000 compared to Sp 77.8%, NPV 60% and AUC of 0.844 for CRP. On the other hand, IL-8 values didn't show overlapping in the groups. In the animal model, (ROC) for IL-6 serum concentration in bacteremia groups (due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) with exposure to gamma radiation and bacteremia groups without exposure to gamma radiation showed a cut-off value of 25740 pg/ml with 58.3% Sn, NPV 64.3%. These results showed the potential usefulness of IL-6 and IL-8 as early predictors of gram-negative bacteremia than commonly used markers such as CRP and C3. Also, usefulness of serum IL-6 as marker discriminating between different fever episodes in cancer patients under radiotherapy.

Hepatoprotective Potential of Propolis toward Hepar Injury Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

Introduction: The prevalence of chronic liver disease continues to increase. One potentially hepatotoxic substances that cause chronic liver disease is carbon tetrachloride. The process of liver damage can be prevented by the antioxidant role of propolis. The aims of this research was to study the hepatoprotective potential of propolis toward hepar injury rats induced by carbon tetrachlorida.Method: This was an experimental study with pre-post test. Twenty five male Wistar rats aged 12–16 week old, weighing 125–200 gr were allocated into 5 groups. Group I: standard meal + aquadest-gavage; group II: standard meal + CCl4 1% 1 mL + aquadest-gavage, group III: standard meal + CCl4 1% 1 mL + 0,054 gr propolis-gavage, group IV: standard meal + CCl4 1% 1 mL + 0,108 gr propolis-gavage and group V: standard meal + CCl4 1% 1 mL + sylimarin 50 mg/kg-gavage. IL-6, SOD, NAS score+fibrotic were measured after treatment. Analysed of IL-6 and NAS score+fibrotic with Kruskal Wallis to Mann Whitney and analysed of SOD with One-Way ANOVA to LSD.Results: The study showed that there were significant differences in IL-6, SOD and NAS score + fibrotic between groups.Discussion: Provision of 0,054 gr and 0,108 gr have hepatoprotective potential toward hepar injury rats induced by carbon tetrachlorida. Further research need to identify antioxidants and hepatoprotective potential of propolis on human with liver disease.