Shape Of Signal Research Articles

Quantitative Evaluation of Deformation in High-Speed Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals for Weld Defects in Oil and Gas Pipelines

Complex multiphase flow in oil and gas pipelines raises safety risks. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) detection effectively identifies pipeline defects. However, the high-speed movement of MFL inspection tools induces motion-induced eddy currents (MIECs), complicating defect recognition and quantification. Most prior research has primarily focused on rectangular defects, leaving a gap in understanding the impact of MIECs on weld defects. This paper proposes the amplitude and shape deformation coefficients to analyze the influence of velocity on various weld defects, including internal reinforcement, lack of penetration, crack, external corrosion, internal corrosion, porosity, and lack of fusion. Utilizing these coefficients, this study examines the influence of the defect size and magnetizer configuration on these velocity-induced effects. The results show that the shape deformation coefficients range from 2.75 to 3.57 for Bx and from −0.13 to −0.3 for By, indicating a significant change in the MFL signal shape at 10 m/s compared to 0 m/s. The amplitude deformation coefficients for lack of penetration, internal corrosion, and porosity range from −0.01 to 0.1 for Bx, and from 0.86 to 0.98 for By, suggesting a decrease in peak-to-peak values. In contrast, other defects exhibit an increase in peak-to-peak values, indicating that the velocity effect may enhance the MFL signal. Also, the defect size and magnetizer configuration can affect the velocity effect on signals. These findings provide essential guidance for quantifying defect sizes and a solid foundation for designing more effective magnetization devices.

Combined Impedance and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Investigating the Dynamics of Li / Solid Li‐ion Conductor Interfaces

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used tool for the electrochemical characterization of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) with Li‐metal anodes. However, an unambiguous interpretation of the observed impedance response often requires additional independent information on the actual interfacial phenomena obtained. The measurement methodology presented in this study allows to conduct electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and EIS concurrently. Therefore, the informative power of EIS can be significantly improved via monitoring of structural changes of paramagnetic lithium at the electrochemical interface. As the solid‐electrolyte‐lithium interface is a critical part of all‐solid‐state batteries, this study employs a model oxide solid electrolyte in contact with lithium metal. During the polarization of the cell with evaporated lithium electrodes, the ratio between positive and negative peaks (a/b) of the EPR signal rises, which indicates an accumulation of lithium on one side of the electrolyte. The peak ratio a/b then drops abruptly, accompanied by current irregularities. Both are indicative of a diminishing contact area, and as a result, finer lithium morphologies form. Shortly after that, a contact loss is observed. The change of the EPR signal shape before cell breakdown can be associated with the worsening Li‐electrolyte contact, providing a tool for physical in‐situ cell diagnostics.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease worsens cardiac repair after myocardial infarction

Abstract Background There is a strong epidemiological link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ischemic heart disease such as myocardial infarction (MI). Yet, a causal relationship between liver injury and post-MI cardiac repair remains to be established. Purpose NAFLD impairs post-MI myocardial repair processes. In particular, we hypothesized that the pathological liver could transmit deleterious signals shaping the inflammatory reaction in the infarcted milieu. Methods To characterize post-MI cardiac function and remodeling in three mouse models of liver damage mimicking different stages of NAFLD without cardiovascular (CV) risk factors : i) choline-deficient, L-amino-acid-defined, high fat diet (CDA-HFD) causing severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; ii) NEMOLPC-KO mice deficient for NF-κB in liver parenchymal cells, exhibiting liver inflammation and fibrosis, but mild steatosis; and ATGLLPC-KO animals deficient for Adipose Triglyceride Lipase in liver parenchymal cells displaying strong steatosis. Results In our three experimental models, liver damages were characterized by inflammation, steatosis and fibrosis but were not associated with metabolic syndrome. More interestingly, left ventricular ejection fraction were reduced by 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold and 1.3-fold in CDA-HFD, NEMOLPC-KO and ATGLLPC-KO male and female mice, respectively when compared to their respective controls, at 35 days post-MI (n=12-25 per group). NAFLD-induced cardiac dysfunction was not associated with worsen cardiac remodeling as infarct size, fibrosis and vascular density were not significantly affected. On the same note, flow cytometry experiments, at 7- and 14-days post-MI, showed no changes in the number or type of inflammatory cells, particularly that of cardiac resident macrophages, in CDAHFD, ATGLLPC-KO and NEMOLPC-KO mice. We next hypothesized that reduced left ventricular function could be induced by altered cardiomyocyte contractility. To corroborate this hypothesis, we isolated cardiomyocytes from hearts of infarcted mice with or without NAFLD and assessed cell contractility using IonOptix technology. Our preliminary results, in the CDAHFD model, showed that there was a reduction in contraction amplitude, defining by the ratio of the difference in sarcomere length during contraction/relaxation to the sarcomere length at the time of relaxation. The speed of contraction and relaxation were also decreased in CDAHFD mice compared with control animals. Conclusions NAFLD favors cardiac dysfunction post-MI. We now aim to identify molecular and cellular entities participating to such pathogenic dialogue between the dysfunctional liver and the infarcted heart.

Circuit Modeling of the Impact of Heavy Charged Particles on Transient Processes in Bipolar Analog Microcircuits

One of the factors causing the failure of spacecraft integrated circuits is exposure to heavy charged particles. The entry of heavy charged particles into electronic devices leads to the appearance of single event transients (short current pulses), which in analog microcircuits manifest themselves in distortion of the output signal shape, and in digital microcircuits can cause a single event upset. The article discusses a technique for circuit mode-ling of the effect of heavy charged particles on bipolar analog microcircuits, including the developed equivalent electrical circuit of a bipolar transistor for LTSpice and the procedure for modeling transient processes. Despite the simplifications adopted, namely: failure to take into account the dependence of the duration of the rise and fall of the current pulse generated by a charged particle on the parameters of the transistor structure, the assumption that the entire charge is generated in the active base and the space charge regions of the emitter and collector junctions, an equivalent circuit has been developed made it possible to determine that the shape of the collector current pulse for circuit with a common emitter when exposed to a heavy charged particle is determined by the speed of the transistor and its operating mode. Using the developed methodology, the “critical” transistors of the two studied analog microcircuits were determined, and the need to bypass the current-setting resistors with a small capacitor was justified.

Experimental Study of an Industrial Data Transmission Network in the Automatic Control System of a Wind Turbine

This article explores and optimizes network technologies for wind energy systems, focusing on the RS-485 interface to ensure reliable data transmission in extreme conditions. The study aims to address the impact of various distortions on data quality and wind turbine management. A system was proposed with two wind turbines, each equipped with a Raspberry Pi 4, connected to sensors measuring temperature, vibration, and wind speed. The research examined how data transmission rates affect signal shape, calculating the distortion coefficient. At 460,800 baud, the signal was almost completely distorted, with significant amplitude loss. The distortion coefficients were 1.84 for logic ‘1’ and 1.92 for logic ‘0’. The optimal speed to minimize distortions was found to be 19,200 baud, providing the most stable signal. Additionally, temperature significantly impacted transmission quality, highlighting the need to consider climatic conditions in system design. The findings and methods can help improve existing data transmission systems and enhance wind turbine performance.

Investigation of the impact of transient pressure gradients on turbulent channel flow dynamics

AbstractThe effect of transient pressure gradients, or transient pumping in turbulent channel flow configuration, is investigated. Employing a cost‐efficient reduced‐order stochastic method known as one‐dimensional turbulence (ODT) modeling, simulations explore different signal shapes for the modulation of the prescribed pressure gradient forcing, including sinusoidal modulation, step‐like modulation, and piecewise sinusoidal beating. Various cycle periods and active pumping times are investigated. The simulations are conducted at a frictional Reynolds number of and a molecular Prandtl number of . The study adopts a passive scalar formulation to investigate heat transfer properties. The study quantifies the effects of transient pressure gradients on heat transfer rate, drag, and pumping power. Preliminary ODT predictions suggest that all transient cases exhibit lower heat transfer rates and a higher pumping power requirement than the constant pressure gradient case, with the step‐like modulation yields superior skin‐friction drag and heat transfer rate reductions relative to other signals.

Pulsed Signal Duration Shaper with Adaptive Response Thresholds

His paper represents a shaper designed to restore the width of rectangular pulses transmitted over an open-optic (wireless) communication channel and having shape distortions in the form of amplitude modulation, pedestal and tightening of the front and decay. The principle of pulse width recovery is based on the formation of voltage comparator thresholds adaptive to changes in high and low pulse signal levels. Due to the use of sample-and-hold circuit (UVH - S/H circuit) in the circuit, the values of the input signal levels are stored in the previous half-periods. The threshold voltage of the comparator before its operation is formed as the output voltage of a resistive voltage divider into two inputs, one of which is supplied with the current voltage of the input signal, and the other with the voltage level of the signal recorded in the S/H circuit at the previous half-cycle of information pulses. The study presents the method for estimated error in pulse width formation from comparator bias voltages, S/H circuit and modulation changes in the shape of the information signal. The example provides quantitative estimates of the error. In the Micro Cap circuit modeling environment, a model experiment was performed, diagrams of the signal source and shaper models on ideal components and time diagrams of the device operation are presented. The operability of the device during the passage of a pulse signal with the above-mentioned shape distortions has been confirmed. A large depth of modulation of the input signal amplitude is allowed. The formative properties of the circuit are provided. The speed of the shaper is determined by the speed of the comparator and the S/H circuit. To reduce the error of the duration forming of information pulse signals, it is necessary to choose a voltage comparator and sample-and-hold circuit devices with minimal static errors.

Control Voltage Effect on Operational Characteristics of Vehicle Magnetorheological Damper

Considering the increasingly large-scale application of magnetic fluids in various industries, we can confidently state that in the near future magnetorheological dampers will be widely used in adaptive automotive suspensions due to their operational flexibility and simplicity of controlling damping forces by changing the magnetic fluid properties according to parameters of surrounding electromagnetic field. The antivibration efficiency during operation is achieved by regulating the hydraulic resistance of the “magnetic” shock absorber by applying voltage to the windings of its coil. In addition to the physical properties of the oil used in the “magnetic” shock absorber, the viscosity of the working magnetorheological fluid is greatly influenced by the shape of the control signal. The paper focuses on the theoretical aspects of constructing a mathematical model of ac magnetorheological damper and presents the results of a computer experiment to assess effectiveness of its use as part of the adaptive suspension a passenger vehicle. In this case, the actual parameters of the “magnetic” shock absorber, used in modeling the dynamic process, were determined experimentally on a test bench, and the adequacy of the developed mathematical model was confirmed by the results of a semi-natural experiment. Using a verified model, the magnetorheological damper characteristics were obtained and compared for various forms of control signal, including rectangular voltage pulses of various frequencies and duty cycles, sinusoidal pulses and constant voltage signals. The analysis of the antivibration efficiency was carried out on the basis of the developed “quarter” model of a semi-active car suspension with a verified submodel of a magnetorheological damper integrated into its structure. Moreover, the simulation scenarios were based on the selected strategy for controlling the voltage supplied to the windings of the “magnetic” shock absorber. As the results of theoretical and experimental studies have shown in terms of energy consumption, expansion of the working area of the damping characteristic and achieving smooth control of the damping force, the most effective is the use of a sinusoidal pulse voltage signal in the control circuit, which ensures a reduction in both the amplitude and damping time of oscillations. However, when de-signing and manufacturing a controller, creating a pulse modulator for generating sinusoidal pulses coinciding in phase and frequency with the vibrations of the car body is very difficult due to the random nature of external disturbances from the road surface. When a constant voltage is applied to the magnetorheological damper winding, the damping properties of the suspension are also improved compared to the basic design based on a traditional hydraulic shock absorber. Moreover, there is a proportional relationship between the voltage supplying the damper, the amplitude and damping time of the vibrations of the car body is observed. An increase in the control signal voltage from 1 to 2 V leads, in comparison with passive control of a magnetic shock absorber, to a decrease in the maximum amplitude of vibrations of the car body by 6.25 and 11.25 %, respectively, and a decrease in the vibration damping time by 0.72 and 1.41 s.

Determining the gross tumor volume for hepatocellular carcinoma radiotherapy based on multi-phase contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

PurposeThe aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze of the differences in determining the gross tumor volume (GTV) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) radiotherapy using multi-phase contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) and provide a reference for determining the GTV for radiotherapy of HCC. MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed 99 HCC patients (145 lesions) who underwent MR simulation. T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), contrast-enhanced T1WI (CE-T1WI) at 15 s, 45 s, 75 s, 150 s, and 20 min after contrast agent injection were performed, comprising a total of six imaging sequences. The GTVs identified on different sequences were grouped and fused in various combinations. The internal GTV (IGTV), which was the reference structure, was obtained by the fusion of all six sequences. Mean signal intensity (SI), volume, shape, and fibrous capsule (FC) thickness among GTVs were compared. Results(1) The mean SI value of GTV-T1WI, GTV-15s-GTV-20min in patients with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was lower by 14.09 % (GTV-T1WI) to 31.31 % (GTV-15s) compared with that in patients without TACE. Except for GTV-T1WI, the differences in SI values between the two groups for other GTVs were statistically significant (p < 0.05). (2) The volumes of GTV-T1WI, GTV-15s-GTV-20min ranged from 32.66-34.99 cm3. The volume differences between GTV-45s and the other GTVs were statistically significant (p < 0.05), excluding the GTV-T1WI. (3) Compared with the IGTV, the change trend of GTV volume reduction rate is consistent with that of dice similarity coefficients (DSC). (4) In the CE-T1WI sequences (except for CE-T1WI-15s), FC measurement was possible in 39.31 % of lesions (57/145), with the largest mean thickness observed at 75 s. ConclusionAlthough single-phase CE-MRI introduces uncertainty in HCC GTV determination, combining different phases CE-MRI can enhance accuracy. The CE-T1WI-45s should be routinely included as a necessary scanning sequence

CRISPR screens unveil nutrient-dependent lysosomal and mitochondrial nodes impacting intestinal tissue-resident memory CD8+ Tcell formation.

Nutrient availability and organelle biology direct tissue homeostasis and cell fate, but how these processes orchestrate tissue immunity remains poorly defined. Here, using invivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we uncovered organelle signaling and metabolic processes shaping CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell development. TRM cells depended on mitochondrial translation and respiration. Conversely, three nutrient-dependent lysosomal signaling nodes-Flcn, Ragulator, and Rag GTPases-inhibited intestinal TRM cell formation. Depleting these molecules or amino acids activated the transcription factor Tfeb, thereby linking nutrient stress to TRM programming. Further, Flcn deficiency promoted protective TRM cell responses in the small intestine. Mechanistically, the Flcn-Tfeb axis restrained retinoic acid-induced CCR9 expression for migration and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-mediated programming for lineage differentiation. Genetic interaction screening revealed that the mitochondrial protein Mrpl52 enabled early TRM cell formation, while Acss1 controlled TRM cell development under Flcn deficiency-associated lysosomal dysregulation. Thus, the interplay between nutrients, organelle signaling, and metabolic adaptation dictates tissue immunity.

Multidimensional complex signal processing and feature extraction for fatigue testing data

AbstractThis study focuses on implementing a multiaxial racetrack amplitude filter designed for processing fatigue testing data. The filter utilizes the concept of a multiaxial racetrack to map a multidimensional signal into a multidimensional space and employs amplitude filtering to eliminate noise while preserving structural outliers and sequential characteristics inherent in the signal. This research evaluates the effectiveness of this method in processing multidimensional data and compares it to conventional data preprocessing methods in the context of fatigue test data. Furthermore, the effectiveness of two optimization strategies proposed to address the limitations related to the filter's “filtering radius” and “filtering direction” has been validated. The findings reveal that the proposed filter is a versatile multidimensional signal processing technique suitable for diverse domains requiring signal order and shape preservation, particularly in fatigue analysis.

Wilberforce-like Larmor Magnetic Moment and Spin Precession.

In a Wilberforce pendulum, two mechanical oscillators are coupled: one pertains to the longitudinal (tension) motion and the other to the rotational (twisting) motion. It is shown that the longitudinal magnetic moment of circular currents, and similarly the magnetic moment of a spin-chain, can exhibit a Wilberforce-like vibration. The longitudinal oscillation is related to the Langevin diamagnetism, while the twisting motion is superimposed on the magnetic moment and spin precession. The calculations show that the coupling term is nonlinear in this (longitudinal) vibrating and (magnetic moment) precession system. By increasing the strength of the coupling we arrive at a spectrum, where further vibrational modes can be associated with the rotation of the precession. This means that the extent of the change in coherence can be demonstrated. Since the coupling strength can be different due to local effects, this can be an important factor from the point of view of signal propagation and in preserving signal shapes. The amount specifying the dissipation is introduced to express the degree of deviation. A relationship exists between the parameter characteristic of the coupling strength and how its quantity influences decoherence and dissipation.

Multivariable model for gait pattern differentiation in elderly patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis: A wearable sensor approach

BackgroundHip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients demonstrate distinct gait patterns, yet detecting subtle abnormalities with wearable sensors remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess a predictive model's efficacy in distinguishing between hip and knee OA gait patterns using accelerometer data. MethodParticipants with hip or knee OA underwent overground walking assessments, recording lower limb accelerations for subsequent time and frequency domain analyses. Logistic regression with regularization identified associations between frequency domain features of acceleration signals and OA, and k-nearest neighbor classification distinguished knee and hip OA based on selected acceleration signal features. FindingsWe included 57 knee OA patients (30 females, median age 68 [range 49–89], median BMI 29.7 [range 21.0–45.9]) and 42 hip OA patients (19 females, median age 70 [range 47–89], median BMI 28.3 [range 20.4–37.2]). No significant difference could be found in the time domain's averaged shape of acceleration signals. However, in the frequency domain, five selected features showed a diagnostic ability to differentiate between knee and hip OA. Using these features, a model achieved a 77 % accuracy in classifying gait cycles into hip or knee OA groups, with average precision, recall, and F1 score of 77 %, 76 %, and 78 %, respectively. InterpretationThe study demonstrates the effectiveness of wearable sensors in differentiating gait patterns between individuals with hip and knee OA, specifically in the frequency domain. The results highlights the promising potential of wearable sensors and advanced signal processing techniques for objective assessment of OA in clinical settings.

Gaussianity Evaluation of HD-sEMG Signals with Aging and Sex During Low and Moderate Isometric Contractions of the Biceps Brachii

IntroductionAging is associated with muscle decline, which alters both functional and anatomical properties of the neuromuscular system. These modifications can be reflected in high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) signals. This study examines how age and sex impact the shape of the amplitude Probability Density Function (PDF) of HD-sEMG signals. Materials and MethodsMonopolar HD-sEMG signals were collected from the Biceps Brachii in a cohort of 17 individuals: 10 women (mean age: 22.9 ± 3.6 years) and 7 men (mean age: 24.4 ± 2.5 years) in the younger group, and 10 women (mean age: 69.8 ± 4.8 years) and 7 men (mean age: 72.8 ± 2.7 years) in the elderly group. The recordings were conducted during an elbow flexion at both 20% and 40% maximum voluntary contraction. The signal amplitude was evaluated using root means square amplitude (RMSA) and the PDF shape of each HD-sEMG signal was assessed through skewness, excess Kurtosis, and robust functional statistics. These shape distance metrics evaluate the departure from Gaussianity related to muscle aging. a) We conducted a comparison study of the HD-sEMG PDF shapes between younger and elderly individuals. b) Evaluating differences between men and women. c) Considering monopolar and Laplacian electrode configurations that are sensitive to different muscle regions. ResultsA) The HD-sEMG PDFs of elderly subjects demonstrated a lower departure from Gaussianity than their younger counterparts. B) Women exhibited lower RMSA values than men, and, on average, a lower departure from Gaussianity whatever the age and contraction level C) Trends of departure from Gaussianity with contraction level, seems to be influenced by the electrode configuration. In fact, a decrease in Gaussianity departure is observed with monopolar recordings where an increase is observed with Laplacian one, clearly indicating different muscle region assessment. DiscussionThe findings highlight the influence of factors such aging, sex, contraction level and electrode montage on the shape of the HD-sEMG PDF, emphasizing the significance of using this descriptor for monitoring and better assessment of muscle aging.

Skin inflammatory signatures, as measured by disordered spatial redness patterns, predict current and future skin ageing attributes.

Facial skin redness can be an indicator of skin inflammation, however the physiological connection between facial redness and inflammatory status, as well as its role in age-related skin changes, remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the association between the pattern of facial skin redness and biological inflammatory status, as well as age-related changes occurring in the skin. Four studies were conducted recruiting healthy Northern Asian females. Disordered spatial patterns of facial skin redness signals were assessed using image analysis, i.e., the a* gradient algorithm, which quantifies the disordered shape and pattern of localized redness signals on facial skin. This redness pattern was compared with (1) inflammatory protein markers (IL-1Ra/ IL-1α and IL-8) measured from stripped corneocyte samples, (2) gene expression profiles obtained through transcriptome analysis using skin biopsy samples, and (3) the distribution pattern of blood vessel measured using a photoacoustic microscope. The association between the skin redness pattern and current and future ageing-related skin changes was examined through a longitudinal study tracking the same subjects for 10 years. A significant correlation was observed between the a* gradient and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra/IL-1α and IL-8). Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes related to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, cellular senescence, and angiogenesis in subjects with higher a* gradients. The high a* gradient group exhibited an extension of blood vessel diameter and increased blood vessel density, while the medium a* gradient group only exhibited blood vessel extension. Lastly, the 10-year longitudinal study demonstrated that the a* gradient was associated with current and future skin ageing-related attributes, such as increased skin texture and wrinkle formation. The spatial pattern of localized redness on the skin reflects the biological inflammatory status, and this inflammatory condition helps predict current and future age-related skin changes.

Lineage-tracing reveals an expanded population of NPY neurons in the inferior colliculus.

Growing evidence suggests that neuropeptide signaling shapes auditory computations. We previously showed that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is expressed in the inferior colliculus (IC) by a population of GABAergic stellate neurons and that NPY regulates the strength of local excitatory circuits in the IC. NPY neurons were initially characterized using the NPY-hrGFP mouse, in which humanized renilla green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) expression indicates NPY expression at the time of assay, i.e., an expression-tracking approach. However, studies in other brain regions have shown that NPY expression can vary based on several factors, suggesting that the NPY-hrGFP mouse might miss NPY neurons not expressing NPY on the experiment date. Here, we hypothesized that neurons with the ability to express NPY represent a larger population of IC GABAergic neurons than previously reported. To test this hypothesis, we used a lineage-tracing approach to irreversibly tag neurons that expressed NPY at any point prior to the experiment date. We then compared the physiological and anatomical features of neurons labeled with this lineage-tracing approach to our prior data set, revealing a larger population of NPY neurons than previously found. In addition, we used optogenetics to test the local connectivity of NPY neurons and found that NPY neurons provide inhibitory synaptic input to other neurons in the ipsilateral IC. Together, our data expand the definition of NPY neurons in the IC, suggest that NPY expression might be dynamically regulated in the IC, and provide functional evidence that NPY neurons form local inhibitory circuits in the IC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Across brain regions, neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression is dynamic and influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We previously showed that NPY is expressed by a class of inhibitory neurons in the auditory midbrain. Here, we find that this neuron class also includes neurons that previously expressed NPY, suggesting that NPY expression is dynamically regulated in the auditory midbrain. We also provide functional evidence that NPY neurons contribute to local inhibitory circuits in the auditory midbrain.

Study on the optimization process and application of FIR digital filter

As one of the components of digital signal processing technology, the FIR digital filter has been widely used in real life and played an increasingly important role due to its advantages of system stability and ease of linear phase. This paper will summarize and analyze the research results of some past scientific research teams on FIR digital filters, and show the optimization process of this technology and the application examples in real life. This paper focuses on the optimization process of noise reduction performance, delay and size, and energy consumption optimization of FIR digital filters. This study summarizes three examples of its applications in medical, audio processing, and radar. In the medical field, the processing of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, the audio processing fields are the frequency shaping, noise removal, and signal enhancement of audio signals, and the precise filtering and processing of received signals in the radar field. At the end of this paper, the FIR digital filter has an irreplaceable role in all fields in the world and gradually develops in the direction of miniaturization and low power consumption in the future.

BreathXplorer: Processing Online Breathomics Data Generated from Direct Analysis Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Nontargeted breath analysis in real time using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a promising approach for high coverage profiling of metabolites in human exhaled breath. However, the information-rich and unique non-Gaussian metabolic signal shapes of real-time HRMS-based data pose a significant challenge for efficient data processing. This work takes a typical real-time HRMS technique as an example, i.e. secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS), and presents BreathXplorer, an open-source Python package designed for the processing of real-time exhaled breath data comprising multiple exhalations. BreathXplorer is composed of four main modules. The first module applies either a topological algorithm or a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to determine the start and end points of each exhalation. Next, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is employed to cluster m/z values belonging to the same metabolic feature, followed by applying an intensity relative standard deviation (RSD) filter to extract real breath metabolic features. BreathXplorer also offers functions of (1) feature alignment across the samples and (2) associating MS/MS spectra with their corresponding metabolic features for downstream compound annotation. Manual inspection of the metabolic features extracted from SESI-HRMS breath data suggests that BreathXplorer can achieve 100% accuracy in identifying the start and end points of each exhalation and acquire accurate quantitative measurements of each breath feature. In a proof-of-concept study on exercise breathomics using SESI-HRMS, BreathXplorer successfully reveals the significantly changed metabolites that are pertinent to exercise. BreathXplorer is publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/HuanLab/breathXplorer). It provides a powerful and convenient-to-use tool for the researchers to process breathomics data obtained by directly analysis using HRMS.

Characterization of electro-adhesion using surface waves generated and detected by Laser-Ultrasonics

Studying and understanding adhesion characteristics between a coating and its substrate is important for improving the reliability of a thin film’s adhesion. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work studies for the first time a specific electro-adhesion process using Laser-Ultrasonics. An electric field source is applied to a convenient sample composed of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) layer on an aluminum (Al) substrate. The aim is to investigate the impact of different electro-adhesion levels on the propagation of surface acoustic waves (SAW), which are generated by a pulsed laser and detected using an interferometer. This non-destructive and non-contact experimental setup allows us to determine the surface modes dispersion curves for each adhesion level. A theoretical model is developed to numerically solve the dispersion relation in order to analyze the influence of the interface quality on the dispersion curves. These ones have also been obtained by the finite element method (FEM) allowing us to predict the shape of the experimental signals. This research paves the way for future studies of specific adhesion phenomena across different materials.

The influence of an alternating magnetic field with a different signal shape on the morphometry and ontogenesis of &lt;i&gt;Zea mays&lt;/i&gt; L.

The paper considers the issues of factorial ecology concerning the mechanisms of influence of physical factors, in particular, an alternating magnetic field with different characteristics, on plant objects. The obtained biological effects on Zea mays L. seeds depend to a greater extent on the shape of the applied signal. It is assumed that physiological responses are associated with a change in pH, the release of proteins, and also with the barrier function of plant seed membranes. The obtained schemes for processing sugar corn with an alternating magnetic field, taking into account ontogenesis and morphometry, are further recommended to be used in the field as a method of presowing treatment of agricultural crops: B = 1 mT, f = 20 Hz, t = 60 min, sinusoid signal type; B = 1 mT, f = 50 Hz, t = 60 min, sinusoid signal type; B = 1 mT, f = 30 Hz, t = 60 min, meander signal type; B = 1 mT, f = 50 Hz, t = 60 min, meander signal type; B = 1 mT, f = 20 Hz, t = 60 min, meander signal type.