Different Levels Of Significance Research Articles

Comparison of long-term results of trabeculectomy to treat pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma.

To compare the long term outcome of trabeculectomy in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in terms of surgical success. The success of the trabeculectomy was evaluated by three criteria. Criterion A: intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤21 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥20%; Criterion B: IOP ≤18 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥30%; Criterion C: IOP ≤15 mm Hg and decrease in IOP ≥50%. Patients that met these criteria without medical treatment were considered to be completely successful, while those that met these criteria with medical treatment were considered partially successful. Significance levels of differences between the POAG and PEG groups in the Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated with the log-rank test. Sixty-four eyes from 64 patients with PEG and 51 eyes from 51 patients with POAG were evaluated. No significant differences were detected between the PEG and POAG groups according to full or partial success relative to each of the three criteria (A: P=0.73, 0.32; B: P=0.73, 0.31; C:P=0.90, 0.27). There is no difference in the long-term success of trabeculectomy between PEG and POAG patients whose clinical characteristics are otherwise the same.

Interplay Between Amphetamine and Activity Level in Gene Networks of the Mouse Striatum.

The psychostimulant amphetamine can be prescribed to ameliorate the symptoms of narcolepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and to facilitate weight loss. This stimulant can also have negative effects including toxicity and addiction risk. The impact of amphetamine on gene networks is partially understood and this study addresses this gap in consideration of the physical activity. The striata of mice exposed to either amphetamine or saline treatment were compared in a mouse line selected for home cage physical overactivity, a phenotype that can be mitigated with amphetamine, and in a contemporary control line using RNA-seq. Genes presenting opposite expression patterns between treatments across lines included a pseudogene of coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 gene (Chchd2), ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (Rpph1), short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2), transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (Trpm6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 (Tnfrsf9). Genes presenting consistent treatment patterns across lines, albeit at different levels of significance included cholecystokinin (Cck), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (Vip), arginine vasopressin (Avp), oxytocin/neurophysin (Oxt), thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh), neurotensin (Nts), angiotensinogen (Agt), galanin (Gal), prolactin receptor (Prlr), and calcitonin receptor (Calcr). Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 6 (Kcnj6), and retinoic acid-related (RAR)-related orphan receptor alpha (Rora) were similarly differentially expressed between treatments across lines. Functional categories enriched among the genes presenting line-dependent amphetamine effect included genes coding for neuropeptides and associated with memory and neuroplasticity and synaptic signaling, energy, and redox processes. A line-dependent association between amphetamine exposure and the synaptic signaling genes neurogranin (Nrgn) and synaptic membrane exocytosis 1(Rims1) was highlighted in the gene networks. Our findings advance the understanding of molecular players and networks affected by amphetamine in support of the development of activity-targeted therapies that may capitalize on the benefits of this psychostimulant.

Eficacia de la intervención con videoconsolas en pacientes con ictus: revisión sistemática

In recent years video games and games consoles have been developed that are potentially useful in rehabilitation, which has led to studies conducted to evaluate the degree of efficacy of these treatments for people following a stroke. To analyse the literature available related to the effectiveness of applying video games consoles in the functional recovery of the upper extremities in subjects who have survived a stroke. A review of the literature was conducted in the CINHAL, Medline, PEDro, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science databases, using the query terms 'video game', 'stroke', 'hemiplegia', 'upper extremity' and 'hemiparesis'. After applying the eligibility criteria (clinical trials published between 2007 and 2017, whose participants were adults who had suffered a stroke with involvement of the upper extremity and who used video games), the scientific quality of the selected studies was rated by means of the PEDro scale. Eleven valid clinical trials were obtained for the systematic review. The studies that were selected, all of which were quantitative, presented different data and the inferential results indicated different levels of significance between control and experimental groups (82%) or between the different types of treatment (18%). The use of video games consoles is a useful complement for the conventional rehabilitation of the upper extremities of persons who have survived a stroke, since it increases rehabilitation time and enhances the recovery of motor functioning. Nevertheless, homogeneous intervention protocols need to be implemented in order to standardise the intervention.

Incidence of deformations of the extremities of Simmental cows in different types of stalls

Problems with legs and various forms of lameness of cows, in intensive milk production, are the third significant problem occuring in this production, after mastitis and reproductive disorders, both globally and in our country. The paper analyzes the incidence of the deformation of legs of 145 cows of the Simmental breed in the Kolubara region, and the influence of paragenetic factors (housing/holding and type of stall/bedding and lactation) on the incidence of deformations. The obtained results show that, of the total number of cows assessed, 3.45% had "X" position of the front legs, 14.8% had a "X" position of the hind legs. The convergent position of the front legs was recorded in 35.86%, and divergent in 8.28% of animals. The convergent position of the hind legs was observed in 16.55% of cows, and divergent in 2.76%. The outward position of the front legs was observed in 4.14% of cows, inward position in 11.03%, and broad position in 4.14% of studied cows. Also, 17.24% of the cows had a so called sable like position of hind legs, and 7.59% showed steap angle of hind legs. The pronounced soft front leg pasterns were observed in 7.59% of the cows, and the soft pasterns of the hind legs in 33.79% of the total number of observed cows. The observed changes in the ankles in the shape of swelling were recorded in 1.38% of cattle on the carpal joint and 2.76% on the tarsal ankle. The damaged shoulder and body joint (scabbed shoulder) was observed in 43.45% of the total number of cows evaluated. Scores for the front and hind legs front, back and side views, varied at different levels of significance under the influence of the type of stall/bedding, while the scores for the condition of the hind leg pasterns varied highly significantly (p<0.001) under the influence of the type of stall/bedding. The scores for the front leg pasterns and scores for shoulder and body joint were not significant (p> 0.05) depending on the type of stall/bedding and the method of housing/holding of cows.

CD4 cell counts and oral manifestations in HIV infected and AIDS patients.

Context:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an acronym for AIDS caused by a retrovirus known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the body's immune system leaving a patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or unusual malignancies. According to estimates by the World Health Organization and UNAIDS, 35 million people were living with HIV globally at the end of 2013. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986. Seldom studies have been conducted correlating these parameters with oral manifestations in the Indian population.Aim:The present study was carried out to evaluate the CD4 cell counts and oral manifestations in HIV-infected and AIDS patients and to correlate them with the seronegative controls.Methodology:This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based study on individuals who were divided into three groups, Group A consisting of 500 patients who were healthy controls without any systemic illness; Group B consisting of 500 patients who were diagnosed as HIV infected and Group C consisting of 500 patients diagnosed as AIDS patients depending on their CD4 cell counts. The permission from the Ethical Committee of the Institution as well as Superintendent of Government Hospital was obtained. Evaluation of CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected and AIDS patients was done using CyFlow Counter.Results:The results were found to be statistically significant with the P < 0.001 for the CD4 cell counts. Oral manifestations revealed varied results with different levels of significance.Conclusion:CD4 cell counts were significantly altered in HIV-infected and AIDS patients when compared with the controls while oral manifestations revealed varied results with different levels of significance.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

Capital adequacy regulation imposed on banks, including Islamic banks, is part of the regulators’ efforts to ensure that banks have adequate capital in order to get them prepared facing the risks that might arise in their operations. This research aims to find the effects of Islamic banks’ specific variables on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), the capital adequacy indicator in banks.Using panel data regression, this research investigates the possible effects of four bank spesific variables which are Bank Size (LNSIZE), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Return on Equity (ROE), and Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). There are 11 Indonesia’s Islamic commercial banks during 2011 to 2015 used as sample. As Fixed Effect Model (FEM) chosen to be the estimation model, this research indicates that LNSIZE, NPF, ROE and FDR have significant effects on CAR with different level of significance.

Insegnanti inclusivi: un’indagine empirica sulla formazione specialistica degli insegnanti di sostegno

The essay concerns the outcomes of an empirical-experimental research conducted in the annual teacher specialization for special educational needs, at the University of L’Aquila in the academic year 2014/15. The survey is included in the research on the effectiveness of the training courses for teachers. It involved 115 teachers and aimed to investigate whether there has been an actual increase in specific professional skills, school enrollment, among those who followed the specialization course. The data was obtained from the comparison between the control group, consisting of teachers who haven’t begun yet the formation, and the experimental group, constituted by the same teachers at the end of the specialization course. Even if data shows, at different levels of significance, a positive general effect of the course, they do not show appreciable differences in some important didactic-evaluative and communicative-relational dimensions, fundamental to the inclusion process, such as the individualization of didactic intervention, the sharing of training objectives and teaching and evaluation methods with class teachers, the collaboration with families and with operators of social and health services. Teachers, also, claim to have gained more confidence in their professionalism and more security in dealing with the problems encountered in the class. However not all the teachers feel able to apply the educational and didactic strategies learned and to offer their support «to the class». Finally, it appears necessary to review some aspects related to the content of the course and the didactic-training methods used.

Model Recommended Values of Corporate Culture for Industrial Companies in Slovak Republic

Abstract The main objective of the paper is to describe the recommended values model of corporate culture and supporting business performance for industrial companies operating in the Slovak Republic. This model was developed on the basis of research results within the STU Project to support young researchers entitled “Changing the potential of the company´s success using the principles of spiral management and its impact on corporate culture”. The current paper is a part of submitted VEGA project No.1/0348/17 “The impact of the coexistence of different generations of employees on the sustainable performance of organisations”. This model will be the basis for defining corporate values and developing or changing corporate culture for the companies operating on or coming (from abroad) to the Slovak market. The characteristic features of the value model are simplicity, complexity and applicability. This model takes into account the current situation on the Slovak market. The values of this model have a different level of significance given and each value is defined by the specified principles.

Analytic Critical Flow Method (ACFM): A Reliability Allocation Method Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

RAMS is an acronym for reliability, availability, maintainability and safety. These four properties concern the application of important methodologies to design and manage complex systems. In the present research, starting from the analysis of several literature reliability allocation techniques, a reliability allocation method has been implemented called analytic critical flow method (ACFM). Critical flow method is a reliability allocation method for series-parallel configurations, based on failure analysis of each unit of the system. The new approach is based on critical flow method, whose results are matched with the analytic hierarchy process multicriteria method. The result is a dynamic model that combines the advantages of the allocation method and the multicriteria approach. The need to develop the ACFM is the outcome of a careful analysis of the current military and commercial approaches. In particular, no literature method takes into account to assign a different level of significance (weight) to the different units of the system, simultaneously to the considered factors. The proposed approach has been applied and compared with other traditional methods on an aerospace prototype (series-parallel configuration), where the reliability allocation process is rigorous. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new approach and its ability to overcome the criticalities highlighted in literature.

Validity of Self-Reported Birth Weight: Results from a Norwegian Twin Sample.

The association between birth weight and later life outcomes is of considerable interest in life-course epidemiology. Research often relies on self-reported measures of birth weight, and its validity is consequently of importance. We assessed agreement between self-reported birth weight and official birth records for Norwegian twins born 1967-1974. The intraclass correlation between self-reported birth weight and register-based birth weight was 0.91 in our final sample of 363 twins. It could be expected that 95% of self-reported birth-weight values will deviate from official records within a maximum of +446 grams and a minimum of -478 grams - around a mean deviation of 16 grams. Self-reported birth weight had a sensitivity of 0.78-0.89 and a positive predictive value of 0.59-0.85, and an overall weighted kappa of 0.71. We further assessed agreement by conducting two linear regression models where we respectively regressed self-reported birth weight and register-based birth weight on adult body mass index, a known association. The two models were not significantly different; however, there were different levels of significance in parameter estimates that warrant some caution in using self-reported birth weight. Reliability of self-reported birth weight was also assessed, based on self-reports in another sample of twins born 1935-1960 who had reported their birth weight in two questionnaires 34 years apart. The intraclass correlation was 0.86, which indicates a high degree of reliability. In conclusion, self-reported birth weight, depending on context and age when birth weight was reported, can be cautiously used.

Theoretical-applied aspects of the composition of regression models for combined propulsion complexes based on data of experimental research

Based on the study into internal properties of components of the ship power plants (SPP) in the combined propulsion complexes (CPC) and considering special features in the construction of equations that characterize energy processes in the specific SPP of the particular CPC, we developed the principles of constructing their regression models according to data from experimental research. The function is defined that connects input variables and the output variable based on data of the experiment with the certain number of common observations of the input and output parameters. The check for adequacy of the obtained model was performed according to the experimental data. Such studies are necessary in order to develop specialized software modeling tools that are used when designing CPC SPP whose structure may vary in certain specified operational limits and situational factors. Similar empirical models also make it possible to improve simulation modeling algorithms involving the use of statistical tests and construction of CPC SPP models based on experimental data. As the result of present research, according to data obtained in the course of experiment, which contained 14 joint observations of the input and output parametric coordinates of the thruster drives (TDs) of CPC of the ship that operates under dynamic positioning mode, we estimated variation in the coefficients of regression equation and determined coefficients b 0 =0.4527; b 1 =–0.1126; b 2 =0.0848; b 3 =–0.0277; b 4 =0.0856, which refine the structure of regression model of SPP of CPC. For different levels of significance and degrees of freedom, the Student's t-criterion was computed for significance level α=0.06 and for the number of degrees of freedom 30 f y =30t(0.06; 30)=t(0.06; 2)=4.823, as well as the Fisher’s F-criterion F e (0.06; 12; 2)=5.43, on the basis of which the conclusion was made that confirms adequacy of the obtained model according to the experimental tests. Based on the constructed regression model, it is possible to adjust the position of CPC TD relative to each other and to the diametrical plane of the ship, as well as directions of TD rotation in the process of optimization of parameters of physical models of control systems of TD electric engines.

Joint source–channel rate allocation with unequal error protection for space image transmission

High reliable and efficient image transmission is of primary importance for space communications. In the traditional space image transmission system design, the source coding module and channel coding module are separated. This separate design, although simple to be implemented, cannot explore the transmission performance to the most. In this article, we propose a joint source–channel rate allocation framework to improve the space image transmission performance. A joint rate allocation algorithm based on the packet loss rate is proposed. For certain required system transmission rate, the optimal source coding and channel coding rate pair can be selected from pre-configured code rate sets by sliding search. In addition, our design has taken into account the progressive scalability feature of the image compression results. Each of the source coding output packets is divided into several sub-packets with different levels of significance and then channel coding with different rates is applied on these sub-packets to achieve unequal error protection. Simulation results show that the proposed joint design can significantly improve the image reconstruction quality. Compared with the traditional separate design, the proposed joint design can achieve 3–5 dB performance gain in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio.

Hierarchical Relationship of Negative Emotion Perception from Violent Video Games

Video games featuring violent contents have become more and more prevalent among children and teenagers. It is therefore imperative to ponder on questions such as ‘Are violent video games dangerous digital games?’ and ‘What negative emotions do they trigger in gamers?’ As such, this study aims to explore the negative emotions that violent video games trigger in gamers and determine the cause for each negative emotion. For the purpose of this research, Resident Evil, a violent video game, has been chosen as the focus. Taking the gamer’s perspective, the study aims to explore and construct a thorough network structure (game triggered event—gamer’s personal belief—feeling of negative emotions) of gamer’s emotions, the structure of gamers’ emotional cluster and the correlation and level of inter-influence between relevant factors. Results of the study reveal that the overall hierarchical value map (HVM) not only presents a comprehensive gamer emotional network structure but also offers a clear illustration of how key game activating events (enemies, stage mission, BOSS level monsters, horror atmosphere, third-person view) lead to the formation of gamers’ personal beliefs of character death, high difficulty, trigger negative emotion, being frightened, enemy ambush and tough enemies, which ultimately lead to negative emotions such as fear, worry, anger, disgust and frustration on gamers’ part. In addition, among the five gamer emotional clusters, the clusters of fear and anger had the heaviest influence on the gamers. The correlation between factors and influence showed different levels of significance.

Identification of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphic Loci Associated with Biomass Yield under Water Deficit in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Using Genome-Wide Sequencing and Association Mapping.

Alfalfa is a worldwide grown forage crop and is important due to its high biomass production and nutritional value. However, the production of alfalfa is challenged by adverse environmental factors such as drought and other stresses. Developing drought resistance alfalfa is an important breeding target for enhancing alfalfa productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. In the present study, we used genotyping-by-sequencing and genome-wide association to identify marker loci associated with biomass yield under drought in the field in a panel of diverse germplasm of alfalfa. A total of 28 markers at 22 genetic loci were associated with yield under water deficit, whereas only four markers associated with the same trait under well-watered condition. Comparisons of marker-trait associations between water deficit and well-watered conditions showed non-similarity except one. Most of the markers were identical across harvest periods within the treatment, although different levels of significance were found among the three harvests. The loci associated with biomass yield under water deficit located throughout all chromosomes in the alfalfa genome agreed with previous reports. Our results suggest that biomass yield under drought is a complex quantitative trait with polygenic inheritance and may involve a different mechanism compared to that of non-stress. BLAST searches of the flanking sequences of the associated loci against DNA databases revealed several stress-responsive genes linked to the drought resistance loci, including leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, B3 DNA-binding domain protein, translation initiation factor IF2, and phospholipase-like protein. With further investigation, those markers closely linked to drought resistance can be used for MAS to accelerate the development of new alfalfa cultivars with improved resistance to drought and other abiotic stresses.

PENGGUNAAN MULTIMEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS ENGLISHSIMPLE SENTENCESPADA MATA KULIAH BASIC WRITING DI STKIP GARUT

Basic Writing is the first basic writing course for students in English Education Program of STKIP Garut, which is aimed to develop students' writing English skill. The efforts have been developed to improve the learning on Basic writing course and one of them is the use of multimedia. The research questions of this research were: 1). does the use of Computer-Assisted Instruction can improve the students' writing skill?, 2). does the conventional media also improve the students' writing skill?, 3). Is there any significant of improvement between the use of Computer-Assisted Instruction and conventional media?. The research used the quantitative approach and was conducted through the Quasi-Experimental Design. The research conducted between two classes, the experiment and control class, by using 50 students as samples in English Education Program of STKIP Garut. The research findings showed the primary points that the use of Computer-Assisted Instruction improved the students’ writing English simple sentence skill due to the gain value with the medium category on Basic writing course in STKIP Garut; The students’ writing English simple sentence skill of control class, which the students did not use the interactive instructional multimedia, improved considering the gain value with the low category; and There was the significance level of difference that the students who used the Computer-Assisted Instruction were better than the students who did not use the Computer-Assisted Instruction or on the other hand used the conventional media.

Shared genetic risk between corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia.

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and a subset of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by tau inclusions in neurons and glia (tauopathies). Although clinical, pathological and genetic evidence suggests overlapping pathobiology between CBD, PSP, and FTD, the relationship between these disorders is still not well understood. Using summary statistics (odds ratios and p values) from large genome-wide association studies (total n=14,286 cases and controls) and recently established genetic methods, we investigated the genetic overlap between CBD and PSP and CBD and FTD. We found up to 800-fold enrichment of genetic risk in CBD across different levels of significance for PSP or FTD. In addition to NSF (tagging the MAPT H1 haplotype), we observed that SNPs in or near MOBP, CXCR4, EGFR, and GLDC showed significant genetic overlap between CBD and PSP, whereas only SNPs tagging the MAPT haplotype overlapped between CBD and FTD. The risk alleles of the shared SNPs were associated with expression changes in cis-genes. Evaluating transcriptome levels across adult human brains, we found a unique neuroanatomic gene expression signature for each of the five overlapping gene loci (omnibus ANOVA p<2.0×10-16). Functionally, we found that these shared risk genes were associated with protein interaction and gene co-expression networks and showed enrichment for several neurodevelopmental pathways. Our findings suggest: (1) novel genetic overlap between CBD and PSP beyond the MAPT locus; (2) strong ties between CBD and FTD through the MAPT clade, and (3) unique combinations of overlapping genes that may, in part, influence selective regional or neuronal vulnerability observed in specific tauopathies.

Uncertainty and Risk Analysis of Pakistan's Regional Trade: Fan Chart Approach

Economic forecasting, both specific and general, is a crucial part of economic planning for a country. It is required to effectively deal with uncertainity as well as possible negative impact of proposed policies in future. Therefore, correct predictions will improve the effectiveness of the decision-making process. This study is a pioneering attempt to forecast aggregate and regional trade of Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1974 to 2014. With the help of fan chart, aggregate and regional trade of Pakistan have been forecast from 2015 to 2020. Fan chart provides ranges of forecast at different levels of significance as well as assesses. The risk associated with the forecast value, namely upside and downside risk. The results suggest that there is considerable uncertainty associated with the regional trade of Pakistan. The policy makers are suggested to monitor downside risk associated with the exports and upside risk associated with the imports of the country.

AHP‐IFM Target: An Innovative Method to Define Reliability Target in an Aerospace Prototype Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

AbstractReliability target definition is a crucial aspect of any reliability analysis. In literature, there are two types of analysis. The first one, called ‘bottom‐up’, goes back to the system's target using data of units through a fault tree analysis. Reliability data of components could be only partially available, particularly in the case of innovative systems. In the second type of analysis, called ‘top‐down’, starting from similar systems, the target of each unit is defined, by applying allocation techniques. Also, in this case, reliability data of similar systems might not be available, and the choice of the most appropriate technique could be tricky. The purpose of the present research is to combine the advantages of both usual approaches. The newly developed approach is based on the integrated factors method, whose values are adjusted trough a multicriteria method, the analytic hierarchy process, depending on the importance of each factor and each unit. The innovation of the proposed model consists in its dynamism, as most of the literature methods use constant weights for the factors involved in reliability allocation. No method takes into account the assignment of a different level of significance (weight) to different units of the system, simultaneously with the considered factors. The developed approach has been applied on an aerospace prototype system. The results show the goodness of the new method and its ability to overcome the problems noted in literature. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The impact of transport and foreign direct investment on energy consumption: recent evidence from high, middle and low income countries

This paper investigates the impact of various macroeconomic variables on energy use. Among these variables, we are interested in the specific impacts of transport and foreign direct investment in 68 countries over the period 2000-2014. In order to make the panel data analysis more homogeneous, we also investigate the interrelationships for a number of sub-panels which are constructed based on the income level of countries. In this way, we end up with three income panels; namely, high-income, middle-income and low-income panel. By applying the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) on a dynamic panel data model, the results indicate that the energy consumption is affected positively and significantly by the freight transport in all panels. However, the impact of foreign direct investment is positive and significant for the high-income and middle-income panels. For the low-income panel, the impact is positive and insignificant. Finally, the energy use is positively correlated with economic growth, population and capital stock with different levels of significance.

The Analysis of the Validity of Capital Asset Pricing Model: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

The aim of this study was to find evidence for the implementation of capital asset pricing model (CAPM) on companies listed at Pakistan StockExchange before, during and after financial crisis. The data of 50 companies were collected ranging from various sectors of Pakistan stockexchange. Data were divided into 3 different groups: year 2005-2007, 2008-2010 and 2011-2013. Regression analysis was conducted for testingthe hypotheses by taking Pakistan stock exchange 100 index as independent variable and individual stocks return as dependent variable.Three different levels of significance have been used: significance at 1%, significance at 5%, and significance at 10%. The results suggested that inPakistan different business organizations due to narrow scope of business are relatively less diversified and have relatively high flexibility ofresponding unexpected and uncertain events, influencing overall market performance. Similarly, large number of companies, specifically duringperiod of financial crisis, are affected and influenced by numerous risk factors. It was concluded that fair prices of stock cannot be determinedwith the help of CAPM in Pakistan.