Significant Decrease In Edema Research Articles

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Activities and Molecular Docking Analysis of Rubus idaeus Leaf Extract

The study aimed to identify the most abundant compounds in raspberry leaf extract via HPLC analysis, conduct theoretical and practical assessments of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities both in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, and evaluate the correlation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polyphenols were quantified using HPLC; molecular docking was carried out using AutoDockTools 1.5.6; antioxidant activity was ascertained via the potentiometric method; and anti-inflammatory activity was examined based on the carrageenan edema method. The extract was found to be rich in epicatechin (0.417%), (+)-catechin (0.501%), and ellagitannins (0.401%). The free energy of (+)-catechin and epicatechin was -8.40 and -7.20 respectively for the active sites of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and -6.60 and -7.11 for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase). Notably, the antioxidant activity of the raspberry leaf extract was 1.43%, 1.04%, and 10.62% higher than that of green tea leaf extract for doses of 4.00, 2.00, 0.20 mg/mL, respectively. Treatment with the raspberry leaf extract at a dose of 13.0 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in edema after 1, 2, and 3 hours by 38.8%, 41.8%, and 48.8%, respectively, compared to the control group. The study demonstrated a correspondence between experimental and theoretical results in evaluating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Correlation analysis further substantiated that the anti-inflammatory action is dependent on antioxidant activity.

Effect of humanine on the Notch signaling pathway in myocardial infarction.

By applying humanin (HN) before myocardial infarction (MI), its protection in myocardial injury and the possible roles of its cellular mechanism in the Notch pathway were investigated. The study was carried out at Fırat University Experimental Research Center (12/24/2018-12/23/2019). Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into 10 groups: I (control) (n = 6), II (HN 6 h) (n = 6), III (HN 24 h) (n = 6), IV (HN day 7) (n = 6), V (MI 6 h) (n = 7), VI (MI 24 h) (n = 7), VII (MI day 7) (n = 7), VIII (MI+HN 6 h) (n = 7), IX (MI+HN 24 h) (n = 7), and X (MI+HN day 7) (n = 7). To create MI, 200 mg/kg of isoproterenol (ISO) was administered to the rats subcutaneously. Moreover, 252 μg/kg of HN was given intraperitoneally (ip) to the rats on its own and before MI. Molecular parameters Notch1, Notch2, Hes1, Hes2, Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, and DLL4 were examined using polymerase chain reaction in the heart tissue, Notch1, Hes1, and DLL4 were examined using western blot, while heart tissue was taken for histochemical examinations. The mRNA expression levels of the Notch signaling members (Notch1, Notch2, Hes1, Hes2, Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, and DLL4) tended to decrease after MI. The Notch signaling members increased more significantly, especially toward day 7 after HN application before MI. In the western blot anylyses, the Notch1, Hes1, and DLL4 protein levels increased significantly toward day 7 in the groups given HN before MI. Moreover, the serum AST, LDH, CK-MB, and troponin I levels tended to decrease with the application of HN before MI and there was a significant decrease in edema, hemorrhage, and mononuclear cells in the heart tissue at 24 h post-MI and fibrosis on day 7 post-MI. HN administration before MI has a cardioprotective effect on rats via the Notch signaling pathway.

Use of Bevacizumab and Aflibercept in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: Cost-effectiveness Analysis

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of aflibercept by comparison with bevacizumab in the treatment of diabetic macular edema.Methods: The study included 159 patients; the first group consisted of 58 patients who underwent intravitreal application of aflibercept, and the second group of 101 patients underwent intravitreal application of bevacizumab.Main Findings: There was a statistically significant decrease in edema during the optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans after the application of bevacizumab (533±152 μm vs. 384±104 μm, p<0.001) and aflibercept (500±110 μm vs. 354±80 μm, p<0.001). Moreover, a significant increase in central visual acuity was observed both for bevacizumab (0.29±0.20 μm vs. 0.36±0.22 μm, p<0.001) and aflibercept (0.40±0.30 μm vs. 0.48±0.31 μm, p<0.001). Principal Conclusion: Anintravitreal application of either aflibercept or bevacizumab resulted in a significant reduction in macular edema and a significant increase in central visual acuity. Although statistically more efficient, aflibercept use can hardly be justified, due to the high cost associated with its use. Bevacizumab achieved a higher cost-effectiveness compared with aflibercept. Therefore, its use should be considered depending on various healthcare systems, as well as socio-economic factors. Key words: diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, bevacizumab, aflibercept, optical coherence tomography, visual acuity

Effect of caring intervention on preeclampsia in pregnant women with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial

Context: There are many studies on the health effects of dietary advice and physical activity in pregnancy, with only a few describing the effects of the simultaneous use of a combined intervention on preeclampsia in pregnant women with metabolic syndrome (MetS).Aims: This study was designed to examine the effects of motivational interviews, dietary advice, and physical activity on the incidence and symptoms of preeclampsia in pregnant women with MetS.Setting and Design: This randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial was performed in two hospitals in Babol, Iran, in 2018.Materials and Methods: The participants included 120 pregnant women with a gestational age of 15–20 weeks with the diagnosis of MetS. The patients were block randomization allocated to two groups of 60 mothers. From the 20th week of pregnancy edema, blood pressure, proteinuria, and preeclampsia were evaluated and compared between the two groups. The intervention group had one motivational interview, two consultation sessions, and three training sessions for physical activity. The tools used for data collection included demographic fertility characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and a biochemical pregnancy outcomes checklist.Statistical Analyses Used: The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression.Results: The intervention group showed a significant decrease in edema (20.4% and 47.3%), proteinuria (5.6% and 30.9%), BP ≥140/90 mmHg (3.7% and 14.5%), and preeclampsia (1.9% and 12%) compared to the control group.Conclusion: Dietary recommendations and physical activity by pregnant women with MetS in prenatal care can be safe and practical interventions to avoid preeclampsia.

Evaluation of effect of submucosal administration of depomedrol in management of postoperative sequelae in mandibular fractures: A randomized clinical trial study.

Introduction:The mandible is a commonly fractured bone in the face, a fact related to its prominent and exposed position. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of mandibular fractures has been associated with trauma to the surgical site and the surrounding tissues.Purpose:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of immediate postoperative submucosal depomedrol administration on postoperative pain, edema, and trismus after ORIF for mandibular fractures.Materials and Methods:We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study of forty patients who required ORIF for mandibular fractures under general anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups, an experimental group who received immediate postoperative submucosal 40 mg of depomedrol injection through the surgical incision site, and a control group who did not receive any drug. Pain was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale score and the frequency of analgesic consumption at various postoperative intervals. The maximum interincisal distance and facial measurements were compared before surgery and at 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 days after surgery.Results:Statistical analysis of the data indicated a significant decrease in edema, trismus, and pain in the depomedrol group. No clinically apparent infection, disturbance of wound healing, or other corticosteroid-related complications were noted.Conclusion:The results of our study suggest that submucosal administration of depomedrol injection after ORIF for mandibular fractures is effective in reducing postoperative pain, edema, and trismus.

Experience of applying a multi-component gel based on troxerutin, heparin sodium and dexpanthenol in the rehabilitation of patients after cosmetic procedures

The article reports an up-to-date classification of complications of cosmetic procedures and two clinical cases where multicomponent gel based on troxerutin, heparin sodium and depanthenol was used to rehabilitate patients after cosmetic procedures complicated by ecchymosis, hematomas and edema. In the first case a 30-year-old patient had a procedure to give greater volume to her lips and to correct their asymmetry with hyaluronic acid filler. The procedure was complicated by the formation of hematomas and edema. To minimize the edema and hematomas and to avoid the risk of infection the patient was prescribed 0.05% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine bi-gluconate once per day and taking of multicomponent gel based on troxerutin, heparin sodium and depanthenol two times per day for seven days. By the fifth day there was observed a significant decrease in edema of the lip area and almost complete resorption of hematomas. In the second case a 42-year-old patient had a procedure of a biorevitalization with unstabilized hyaluronic acid complicated by the appearance of ecchymosis up to 12 mm in diameter and edema in the periorbital zone. A 0.05% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine bi-gluconate once per day and a multicomponent gel based on troxerutin, heparin sodium and dexpanthenol twice per day for seven days were prescribed as post-procedural rehabilitation. By the fourth day clinical improvement was noted. The edema disappeared, the color changed, the size of the ecchymosis decreased to 4 mm. The ecchymosis disappeared completely on the sixth day. In addition, the main characteristics of troxerutin, heparin sodium and depanthenol as components of a multicomponent gel were considered. A multicomponent gel based on troxerutin, heparin sodium and depanthenol as supportive aid helped to get complications completely cleaned out and significantly reduced the rehabilitation period for these patients. The authors consider it possible to recommend it as a means of post-procedural rehabilitation.

Essential oil from Eugenia stipitata McVaugh leaves has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities without showing toxicity in mice

Eugenia stipitata is a Brazilian plant species used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments. Considering the biotechnological potential of herbal oils, in this study an essential oil was evaluated for toxicity, antinociceptive, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity in mice model. The essential oil from Eugenia stipitata (EsEO) leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Abdominal contortion tests were performed to evaluate its antinociceptive activity. For estimating its anti-inflammatory activity, tests of paw edema, peritonitis, and protein denaturation were performed. The antipyretic effect was assessed with a yeast-induced pyrexia model. Artemia salina was used for environmental biomonitoring and preliminary toxicity. To analyse the safety of use; acute toxicity and hemolytic activity were performed. Majority of the compounds were identified by guaiol (13.77%), trans-caryophyllene (11.36%), and β-eudesmol (8.13%) e γ-eudesmol (6.55%). Essential Oil from E. stipitata promoted mortality of A. salina nauplii, with an LC50 of 812.45 μg/mL. No mice death(s) was noted with oral administration of the essential oil at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively; additionally, no alterations were observed with biochemical, hematological, and histopatological analyses. Markedly reduced abdominal contortion (54.1–56.6% inhibition) at all doses as compared with the negative control. Reduction in inflammation was also seen. In the paw edema test, a significant decrease in edema (88.66–96.94%) was observed. Whereas, in peritonitis; a reduction in the migration of total leukocytes (76.8–86.5%) and neutrophils (74.5–79.6%) was noted. Moreover, EsEO was capable of inhibiting protein denaturation (74.39–82.83%) as compared with the control (45.02–100%) at the concentrations evaluated. It also exerted an antipyretic effect after the first 1 h of evaluation, until the end of observation duration (4 h). The results suggested EsEO as a promising source of natural antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic constituent for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Factors that Influence the Periorbital Edema and Ecchymosis After Open Septorhino-Plasty

Background and objectives: Septorhinoplasty is one of the most common plastic surgical procedures. Periorbital edema and ecchymosis following rhinoplasty are disturbing for both the patient and the surgeon. The aim of this study was to assess and to compare the effect of different factors and procedures on periorbital edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty. Methods: The study involved 104 patients, with 4 equal groups. The first group (standard) with external osteotomy and nasal packing, the second group with internal osteotomy and nasal packing, the third group with external osteotomy, nasal packing and steroid injection and the last group with external osteotomy without nasal packing. Results: there was a significant decrease of edema and ecchyomsis in those patients that had undergone external osteotomies than an internal osteotomies on the first and on the seventh postoperative day, there was also a significant decrease in edema and ecchymosis in patients that received dexamethasone injection, in contrast nasal packing was found significantly increasing the severity and duration of periorbital ecchymosis post rhinoplasty. Edema was disappearing in most of patients after 7 days postoperatively, in the first group (61.5%), a second group (61.5%), a third group (73.1%), and the last group (76.9%). Conclusions: This study concluded that; external osteotomy and steroid injection were associated with decreased incidence of edema and ecchymosis postoperatively, while there was an icreased incidence with anterior nasal packing.

Protective effect of aerobic exercise on the vocal folds against cigarette smoke exposure.

Laryngeal pathologies due to cigarette smoking vary among individuals, whereas some smokers remain disease free. These differences can be explained by multiple factors among individuals. In this context, an animal study was designed to determine if there is any protective effect of aerobic exercise against the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke on laryngeal tissues. A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups of eight animals each: control (no smoke exposure), smoking (smoke exposure), and exercise (smoke exposure and exercise) groups. Histopathological (light and electron microscopy) and immunohistochemical (GSTA1, CYP1A1, CYP2E1) evaluations of the vocal folds were performed at the end of experimental period. Exercise group revealed statistically significant decrease in edema (p = 0.03) and inflammatory cell infiltration (p = 0.02) compared to smoking group. In electron microscopic evaluation; cytoplasmic vacuoles were also present in exercise group, but were smaller than smoking group. Edema and swollen mitochondria were also less prominent in exercise group. Condensed chromatin material in the periphery of nucleus was observed only in few cells in exercise group, and observed in more cells in smoking group. GSTA1 expression was higher (p = 0.047) and CYP1A1 expression was lower (p = 0.01) in exercise group than smoking group. Our results indicate that aerobic exercise has a protective role on the larynx against the damaging effect of cigarette smoke. Smokers who exercise regularly may be at a lower risk of cigarette smoke-related laryngeal diseases, as compared with those who do not exercise.

Fisioterapia para el manejo del edema posterior a una fractura de radio distal. Revisión sistemática

AimTo determine whether there is scientific evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness of different physiotherapy modalities used for the management of edema secondary to distal radius fracture. Search strategyRandomized clinical trials were included, using the databases: Medline, PEDro, Lilacs, Central, Cinahl and SPORTDiscus. Study selectionSix studies fulfilling our eligibility criteria were selected. Summary of resultsTwo studies showed significant short-term decrease when manual lymphatic drainage was added to the conventional treatment (P<.05). ConclusionThere is moderate short term evidence that manual edema mobilization and whirlpool hydrotherapy are not more effective than standard treatment. There is also moderate evidence that adding manual lymph drainage to a conventional treatment produces a significant decrease in edema in patients with distal radius fracture.

Effects of Perioperative Remifentanil With Controlled Hypotension on Intraoperative Bleeding and Postoperative Edema and Ecchymosis in Open Rhinoplasty

This randomized, double-blind study was designed to assess the effect of perioperative remifentanil with controlled hypotension on intraoperative bleeding, postoperative edema, and ecchymosis. Fifty-two patients undergoing rhinoplasty were divided into 2 groups. The remifentanil group received 1 µg · kg(-1) intravenously as a bolus before induction of anesthesia, 0.5 to 1 µg · kg(-1) · h(-1) by continuous intravenous infusion during the operation. After anesthesia induction with propofol (2-3 mg · kg(-1)) and fentanyl (1-15 µg · kg(-1)), muscle relaxation was achieved with rocuronium (0.45-0.90 mg · kg(-1)). Mean arterial pressure was maintained at 50 to 60 mm Hg in controlled hypotensive anesthesia achieved using remifentanil infusion. Perioperative hemodynamics and bleeding; early postoperative pain and agitation scale; postoperative first, third, and seventh day edema; and ecchymosis were evaluated. Edema and ecchymosis were evaluated using graded scale from 0 to 4. Remifentanil reduced mean arterial pressure during the entire operative period and the first 30 minutes postoperatively (P < 0.05 for these comparisons). Intraoperative bleeding also decreased (P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in edema in both upper and lower eyelid edema on the first and third days in the remifentanil group, although this difference was not detected on the seventh day (P(1upper) = 0.000, P(1lower) = 0.000, P(3upper) = 0.008, and P(3lower) = 0.002). Ecchymosis decreased significantly in both upper and lower eyelids on the first, third, and seventh days in the remifentanil group (P(1upper) = 0.000, P(3upper) = 0.000, P(3upper) = 0.002, P(3lower) = 0.002, P(7upper) = 0.049, and P(7lower) = 0.038). There were no differences in postoperative pain and agitation between 2 groups. Remifentanil with controlled hypotension may reduce edema and ecchymosis of the upper and lower eyelids, by reducing mean arterial pressure and amount of bleeding in rhinoplasty.

Curcumin loaded microsponges for colon targeting in inflammatory bowel disease: fabrication, optimization, and in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation.

The present study was aimed to develop and optimize the microsponges of curcumin for colon specific drug delivery in a view to bypass the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for enhanced therapeutic effect. Microsponges were developed by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method using 32 full factorial design. Prepared microsponges were optimized in order to analyze the effects of independent variables (volume of ethanol and Eudragit L100) on the encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and drug release. The optimized formulation was subjected to in vivo study using acetic acid induced colitis model in rats. The F7 was selected as optimized formulation based on particle size of 41.63 μm, % entrapment efficiency of 78.13%, and % cumulative drug release of 84.12%, and desirability factor of 0.83. Release studies revealed that microsponges prevented the premature release of curcumin in upper GIT and specifically released the drug at colonic pH. The drug release profile of F7 formulation was subjected to different kinetic models and based upon the best correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.9927) the release was found to follow Higuchi model, which suggested diffusion as the main mechanism of drug release. Pharmacodynamic study showed that curcumin loaded microsponges causes a significant decrease in edema, necrosis, and hemorrhage of colon as compared to free curcumin. This study proves that curcumin loaded microsponges may act as a promising drug delivery system for treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen and ozone applications in tissue healing in generated soft tissue trauma model in rats: an experimental study.

Soft tissue trauma is a type of acute traumatic ischemia. We investigated in this study whether the edema, inflammation and ischemia caused by the trauma could be affected positively by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and ozone therapy. Soft tissue trauma was generated in a total of 63 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequently, rats were divided into three groups. The first group was treated with ozone, the second group with HBO, and the third group served as controls. Tissue and blood samples were taken at the end of the procedures. Tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 levels were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to determine the inflammation and edema histopathologically. We also detected HIF-1 activity, which decreases when the oxygen concentration increases, HO-1 activity, which has anti-inflammatory effects, and iNOS activity, which releases in any type of acute case. We determined a statistically significant reduction in iNOS and LPO levels in both the HBO and Ozone groups. A significant decrease in inflammation was detected in both the Ozone and HBO groups compared with the Control group, and a significant decrease in edema was detected in all three groups. We think that HBO and Ozone therapy have beneficial effects on biochemical and histopathological findings. Related clinical trials will be helpful in clarifying the effects.

Effects of dabigatran on bleomycin‐induced pulmonary toxicities and its safety profile in mice

Chronic inflammation causes pulmonary fibrosis. Bleomycin‐induced murine pulmonary toxicity is generally used as a model of interstitial lung disease (ILD). Thrombin is involved in the initial phase of ILD. This study investigated the benefits of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor on bleomycin‐induced pulmonary changes and its safety profile on hemostasis. Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups, i.e. saline, bleomycin (50 mg/kg, i.v. in two divided doses on day 1) and dabigatran (bleomycin‐pretreated mice, received 10 mg/kg/day dabigatran etexilate, orally on days 2–9). Tail vein bleeding time was measured on day 10 just before euthanatization. The drug effects on the lung were assessed by the lung coefficient for edema and histological score for inflammation and fibrosis. The results indicated that bleomycin caused lung injuries with significant increases (p&lt;0.05) in all the parameters tested. Dabigatran treatment caused a significant decrease in edema but not in inflammation and fibrosis, while tail vein bleeding time was significantly increased at the dose. Dabigatran at the dosage mentioned had a limited benefit on bleomycin‐induced pulmonary toxicities in mice with bleeding risk. Therefore, for an effective management, dose of dabigatran cannot be increased and may require drug combinations. The authors wish to thank the Thailand International Development Co‐operation Agency for the financial support.

The cannabinoid receptor-2 is involved in allergic inflammation

AimTo investigate the role of cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) in allergic inflammation in CB2 knockout (CB2-KO) mice. Main methodsThe swelling reaction of the pinna to various stimuli was compared between CB2-KO and wild-type (WT) mice in terms of edema and acanthosis. Key findingsEar swelling induced by repeated application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in CB2-KO mice was significantly decreased compared with that in WT mice. In an ovalbumin model, pinna edema was significantly suppressed in CB2-KO mice in comparison with that in WT mice. The contribution of CB2 to edema was investigated in a more extreme dermatitis model using oxazolone. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in this model were also suppressed in CB2-KO mice. In each of these three different allergic dermatitis models, there was a significant decrease in edema and acanthosis in CB2-KO mice compared with WT mice. SignificanceThese results clearly demonstrate that CB2 and its endogenous ligands participate not only in the acute, edematous phase of allergic dermatitis, but also in the chronic irreversible acanthosis reaction.

Corticosteroid Administration in Oral and Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis

This study evaluated the effect of corticosteroid (CS) administration on edema, analgesia, and neuroregeneration in conjunction with surgical dental extraction, orthognathic surgery, and the risk of developing side effects. A systematic search of the literature was made. The primary predictor variable was CS administration and the outcome variables were edema, pain, and infection. A meta-analysis was performed. The risk of other side effects was evaluated through a simple review. In oral surgery, most clinical trials showed a significant decrease in edema (P < .0001) after CS, and local injection of methylprednisolone > or =25 mg was expected to result in a significant decrease in edema. Regarding the analgesic effect, several clinical trials showed a decrease in pain after CS (P < .0001). Further, CS administration resulted in a slightly higher risk of infection (relative risk, 1.0041), but with a P value of .89. CS could be administered with no increased risk of infection. In orthognathic surgery, methylprednisolone > or =85 mg administered intravenously seemed sufficient to produce a significant decrease in edema, and several trials pointed toward a neuroregeneration effect, but no statistical analysis could be performed. Regarding the risk of other side effects, in oral surgery, a minimal risk of chronic adrenal suppression was seen; in orthognathic surgery, an elevated risk of avascular osteonecrosis, steroid-induced psychosis, and adrenal suppression was seen. There were no reports of decreased healing. These findings suggest that the administration of CS in oral surgery decreases edema and pain significantly, with no higher risk of infection and with a minimum risk of other side effects.

Moderate cerebral venous congestion induces rapid cerebral protection via adenosine A1 receptor activation

Stroke is a devastating complication in cardiovascular surgery, and neuronal damage is worsened by intracranial pressure elevation caused by cerebral venous circulatory disturbances (CVCD). However, we have previously reported that CVCD before cerebral ischemia decreases the infarct area. In the present study, focal cerebral ischemia was induced in spontaneously hypertensive rats by filament insertion through the carotid artery. Rats were divided into the following four groups: sham-operated, mild or severe venous congestion (VC), and DPCPX. The DPCPX group received the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) prior to mild VC. Behavior, infarct volume, edema and S-100 protein were evaluated among the four groups. The infarct volume rates in mild VC and severe VC groups were significantly less than that in sham-operated and DPCPX groups. However, the mortality of the severe VC group worsened in a time-dependent manner. We observed a significant decrease in edema in the mild VC group compared to the DPCPX group. Behavioral scores also indicated that the mild VC group had fewer neurological deficits than the other three groups, including the DPCPX group. We were able to induce rapid cerebral protection via adenosine A1 receptor activation by administering an appropriate degree of VC prior to cerebral ischemia produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our work suggests possible mechanisms by which such effective VC may lead to cerebral protection and adenosine A1 receptor activation.

Neuropathological Changes After Induced Traumatic Brain Injury and Administration of Erythropoietin

Introduction Head trauma produces a dynamic process characterized by a cascade of metabolic, cellular and molecular events. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However the exact acute mechanism of in vivo action remains unclear. This study was performed to compare acute pathological changes following TBI with and without systemically administered EPO. Methods TBI percussion hub was inserted into right parietal lobe of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were allowed to recover for 5 days. TBI of 2.5–2.8 atm was induced via fluid percussion device. Rats received 5000 Units/Kilogram EPO (ip) or saline (ip) 30 min post-TBI. Rats were sacrificed 10 hours after TBI. Brains were stained with H&E, tyrosine hydroxylase, EPO-receptor and cleaved caspase. Results Rats receiving EPO 30 min post-TBI showed significant decrease in edema and neuronal cell death as measured by H&E staining (p<0.01), and increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra and striatum (p<0.01). Further rats receiving EPO showed increased cortical rim EPO-receptor expression and decreased amount of cells positive for cleaved caspase (p<0.01) as compared with saline controls. Conclusions EPO given 30 min post-TBI shows decreased amount of necrosis and edema, decreased early apotosis, increased EPO-receptors, and increased expression of dopaminergic neurons. This data elucidates acute in vivo effects of EPO in brain microenvironment following TBI. Our results suggest that EPO's neuroprotective effect and mechanism may be a result of decreasing necrosis, slowing early apoptosis, upregulating EPO receptors and inducing the dopaminergic pathway.

The effect of a single dose of prednisolone on pain, trismus and swelling after removal of third mandibular molars

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of a single intramuscular dose of prednisolone on the postoperative pain, trismus and edema after the removal of third molars.Thirty patients who had to undergo surgical removal of lower third molars were studied. Patients were divided into two groups. In the first group, each patient was treated with 25 mg of prednisolone intramuscularly immediately after surgery, and in the second group a sterile saline solution was injected to patients (control group). Postoperative pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) on the day of surgery. Facial swelling and trismus were evaluated 2 and 7 days after surgery. Student's t-test was used to analyze the data.Statistical analysis of the data indicated a significant decrease in edema in the prednisolone group 2 days after surgery (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found 7 days after. Trismus did not differ significantly between the two groups. Swelling significantly improved 2 days after...

Ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis in the dog and its amelioration by exogenous secretin.

Large pharmacological doses of ceruletide administered to conscious dogs by intravenous (i.v.) infusion uniformly induce a severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis within 4 h. High-dose i.v. secretin administered for a period of 24 h after cessation of ceruletide infusion resulted in a significant amelioration of the acute pancreatitis compared to non-secretin-treated dogs with acute pancreatitis. Light microscopy of the pancreas in secretin-treated dogs revealed a significant decrease in edema, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, cell necrosis and acinar cell vacuolization. Serum amylase levels in secretin-treated dogs were significantly decreased compared to non-secretin-treated dogs. The results of this study suggest that high-dose i.v. secretin exerts a beneficial effect on pre-established, ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis in dogs.