Signaling Molecules Research Articles

Rational design of an ultrabright quinolinium-fused rhodamine turn-on fluorescent probe for highly sensitive detection of SO2 derivatives: Applications in food safety and bioimaging

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an essential signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes within living organisms. Bisulfite (HSO3−) possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, and preservative properties, making it a common food additive. However, elevated levels of SO2 or excessive HSO3− intake can lead to a range of diseases, highlighting the importance of detecting SO2 and its derivatives (HSO3−/SO32−). This study presents a quinolinium-fused rhodamine fluorogenic probe (RQB-R) for ultrafast, highly selective, and sensitive detection of HSO3−. The probe operates via a dual-response mechanism, exhibiting a visible color change and a transition from nonemissive to intense red fluorescence upon interaction with HSO3−. The detection mechanism involves a 1,4-nucleophilic addition reaction of HSO3− at the 4-position of the quinolinium unit, which bypasses the photoinduced electron-transfer fluorescence quenching pathway and activates the intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, thereby enhancing fluorescence emission. Practical applications of the RQB-R probe include rapid quantification of HSO3− levels in sugar samples and integration into smartphone-assisted detection platforms. This method demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and enables visualization of both exogenous and endogenous HSO3− within MCF-7 cells, with a specific focus on targeting mitochondria.

CCL2 may contribute to the damage of fallopian tube epithelium in women with tubal endometriosis

Research QuestionHow does tubal endometriosis (TEM) impact the morphology and ultrastructure of the fallopian tube epithelium? What are the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of TEM? DesignEpithelial samples of the fallopian tubes from patients with (TEM group) and without (non-TEM group) TEM were collected. The morphological characteristics, ultrastructure, ciliated cell percentage, and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were assessed via hematoxylin-eosin staining, electron microscopy, and high-speed video microscopy. mRNA microarray analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the fallopian tube epithelium, which were further validated using qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. The effects of recombinant CCL2 protein on primary human fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTEC) were examined in vitro. ResultsPatients with TEM exhibited significant abnormalities in the morphology and ultrastructure of the fallopian tube epithelium with reduced percentage of ciliated cells and CBF, compared to the non-TEM patients. Among the 765 DEGs identified in the fallopian tube epithelium, 512 genes were upregulated and 253 genes were downregulated in the TEM group. qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting validation confirmed a significant upregulation of CCL2 expression in the TEM group. In vitro experiments revealed that recombinant CCL2 protein significantly reduced ciliated cell differentiation, length of cilia, and CBF in FTEC, suggesting a role for CCL2 in the development of the TEM-related pathological phenotype. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that CCL2 may contribute to the pathological phenotype associated with TEM and could be a crucial signaling molecule in the damage of fallopian tube epithelium in patients with TEM.

Phloem sap from melon plants contains extracellular vesicles that carry active proteasomes which increase in response to aphid infestation.

The morphogenesis of higher plants requires communication among distant organs throughout vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Numerous investigations have demonstrated that phloem also act as a distribution route for signalling molecules being observed that different macromolecules translocated by the sap, including nucleic acids and proteins, change under stress situations. The participation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this communication has been suggested, although little is known about their role. In fact, in the last decade, the presence of EVs in plants has originated a great controversy, where major concerns arose from their origin, isolation methods, and even the appropriate nomenclature for plant nanovesicles. Phloem sap exudates from melon plants, either aphid-free or infested with Aphis gossypii, were collected by stem incision. After sap concentration (Amicon), phloem EVs (PhlEVs) were isolated by size exclusion chromatography. PhlEVs were characterised using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, Transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis. Here we confirm the presence of EVs in phloem sap in vivo and the detection of changes in the particles/protein ratio and composition of PhlEVs in response to insect feeding, revealing the presence of typical defence proteins in their cargo as well as components of the proteasome complex. PhlEVs from infested plants showed lower particles/protein ratio and almost two times more proteolytic activity than PhlEVs from aphid-free plants. In both cases, such activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our results suggest that plants may use this mechanism to prepare themselves to receive infectious agents and open up the possibility of an evolutionary conserved mechanism of defence against pathogens/stresses in eukaryotic organisms.

Lycopene attenuates D-galactose-induced memory and behavioral deficits by mediating microbiota-SCFAs-gut-brain axis balance in female CD-1 mice

Aging impairs cognitive function, whereas nutritional intervention can delay aging and age-related diseases. Lycopene (LYC), a naturally occurring carotenoid, posses multiple health-promoting properties, including neuroprotective function. Here, the effects of LYC on memory and behavioral deficits induced by D-galactose (D-gal) treatment and the relative contribution of LYC-derived gut microbiota in these process were investigated. Results demonstrated that LYC showed effective protection on D-gal induced cognitive deficit and neuronal damage. Moreover, LYC treatment has beneficial effects on gut barrier damage, microbiota dysbiosis and levels of SCFAs in D-gal-induced subacute aging mice. Next, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment was performed and increased SCFAs were observed in mice received stools from D-gal+LYC group when compared with D-gal-FMT group. Thus, we added SCFAs treatment served as a control group in order to evaluated whether the alterations of gut-brain axis could be attributed to LYC-reshaped gut microbiota and SCFAs. Results showed that recipient mice received SCFAs and stools from D-gal+LYC group have similar beneficial effects in improving gut and brain function, demonstrated as: improved intestinal health via elevating antioxidant enzymes contents, increasing the expressions of tight junctions proteins and protecting gut barrier, enhanced mice working memory capacity via alleviating hippocampal neurons impairment, improving synaptic function and enhancing mitochondrial function in the intestinal pseudo-aseptic mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that LYC-derived microbiome played a pivotal role in the regulation of cognitive functions during aging and enhanced SCFAs formation might be an important signaling molecule connecting gut microbiome and brain.

Therapeutic efficacy of Genistein in activation of neuronal AC/cAMP/CREB/PKA and mitochondrial ETC-Complex pathways in experimental model of autism: Evidence from CSF, blood plasma and brain analysis

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by repetitive behaviors, impaired social communication, and various associated conditions such as depression and anxiety. Its multifactorial etiology includes genetic, environmental, dietary, and gastrointestinal contributions. Pathologically, Autism is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances involving GABA, glutamate, dopamine, and oxytocin. Propionic acid (PRPA) is a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria, influencing central nervous system functions. Elevated PRPA levels can exacerbate Autism-related symptoms by disrupting metabolic processes and crossing the blood–brain barrier. Our research investigates the neuroprotective potential of Genistein (GNT), an isoflavone compound with known benefits in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, through modulation of the AC/cAMP/CREB/PKA signaling pathway and mitochondrial ETC complex (I-IV) function. In silico analyses revealed GNT’s high affinity for these targets. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments using a PRPA-induced rat model of autism demonstrated that GNT (40 and 80 mg/kg., orally) significantly improves locomotion, neuromuscular coordination, and cognitive functions in PRPA-treated rodents. Behavioral assessments showed reduced immobility in the forced swim test, enhanced Morris water maze performance, and restored regular locomotor activity. On a molecular level, GNT restored levels of key signaling molecules (AC, cAMP, CREB, PKA) and mitochondrial complexes (I-V), disrupted by PRPA exposure. Additionally, GNT reduced neuroinflammation and apoptosis, normalized neurotransmitter levels, and improved the complete blood count profile. Histopathological analyses confirmed that GNT ameliorated PRPA-induced brain injuries, restored normal brain morphology, reduced demyelination, and promoted neurogenesis. The study supports GNT’s potential in autism treatment by modulating neural pathways, reducing inflammation, and restoring neurotransmitter balance.

Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, and Neuroprotective Effect of Oleocanthal from Virgin Olive Oil – A Review

Background: Oleocanthal (OC), a phenolic compound found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), is renowned for its bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. OC has been shown to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, such as colon, breast, liver, and melanoma. Additionally, its potential role in neuroprotection, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, has been extensively researched. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, dynamics, and therapeutic mechanisms of OC. Databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were used to identify studies on OC’s therapeutic effects, particularly in cancer, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, and microbial infections. Results: OC demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reducing pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. It also showed significant anticancer activity by modulating pathways like the apoptotic and HGF/c-Met pathways. In Alzheimer's disease, OC reduced astrocyte inflammation and promoted the clearance of amyloid beta proteins, supporting its neuroprotective role. Moreover, OC exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, further contributing to its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Oleocanthal exhibits promising therapeutic effects across a range of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, while its in vitro pharmacological properties are well-established, further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand its potential as a medicinal agent. The findings of this review underscore OC’s potential to serve as a therapeutic lead molecule for a variety of conditions.

Piezoelectric-Enhanced Nanocatalysts Trigger Neutrophil N1 Polarization against Bacterial Biofilm by Disrupting Redox Homeostasis.

Strategies of manipulating redox signaling molecules to inhibit or activate immune signals have revolutionized therapeutics involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, certain diseases with dual resistance barriers to the attacks by both ROS and immune cells, such as bacterial biofilm infections of medical implants, are difficult to eradicate by a single exogenous oxidative stimulus due to the diversity and complexity of the redox species involved. Here, this work demonstrates that metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles capable of disrupting the bacterial ROS-defense system can dismantle bacterial redox resistance and induce potent antimicrobial immune responses in a mouse model of surgical implant infection by simultaneously modulating redox homeostasis and initiating neutrophil N1 polarization in the infection microenvironment. Mechanistically, the piezoelectrically enhanced MOF triggers ROS production by tilting the band structure and acts synergistically with the aurintricarboxylic acid loaded within the MOF, which inhibits the activity of the cystathionine γ-cleaving enzyme. This leads to biofilm structure disruption and antigen exposure through homeostatic imbalance and synergistic activation of neutrophil N1 polarization signals. Thus, this study provides an alternative but promising strategy for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant biofilm infections.

Alleviation of Copper-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Bergenin: Diminution of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis via Targeting SIRT1/FOXO3a/NF-κB Axes and p38 MAPK Signaling.

Despite its biological importance, excess copper induces organ damage, especially to the liver. Disruption of critical signaling cascades that control redox status, inflammatory responses, and cellular apoptosis significantly contributes to the copper-induced hepatotoxicity. The present work explored the hepatoprotective ability of bergenin against the copper-induced hepatotoxicity using male Wistar rats as a mammalian model. The results revealed that bergenin suppressed the copper-evoked histopathological changes and hepatocellular necrosis as indicated by decreased activity of the liver enzymes ALT and AST in the sera of the copper-intoxicated rats. It decreased hepatic copper content and the copper-induced oxidative stress as revealed by reduced lipid peroxidation and improved activity of the antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Bergenin downregulated the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and the inflammatory cell infiltration to the liver tissues. Additionally, it inhibited the copper-induced apoptosis as indicated by significant reduction in caspase-3 activity. At the molecular level, bergenin activated the antioxidant transcription factor FOXO3a, inhibited the nuclear translocation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and suppressed the inflammatory signaling molecules p38 MAPK and c-Fos. Interestingly, bergenin improved the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 and reduced the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Bergenin markedly enhanced the expression of the histone deacetylase protein SIRT1 that regulates activity of NF-κB and FOXO3a. Collectively, these findings highlight the alleviating activity of bergenin against the copper-induced hepatotoxicity via controlling oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis potentially through upregulation of SIRT1, activation of FOXO3a along with suppression of NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling.

Colorectal cancer cell-derived exosomal miRNA-372-5p induces immune escape from colorectal cancer via PTEN/AKT/NF-κB/PD-L1 pathway

Tumor cells can escape immune surveillance by changing their own escape or expressing abnormal genes and proteins, resulting in unlimited proliferation and invasive growth of cells. These changes are related to microRNAs (miRNAs), which reduce the killing effect of immune cells, devastate the immune response, and interfere with apoptosis through the aberrant expression of relevant miRNAs. In the preliminary phase of this study, miRNAs in clinical plasma exosomes of colorectal cancer patients were differentially analyzed by RNA sequencing technology, and miR-372-5p derived from extracellular vesicles (sEVs) was found to be a key signaling molecule mediating the regulation of macrophages by colorectal cancer (CRC). miRNA-372-5p is upregulated in colorectal cancer patient tissues and serum, as well as colorectal cancer cell lines and their exosomes. Subsequently, we found that macrophages could take up sEV secreted by colorectal cancer cells HCT116, affecting the expression of the immune checkpoint PD-L1, resulting in the generation of a tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment and suppression of T cell activation in CRC. Gene enrichment mapping and database revealed that miR-372-5p regulates PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer through the homologous phosphatase-tensin (PTEN)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (AKT)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Further studies confirmed that miRNA-372-5p-treated macrophages co-cultured with T cells affected the regulation of PD-L1 expression through the PTEN/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in decreased CD3+CD8+ T cell activity, decreased cytokine IL-2 and increased IFN-γ. And miRNA-372-5p could down-regulate the expression of PD-L1 in HCT116 through the PTEN/AKT/NF-κB pathway, inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Conclusion: Colorectal cancer cell-derived exosome miR-372-5p can be phagocytosed by colorectal cancer and macrophage cells, regulate the expression of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer cells and macrophages by targeting the PTEN/AKT/NF-κB pathway, and induce the immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC to promote CRC development. This suggests that inhibiting the secretion of HCT116-specific sEV-miR-372-5p or targeting PD-L1 in tumor-associated macrophages could be a novel approach for CRC treatment and possibly a sensitizing approach for CRC anti-PD-L1 therapy.

Plant sesquiterpene lactones.

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are a prominent group of plant secondary metabolites predominantly found in the Asteraceae family and have multiple ecological roles and medicinal applications. This review describes the evolutionary and ecological significance of STLs, highlighting their roles in plant defence mechanisms against herbivory and as phytotoxins, alongside their function as environmental signalling molecules. We also cover the substantial role of STLs in medicine and their mode of action in health and disease. We discuss the biosynthetic pathways and the various modifications that make STLs one of the most diverse groups of metabolites. Finally, we discuss methods for identifying and predicting STL biosynthesis pathways. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.

Distinct Non-Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibody Signatures Correlate with Endothelial Crossmatch Status in Lung and Renal Transplant Recipients

Non-HLA antibodies against heterogeneous targets on endothelial cells have been associated with allograft injuries. The endothelial cell crossmatch (ECXM) is used in the detection of non-HLA antibodies but remains non-discriminatory for specific antibody identification. The primary objective of this study was to delineate the specific non-HLA antibody signatures associated with ECXM positivity and to determine the correlation of ECXM status and non-HLA antibody signatures on allograft health. Serum specimens from 25 lung transplant recipients (LTRs) and 13 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) were collected as part of clinical evaluation, and testing for angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and donor-specific MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA) antibodies and ECXM was performed. Remnant sera were tested for non-HLA antibodies using the LABScreen™ Autoantibody (LSAUT) Group 1, 2, and 3 kits (One Lambda, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA). In both cohorts, the concordance of AT1R and MICA together or individually with ECXM+ status was poor (<0.7), suggesting the presence of other unaccounted antibodies. Autoantibody profiling revealed three distinct clusters targeting fibrotic products, cytoskeletal proteins, and cell signaling molecules. A comparative analysis of ECXM+ and ECXM− specimens identified nine and five differentially expressed antibodies in the LTR and RTR cohorts, respectively. Employing machine learning techniques (variable importance, feature selection, ROC-AUC), we derived a five-antibody panel (TNFα, collagen V, CXCL11, GDNF, GAPDH) and a two-antibody panel (TNFα, CXCL9) that effectively discriminated between ECXM+ and ECXM− status in the LTR and RTR cohorts, respectively. Distinct antibody signatures were identified in LTR and RTR cohorts that correlated with ECXM+ status and were associated with allograft dysfunction.

Exploring the effect of lipid loading on acidogenic fermentation of food waste: Insights from microbiome, quorum sensing and carbon metabolic pathway

The high lipid loading in food waste (FW) is widely regarded as one of the main bottlenecks in the traditional anaerobic digestion, but the effect of lipid on FW acidogenic fermentation has been historically ignored. This study attempted to reveal the influence of lipid loading on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and the corresponding synthesis mechanisms during FW acidogenic fermentation. The VFAs production reached 27.10 ± 1.00 g COD/L when the lipid loading comprised 25 % of the FW dry weight, increasing by 36.88 % compared to the CK group. Lactobacillus, with a relative abundance of 59.43 %, was the predominant genus under lipid loading. In quorum sensing (QS) system, the relative abundance of luxS that is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signal molecule increased from 0.066 % to 0.10 % in the presence of lipid. The relative abundance of Genetic Information Processing increased from 16.36 % to 24.25 % under lipid loading, with up-regulation of Translation and Replication and repair. Lipid loading not only promoted the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetic acid, as evidenced by a 1.36-fold increase in pta gene abundance, but also concurrently suppressed the consumption of acetic acid, reflected in the 96.83 % and 77.16 % decreases in ALDH and aldB abundance, thus accumulating acetic acid. Carbon emission was also constrained under lipid loading, in which the conversion from formate to CO2 and passing Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were restricted over 60 %. Together, lipid loading in FW represents a potential strategy for enhancing VFAs production in FW acidogenic fermentation.

Optimal resource allocation in micro-organisms under periodic nutrient fluctuations

Although microorganisms often live in dynamic environments, most studies, both experimental and theoretical, are carried out under static conditions. In this work, we investigate the issue of optimal resource allocation in bacteria growing in periodic environments. We consider a dynamic model describing the microbial metabolism under varying conditions, involving a control variable quantifying the protein precursors allocation. Our objective is to determine the optimal strategies maximizing the long-term growth of cells under a piecewise-constant periodic environment. Firstly, we perform a theoretical analysis of the resulting optimal control problem (OCP), based on the application the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP). We determine that the structure of the optimal control must be bang–bang, with possibly some singular arcs corresponding to optimal equilibria of the system. If the control presents singular arcs, then these can only be reached and left through chattering arcs. We also use a direct optimization method, implemented in the BOCOP software, to solve the studied OCP. Our study reveals that the optimal solution over a large time horizon is related to the one over a single period of the varying environment with periodic constraints. Moreover, we observe that the maximal average growth rate attainable under periodic conditions can be higher than the one under a constant environment. We further extend our analysis to conduct a qualitative comparison between the predictions from our model and some recent biological experiments on E. coli. This analysis particularly highlights the mechanisms of action of the ppGpp signaling molecule, thus providing relevant explanations of the experimental observations. In conclusion, our study corroborates previous research indicating that this molecule plays a crucial role in the regulation of resource allocation of protein precursors in E. coli.

Time and dose selective glucose metabolism for glucose homeostasis and energy conversion in the liver.

Hepatic glucose metabolism serves dual purposes: maintaining glucose homeostasis and converting glucose into energy sources; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We quantitatively measured liver metabolites, gene expression, and phosphorylated insulin signaling molecules in mice orally administered varying doses of glucose, and constructed a transomic network. Rapid phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules in response to glucose intake was observed, in contrast to the more gradual changes in gene expression. Glycolytic and gluconeogenic metabolites and expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism including glucose-6-phosphate, G6pc, and Pck1, demonstrated high glucose dose sensitivity. Whereas, glucokinase expression and glycogen accumulation showed low glucose dose sensitivity. During the early phase after glucose intake, metabolic flux was geared towards glucose homeostasis regardless of the glucose dose but shifted towards energy conversion during the late phase at higher glucose doses. Our research provides a comprehensive view of time- and dose-dependent selective glucose metabolism.

The Inhibitory Effects of the Natural Stilbene Piceatannol on Lactate Transport In Vitro Mediated by Monocarboxylate Transporters.

Lactate, a signaling molecule and energy source, crosses membranes through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). MCT1 and MCT4 are potential cancer drug targets due to their role in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Stilbenes, plant secondary metabolites found in several food sources, have anticancer effects, though their mechanisms of action are not well understood. This study links the anticancer activity of natural stilbenes to tumor cell lactate metabolism. The impact of resveratrol, pinostilbene, pterostilbene, rhapontigenin, and piceatannol on lactate transport is studied using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based lactate sensor. The viability and migration of cells expressing MCT1 or MCT4 are also evaluated. Piceatannol inhibits MCT1 effectively at low micromolar concentrations, with less effect on MCT4. All stilbenes significantly reduce cell viability and migration. These findings indicate that both MCTs are stilbene targets, with piceatannol highlighted as a cost-effective, low-toxicity compound for studying MCTs in cancer, providing a new mechanism of action of the therapeutic and nutraceutical effects of natural polyphenols. This enriches the understanding of dietary polyphenols in cancer prevention and therapy.

Single-Cell Analysis of Bone-Marrow-Disseminated Tumour Cells

Metastasis frequently targets bones, where cancer cells from the primary tumour migrate to the bone marrow, initiating new tumour growth. Not only is bone the most common site for metastasis, but it also often marks the first site of metastatic recurrence. Despite causing over 90% of cancer-related deaths, effective treatments for bone metastasis are lacking, with current approaches mainly focusing on palliative care. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are pivotal in metastasis, originating from primary tumours and circulating in the bloodstream. They facilitate metastasis through molecular interactions with the bone marrow environment, involving direct cell-to-cell contacts and signalling molecules. CTCs infiltrate the bone marrow, transforming into disseminated tumour cells (DTCs). While some DTCs remain dormant, others become activated, leading to metastatic growth. The presence of DTCs in the bone marrow strongly correlates with future bone and visceral metastases. Research on CTCs in peripheral blood has shed light on their release mechanisms, yet investigations into bone marrow DTCs have been limited. Challenges include the invasiveness of bone marrow aspiration and the rarity of DTCs, complicating their isolation. However, advancements in single-cell analysis have facilitated insights into these elusive cells. This review will summarize recent advancements in understanding bone marrow DTCs using single-cell analysis techniques.

A coumarin-based fluorescent probe for imaging H2S and distinguishing breast cancer cells from normal ones

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a crucial endogenous gas signal molecule involved in several physiological functions. Elevation of H2S concentrations is considered a cancer biomarker because it may be connected to the growth of tumors. A thorough comprehension of measuring H2S in living cells and differentiating between malignant and normal cells is crucial. Herein, a multi-responsive probe (C-DNP) was constructed to detect H2S and observe the intramolecular charge transfer “turn-off” sensing mechanism caused by the intervention of the irradiative intramolecular charge transfer between C and DNP. Given that DNP recognizes H2S, a reaction between H2S and the probe-attached DNP could eliminate DNP via ether bond breakage and increased emission. Moreover, 1H NMR titrations, HR-MS, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the proposed sensing mechanism. The probe effectively monitored H2S in different water samples, food samples, paper sensor trips, and living cells. Surprisingly, the probe distinguished tumor-bearing cells from normal cells by expressing the variations in H2S both exogenously and endogenously in normal and breast cancer cells. Therefore, it is anticipated to be an efficient method for monitoring H2S in real samples and biosystems.

Root endodermal suberization induced by nitrate stress regulate apoplastic pathway rather than nitrate uptake in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Nitrogen levels and distribution in the rhizosphere strongly regulate the root architecture. Nitrate is an essential nutrient and an important signaling molecule for plant growth and development. Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in endodermal suberization in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) roots at three nitrate levels. Nitrogen accumulation was detected in the roots, shoots, and xylem sap. Nitrate influx on the root surface was also measured using the non-invasive self-referencing microsensor technique (SRMT). RNA-Seq analysis was performed to identify the genes related to endodermal suberization, nitrate transport, and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. The results showed that root length, root-shoot ratio, nitrate influx on the root surface, and NiA and NRT2.4 genes were regulated to maintain the nitrogen nutrient supply in tobacco under low nitrate conditions. Low nitrate levels enhanced root endodermal suberization and hence reduced the apoplastic transport pathway, and genes from the KCS, FAR, PAS2, and CYP86 families were upregulated. The results of exogenous fluridone, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, indicated that suberization of the tobacco root endodermis had no relevance to radial nitrate transport and accumulation. However, ABA enhances suberization, relating to ABA biosynthesis genes in the CCD family and degradation gene ABA8ox1.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Regulating Cachexia Muscle Atrophy.

Cachexia is a late consequence of various diseases that is characterized by systemic muscle loss, with or without fat loss, leading to significant mortality. Multiple signaling pathways and molecules that increase catabolism, decrease anabolism, and interfere with muscle regeneration are activated. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play vital roles in cachexia muscle atrophy. This review mainly provides the mechanisms of specific ncRNAs to regulate muscle loss during cachexia and discusses the role of ncRNAs in cachectic biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies that could offer new insights for clinical practice.

Electroacupuncture inhibits TLR4/NF-κB signaling in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with spared nerve injury.

Neuropathic pain can be provoked by high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Electroacupuncture (EA) has been reported to effectively alleviate neuropathic pain with few side effects, but its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore whether 2 Hz EA stimulation suppresses TLR4/NF-κB signaling in the DRG following spared nerve injury (SNI) in a rat model. In this experiment, SNI rats were given 2 Hz EA once every other day for a total of 21 days. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured to assess SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, and western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the levels of pain-related signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory mediators in the DRG. SNI up-regulated HMGB1, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor-88 adaptor protein (MyD88) and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the DRG. In addition, immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that SNI induced higher levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in the DRG. We also demonstrated co-localization of TLR4 and MyD88 with both calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and isolectin GS-IB4 in the DRG of SNI rats, respectively. Meanwhile, 2 Hz EA stimulation effectively reversed the elevations of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 induced by SNI in the DRG, which was coupled with amelioration of SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. The results of this study suggested that inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the DRG by 2 Hz EA might be exploited as a therapeutic option for neuropathic pain.