Significant Amount Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Polyphenol composition and in vitro antiproliferative effect of corm, tepal and leaf from Crocus sativus L. on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2)

Saffron is cultivated for production of the saffron spice. Nevertheless, a huge amount of saffron by-products including corms, tepals and leaves with little or no commercial value are generated during the processing of the spice. This biomass contains bioactive compounds whose exploitation can increase the profitability and sustainability of this traditional crop. A significant amount of polyphenols, mainly glycosides of kaempferol, luteolin and quercetin, have been determined in tepals and leaves of saffron. Proliferation of Caco-2 cells was greatly inhibited by the tepal and leaf extracts (ED50 0.42 mg/ml), while the corm extract caused some signs of toxicity and completely abolished proliferation (ED50 0.05 mg/ml). To our knowledge, these are the first data reporting the inhibition of the proliferation of Caco-2 cells by extracts from tepals and leaves of saffron, and polyphenols could be responsible for this effect.

Polyphenolic extract from coconut kernel modulates apoptotic genes, reactive oxygen species production, and prevents proliferation of human colon cancer cell line

Background and Aim: The modern diet along with sedentary lifestyle has led to an increasing mortality rate for colon cancer. Several dietary phytochemicals have been investigated for colon cancer therapy, so as to replace the synthetic drugs having adverse health side effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of polyphenol-rich fraction from coconut kernel (CK f ) on human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29). Methods: The total flavonoids and polyphenols present in CK f were determined colorimetrically. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of CK f was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2 staining. Levels of caspase-3 activity were measured colorimetrically. The expression levels of apoptotic genes BAK, BAX, BID and p53 were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of CK f in inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. Mitochondrial potential of HT-29 cells treated with CK f was determined by Rhodamine 123 staining. Results: Experimental results showed that CK f contains significant amount of polyphenols. CK f showed cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells (Lethal Dose 50% of 8 μg/ml) by increasing the free radical concentration, caspase 3 enzyme levels, and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in dose-dependent manner. The levels of p53 and BAX showed a major increase in a dose-dependent manner, while BAK gene levels showed a slight but significant increase. Conclusion: These results clearly indicate that coconut kernel which contains cytotoxic phenols affect the growth of colon cancer cells by modulating the apoptotic machinery mediated through mitochondrial ROS production.

Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of lupin: a review

SummaryLupin is a nonstarchy grain legume with high protein, dietary fibre and low fat contents. The industrial shift of lupin seed utilisation from feed to food has recently increased the scientific interest to explore its phytochemical composition and biological activities. Lupin seeds contain significant amounts of polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, alkaloids and peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and anti‐inflammatory activities. Among polyphenols, genistein and their derivatives (isoflavones) are of great importance because of their phytoestrogenic potential. This comprehensive review will help out the readers in understanding the phytochemicals present in lupin and their benefits.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in vivo of extracts hydroalcoholic of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and dyslipidemia a major risk factor. Feeding is recognized as the most important intervention in the prevention of diseases and plants are considered the best source of natural antioxidants. Yacon, a tuberous root, originates in the Andean region with fructooligosaccharides as the main reserve carbohydrate. In addition to these compounds, Yacon presents significant amount of polyphenols in both roots and leaves.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Sweet Cherries (Prunus Avium L.) from West and South-West of Romania

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower incidence of degenerative diseases (such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers). Currently, most research is focused on the content of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds found in fruit and vegetable. Sweet cherries ( Prunus avium L .) contain a significant amount of polyphenols and several antioxidants that possess many biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. In present study were investigated the quantification of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in fruits of a number of selected sweet cherry genotypes. Although sweet cherry fruits are a significant source of different phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity of sweet cherries is not related only with the total phenolic content.

Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.).

Phenolic compounds are widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants usually conferring them with unique taste, flavour and health-promoting properties. In fruits of Vitis vinifera L., phenolic composition is highly dependent on grape variety. Differential extraction of these compounds from grapes during winemaking is critically associated with wine quality. By-products of winemaking, such as grape pomace, can contain significant amounts of polyphenols. However, information concerning the varietal effect on wine grape pomace is scarce. In this study, pomaces from Sauvignon Blanc (SB), Chardonnay (CH), Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Carménère (CA) grape varieties were characterized spectroscopically and by HPLC-DAD analysis. White grape pomaces (SB and CH) presented higher antioxidant capacities and higher contents of total phenols and total proanthocyanidins compared with red grape pomaces (CS and CA), whereas the latter showed much higher anthocyanin levels and colour intensities. Concentrations of monomeric proanthocyanidins and low-molecular-weight phenols in the four grape pomace varieties were significantly different. Grape pomaces from four varieties showed high but diverse contents of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities. Thus grape pomaces represent an important potential source of polyphenols, which could be useful for nutritional and/or pharmacological purposes.

<b>Extraction of total polyphenols from hibiscus (<i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> L.) and waxweed / ‘sete-sangrias’ (<i>Cuphea carthagenensis</i>) and evaluation of their antioxidant potential

Current research investigates the extraction process of total polyphenols from hibiscus ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L . ) and waxweed (Brazilian name: ‘sete-sangrias’) ( Cuphea carthagenensis ) and evaluates the antioxidant potential of their extracts. The extraction stage comprised investigation on the following parameters: i) solvents (acetone and ethanol) pure and fractioned with water; ii) variables (temperature, stirring, solvent ratio, time and pH). Total polyphenols were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS •+ (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Results showed that, depending on experimental conditions, total phenolic contents for hibiscus and waxweed ranged between 460.86 mg GAE 100 g -1 and 5012.54 mg GAE 100 g -1 and between 462.86 mg GAE 100 g -1 and 4215.99 mg GAE 100 g -1 , respectively. Waxweed had a higher antioxidant activity when compared to that of hibiscus by both ABTS •+ and DPPH. Data showed that hibiscus and waxweed have a significant amount of polyphenols which may be extracted in mild processing conditions and then employed as natural antioxidant sources in industrial processes.

Inhibitory Effects of Water Caltrop Pericarps on the Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cells In Vitro

Water caltrop is a popular traditional vegetable in China, and its pericarps are always wasted. In the present work reported here, pericarps from three different Chinese water caltrop cultivars were collected and extracted using 70% methanol and hot water. All the extracts contained significant amounts of polyphenols (183.7-201.7 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (34.3-54.6 mg RE/g) and saponins (23.2- 36.3 mg GRE/g). These extracts exhibited strong antioxidant capacity as assessed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. High correlations were found in DPPH, ABTS and polyphenols, FRAP and saponins. All the three extracts inhibited proliferation of SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells in a dose dependent manner without detectable cytotoxicity on HUVEC normal cells. Flow cytometry showed that apoptosis of SGC7901 and HepG2 cells was induced by water caltrop extracts while HUVEC cells were relatively resistant to apoptosis. Hot water extracts showed similar bioactivities as methanol extracts, which indicated that hot water could be used to extract bioactive compounds instead of organic solvents. These results suggest that water caltrop pericarps could be explored for their potential as anti-cancer drugs in future studies.

Effect of electrolyzed reduced water on chiral theanine and polyphenols in tea

Pure D/L-theanine enantiomers were synthesized separately, and SEM was used for their crystal-structure observation. The novel enantiomeric separating method by HPLC was established using the chiral selector of β-CD in the mobile phase. Green tea, white tea, oolong tea, black tea and Pu-erh tea were tested for theanine enantiomers by different degrees of fermentation. The significantly higher d-enantiomeric proportion of theanine was found in white tea than the others, which was probably due to its specific processing step of withering. The effect of electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) on enantiomeric theanine and polyphenols in tea was explored. There was no change of theanine, but rather a loss of ECG (epicatechin gallate) and an increasing amount of GA (gallic acid). ERW also reduced tea cream, which contains significant amount of polyphenols, indicating its potential application in the tea-beverage industry.

Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoids Content of Aerial Parts of Artemisia abrotanum Linn. and A. pallens Wall

This paper illustrates total phenolic, total flavonoid content, phytochemicals present and physical properties of oil obtained from Artemisia abrotanum and Artemisia pallens (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid content was established by folin-ciocalteu assay and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay respectively. Studies in our laboratory shows the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids/ sterols, tannins, phenols, flavonoids in A. abrotanum and terpenoids/ sterols, tannins, phenols, flavonoids in A. pallens in ethanolic extract. The phenolic content in ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A. abrotanum and A. pallens was found to be 9.35 ± 0.008 mgGAE/g and 6.88 f 0.052 mgRE/g respectively, standard curve (Y = 0.01143X - 0.02093 and rz = 0.9994). The flavonoids content in ethanolic extract of aerial parts of A. abrotanum and A. pallens was found to be 11.0 ± 0.025 mgRE/g and 11.55 ± 0.006 mgRE/g respectively, standard curve (Y = 0.0471X - 0.0056 and r2 = 0.9984). The results suggests both plant contains significant amount of polyphenols and flavonoids hence could be considered in the category of antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory and is suitable candidate for activity guided isolation which will help in find out the new chemical entity (NCEs) responsible for the traditional claims.

ASSESSMENT OF CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF BROMELAIN-POLYPHENOL COMPLEX IN PINEAPPLE JUICE

The nutraceutical properties of pineapple (Ananas comosus) are attributed to bromelain, a mixture of cysteine proteases. To reduce or prevent denaturation and oxidation of bromelain in clarified pineapple juice, an ethanolic extract of dried cashew leaves, which contains significant amounts of polyphenols, was mixed with the juice. Analyses were made of free and complexed bromelain-polyphenol activities. Antioxidant activity was enhanced by about 15% after complexing 1.5 and 1.0% cashew extract with clarified pineapple juice and the increased antioxidant capacity was attributed to the polyphenol content of cashew leaf extract. The thermal stability of complexed bromelain was tested by heating the solution at 60°C for 150 min. Bromelain complexed with 1.0 or 1.5% cashew leaf extract was more stable than free bromelain and the addition of 1.0% cashew extract reduced denaturation 15-fold while 1.5% reduced it by 10-fold. Polyphenol from cashew leaf extract could protect bromelain from heat damage and oxidation. The results of the present study suggested that the complexion of polyphenol from cashew leaf with bromelain in pineapple juice would confer greater bromelain stability.

Oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant potential of plants used in Unani system of medicine.

BackgroundThere is increasing recognition that many of today's diseases are due to the "oxidative stress" that results from an imbalance between the formation and neutralization of reactive molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can be removed with antioxidants. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of plants routinely used in the Unani system of medicine. Several plants were screened for radical scavenging activity, and the ten that showed promising results were selected for further evaluation.MethodsMethanol (50%) extracts were prepared from ten Unani plants, namely Cleome icosandra, Rosa damascena, Cyperus scariosus, Gardenia gummifera, Abies pindrow, Valeriana wallichii, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Cyperus scariosus, and were used to determine their total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents, in vitro scavenging of DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO, ·OH, O2.- and ONOO-, and capacity to prevent oxidative DNA damage. Cytotoxic activity was also determined against the U937 cell line.ResultsIC50 values for scavenging DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO, ·OH, O2.- and ONOO- were in the ranges 0.007 ± 0.0001 - 2.006 ± 0.002 mg/ml, 2.54 ± 0.04 - 156.94 ± 5.28 μg/ml, 152.23 ± 3.51 - 286.59 ± 3.89 μg/ml, 18.23 ± 0.03 - 50.13 ± 0.04 μg/ml, 28.85 ± 0.23 - 537.87 ± 93 μg/ml and 0.532 ± 0.015 - 3.39 ± 0.032 mg/ml, respectively. The total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents were in the ranges 62.89 ± 0.43 - 166.13 ± 0.56 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, 38.89 ± 0.52 - 172.23 ± 0.08 mg quercetin equivalent (QEE)/g extract and 0.14 ± 0.09 - 0.98 ± 0.21 mg AA/g extract. The activities of the different plant extracts against oxidative DNA damage were in the range 0.13-1.60 μg/ml. Of the ten selected plant extracts studied here, seven - C. icosandra, R. damascena, C. scariosus, G. gummifera, A. pindrow, V. wallichii and H. antidysenterica - showed moderate antioxidant activity. Finally, potentially significant oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant activity were noted in three plant extracts: C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus. These three plant extracts showed no cytotoxic activity against U937 cells.ConclusionsThe 50% methanolic extracts obtained from different plant parts contained significant amounts of polyphenols with superior antioxidant activity as evidenced by the scavenging of DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO, ·OH, O2.- and ONOO-. C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus showed significant potential for preventing oxidative DNA damage and radical scavenging activity, and the G. gummifera, A. pindrow, V. wallichii, H. antidysenterica, A. pyrethrum, A. tenuifolius and O. mascula extracts showed moderate activity. The extracts of C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus showed no cytotoxicity against U937 cells. In conclusion, these routinely used Unani plants, especially C. icosandra, R. damascena and C. scariosus, which are reported to have significant activity against several human ailments, could be exploited as potential sources of natural antioxidants for plant-based pharmaceutical industries.

Polyphenolic Acids from Mint (the Aerial of Mentha haplocalyx Briq.) with DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

Vegetables of mint (the aerial part of Mentha haplocalyx) contain a significant amount of polyphenols with many health benefits. The crude aqueous acetone extract exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC(50)= 45.67 mug/mL) in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The activity-guided separation of chlorophyll removal fraction on column chromatography afforded 8 polyphenolic acids, including a new compound, cis-salvianolic acid J (1), and 7 known compounds, salvianolic acid J (2), lithospermic acid (3), rosmarinic acid (4), lithospermic acid B (5), magnesium lithospermate B (6), sodium lithospermate B (7), and danshensu (8), respectively. Their structural elucidations of all the compounds were based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) and by comparison with reference values. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 to 8 were isolated from Mentha genus for the 1st time. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated.

Antioxidative activities of white rose flower extract and pharmaceutical advantages of its hexane fraction via free radical scavenging effects

In this study, we determined the antioxidant activities of two different solvent fractions(butanol and hexane) obtained from white Rosa rugosa flowers by employing various assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and inhibition activity in S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) in the RAW264.7 model. In addition, more advanced antioxidant assays were conducted, including lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and cell growth. The results revealed that the hexane fraction, which contained a significant amount of polyphenols and volatile components, had excellent antioxidant potency and could scavenge free radicals of DPPH and ABTS. Interestingly, the hexane fraction inhibited lipid peroxidation to almost the same degree as a chemical antioxidant. In the NO assay, the hexane fraction effectively scavenged free radicals at all dose ranges and is expected to inhibit NO production in mammalian cells. The hexane fraction effectively prevented oxidative damage, which was induced by Cu2+/H2O2, to target proteins at lower concentrations (>1 microg x mL(-1)). The DNA fragmentation and the cell-level assays suggest that the hexane fraction may play a crucial role in inhibiting peroxynitrite and H2O2 attack. Based on the findings described in this study, the hexane fraction holds promise for use as a novel pharmaceutical antioxidant.

Identification of Two Polyphenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activities in Longan Pericarp Tissues

Longan fruits contain a significant amount of polyphenols. In the present study, polyphenols were extracted from longan pericarp tissues, and then two representative polyphenols were separated and purified by polyamide column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and silica gel column chromatography. On the basis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) data, the two compounds were identified as 4-O-methylgallic acid and (-)-epicatechin, respectively. In terms of reaction with longan polyphenol oxidase (PPO), (-)-epicatechin was further identified as the PPO substrate that caused longan fruit to brown. The results of antioxidant activity showed that 4-O-methylgallic acid had higher reducing power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl- (DPPH-), hydroxyl radical-, and superoxide radical-scavenging activities than (-)-epicatechin.

Cytisus scoparius link--a natural antioxidant.

BackgroundRecent investigations have shown that the antioxidant properties of plants could be correlated with oxidative stress defense and different human diseases. In this respect flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds have gained the greatest attention. The plant Cytisus scoparius contains the main constituent of flavone and flavonals. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of extract of aerial part of Cytisus scoparius.MethodsThe plant extract was tested for DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, antilipid peroxidation assay, reducing power and total phenol content.ResultsThe extract exhibited scavenging potential with IC50 value of 1.5 μg/ml, 116.0 μg/ml and 4.7 μg/ml for DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide anion radicals. The values were found to lesser than those of vitamin C, rutin, and curcumin, as standards. The extract showed 50% protection at the dose of 104.0 μg/ml in lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ ascorbate system in rat liver microsomal preparation. There is decrease in hydroxyl radical generation with IC50 value of 27.0 μg/ml when compared with standard vitamin E. The reducing power of the extract depends on the amount of extract. A significant amount of polyphenols could be detected by the equivalent to 0.0589 μg of pyrocatechol from 1 mg of extract.ConclusionThe results obtained in the present study indicate that hydro alcoholic extract of aerial part of Cytisus scoparius is a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Optimum Domestic Processing and Cooking Methods for Reducing the Polyphenolic (Antinutrient) Content of Pigeon Peas

Four high yielding and early maturing cultivars of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) namely UPAS-120, ICPL-87, ICPL-151 and, especially, Manak, contained significant amounts of polyphenols (1075 to 1328 mg/100g), which may limit their utilization. The effectiveness of soaking (6, 12 and 18 h, 30 degrees C), soaking and dehulling, ordinary cooking, pressure cooking and germination (24, 36, 48 h, 30 degrees C) in reducing the levels of polyphenols was investigated. A decrease in the polyphenolic contents varying from 4 to 26 percent in different pigeon pea cultivar was achieved. Pressure cooking of soaked-dehulled seeds was found to be the most effective method, followed by sprouting for 48 h, ordinary cooking of soaked-dehulled seeds, and pressure cooking of soaked whole seeds followed by sprouting for 36 h.

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus l. var niger) root

The in vitro antioxidant properties of squeezed juice from black radish root were investigated by spectrophotometry and luminometry. The sample exhibited strong hydrogen-donating ability, reducing power, copper(II)-chelating property and showed a radical scavenging effect in a H2O2/˙OH-luminol system that points to significant participation in an antioxidant process. According to the HPLC analyses the main active compounds in the juice are not the glucosinolates but probably their degradation products formed by myrosinase hydrolysis. Since a significant amount of polyphenols could be detected in the juice, these compounds could be responsible for the beneficial effect. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of squeezed juice from black radish (Raphanus sativus l. varniger) root

The in vitro antioxidant properties of squeezed juice from black radish root were investigated by spectrophotometry and luminometry. The sample exhibited strong hydrogen-donating ability, reducing power, copper(II)-chelating property and showed a radical scavenging effect in a H2O2/˙OH-luminol system that points to significant participation in an antioxidant process. According to the HPLC analyses the main active compounds in the juice are not the glucosinolates but probably their degradation products formed by myrosinase hydrolysis. Since a significant amount of polyphenols could be detected in the juice, these compounds could be responsible for the beneficial effect. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

?Self-tanning??a new and important source of stoichiometric error in cytophotometric determination of nuclear DNA content in plants

A Feulgen-densitometric comparison of nuclear DNA contents (C-values) was performed in various plant species (a fern, four gymnosperms, 16 woody and herbaceous angiosperms) after two types of fixation, additive (neutral formaldehyde) and non-additive (methanol-acetic acid, 3:1, MAA). Nuclei from tissues containing a significant amount of polyphenols (of the hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable tannin type) always showed reduced stainability and distorted spectral absorbance curves after MAA-fixation, while after formaldehyde-fixation no evidence for distorted staining was found. No fixation-dependent differences in Feulgen-DNA contents were stated in nuclei from tissues having no polyphenols. Distorted Feulgen-staining is a consequence of cellular self-tanning during fixation. Tanning is impaired by formaldehyde which binds to tannins and inactivates them. The rationale for using formaldehyde as a fixative in Feulgen-cytophotometry can be mainly seen in its capability of eliminating the “self-tanning error”. Standardization in plant DNA cytophotometry, and recent reports on unorthodox nuclear DNA variation in conifers are critically discussed.