Signal Cables Research Articles

C-Abl Deficiency Provides Synaptic Resiliency Against Aβ-Oligomers.

Spine pathology has been implicated in the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where Aβ-Oligomers (AβOs) cause synaptic dysfunction and loss. Previously, we described that pharmacological inhibition of c-Abl prevents AβOs-induced synaptic alterations. Hence, this kinase seems to be a key element in AD progression. Here, we studied the role of c-Abl on dendritic spine morphological changes induced by AβOs using c-Abl null neurons (c-Abl-KO). First, we characterized the effect of c-Abl deficiency on dendritic spine density and found that its absence increases dendritic spine density. While AβOs-treatment reduces the spine number in both wild-type (WT) and c-Abl-KO neurons, AβOs-driven spine density loss was not affected by c-Abl. We then characterized AβOs-induced morphological changes in dendritic spines of c-Abl-KO neurons. AβOs induced a decrease in the number of mushroom spines in c-Abl-KO neurons while preserving the populations of immature stubby, thin, and filopodia spines. Furthermore, synaptic contacts evaluated by PSD95/Piccolo clustering and cell viability were preserved in AβOs-exposed c-Abl-KO neurons. In conclusion, our results indicate that in the presence of AβOs c-Abl participates in synaptic contact removal, increasing susceptibility to AβOs damage. Its deficiency increases the immature spine population reducing AβOs-induced synapse elimination. Therefore, c-Abl signaling could be a relevant actor in the early stages of AD.

An Efficient Method of Resource Allocation in Optical Networks using Quantum Key Distribution and OSTBC Encoding Process

Resource allocation is the method of providing various available resources to the users in a network. Optical network is the method of the transmission of data through established equipment of optical fiber cables. Optical fibre cable used by different cable industries for communication between digital signal, telecommunication and data cable signals. Because of the low interfering, optical fibre cable has wide variety of applications over copper cable. The previously used techniques, described the distribution of the resource issue over the network for the three kinds of the stations and solution algorithms were proposed to solve the problem. First approach is representing the quantum key distribution that enables two parties to share a random key over the network .Also, different security phases have been demonstrated by updating multiple keys. Proposed algorithm decrease the rate of loss of data during the communication in optical networks. An approach is implemented namely route wavelength and time period arrangement (RWTA) algorithm to assign properties for three kinds of the stations and examine the results based on various structures. The proposed approach is based on two security mechanisms, which are in terms of the quantum key distributions and OSTBC encoding process, to improve the authentication in the network. In addition, quantum key distribution and OSTBC encoding is processed to evaluate the performance of the Quality service channel (QSC) and time division channels (TDC). Finally, it was determined that there is low probability of blocked data and less chances of the key failure in the network.

Monitoring Method of Submarine Cable Fault Data

Wang, J., 2019. Monitoring method of submarine cable fault data. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 735–740. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In order to improve the ability of intelligent condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of submarine cable, a fault data monitoring method of submarine cable based on big data fusion and feature extraction is proposed. The multi-dimensional wireless sensor distributed acquisition technology is used to collect the comprehensive data of operation and maintenance state management of submarine cable. the signal modeling of the collected state characteristic information of submarine cable is carried out, the fault signal of submarine cable is fitted, the fuzzy association rules mining and feature decomposition processing of fault signal are carried out, and the statistical characteristic quantity of comprehensive fault data of submarine cable is extracted. Combined with BP comprehensive data fusion clustering method, the feature detection and filtering analysis of submarine cable fault signal are realized, and the rapid early warning and monitoring and identification of submarine cable fault are realized. The simulation results show that the method has high accuracy and reliability in monitoring submarine cable fault data, and improves the ability of rapid early warning and monitoring and diagnosis of submarine cable fault.

Cable Incipient Fault Identification with a Sparse Autoencoder and a Deep Belief Network

Incipient faults in power cables are a serious threat to power safety and are difficult to accurately identify. The traditional pattern recognition method based on feature extraction and feature selection has strong subjectivity. If the key feature information cannot be extracted accurately, the recognition accuracy will directly decrease. To accurately identify incipient faults in power cables, this paper combines a sparse autoencoder and a deep belief network to form a deep neural network, which relies on the powerful learning ability of the neural network to classify and identify various cable fault signals, without requiring preprocessing operations for the fault signals. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively identify cable incipient faults from other disturbances with a similar overcurrent phenomenon and has a higher recognition accuracy and reliability than the traditional pattern recognition method.

Extraction of Partial Discharge Pulses from the Complex Noisy Signals of Power Cables Based on CEEMDAN and Wavelet Packet

While both periodic narrowband noise and white noise are significant sources of interference in the detection and localization of partial discharge (PD) signals in power cables, existing research has focused nearly exclusively on white noise suppression. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a new signal extraction method for effectively detecting random PD signals in power cables subject to complex noise environments involving both white noise and periodic narrowband noise. Firstly, the power cable signal was decomposed using complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), and the periodic narrowband noise and frequency aliasing in the obtained signal components were suppressed using singular value decomposition. Then, signal components contributing significantly to the PD signal were determined according to the cross-correlation coefficient between each component and the original PD signal, and the PD signal was reconstructed solely from the obtained significant components. Finally, the wavelet packet threshold method was used to filter out residual white noise in the reconstructed PD signal. The performance of the proposed algorithm was demonstrated by its application to synthesized PD signals with complex noise environments composed of both Gaussian white noise and periodic narrowband noise. In addition, the time-varying kurtosis method was demonstrated to accurately determine the PD signal arrival time when applied to PD signals extracted by the proposed method from synthesized signals in complex noise environments with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values as low as −6 dB. When the SNR was reduced to −23 dB, the arrival time error of the PD signal was only one sampling point.

Behaviour of under-track crossings on ballasted railways

Abstract Signal and telecommunications (S&T) cables and other services often cross underneath a railway line in a duct or conduit, buried in the ground below the ballast. These under track crossings (UTX) are likely to increase or decrease the track support stiffness compared with the surrounding ground, depending on the material and construction detail of the crossing. This change in support stiffness will give rise to variations in the dynamic loads exerted by moving trains, with the potential to cause track damage. This paper presents measurements of track deflections at two sites associated with different forms of UTX. The data are then used in finite element based vehicle-track interaction analyses to assess the effects of UTX type and construction on track geometry and performance. The results show that poor performance observed at these sites cannot be explained by the difference in support stiffness alone, but follows the development of gaps or voids between the sleeper base and the ballast.

Fc receptor-like 1 intrinsically recruits c-Abl to enhance B cell activation and function.

B cell activation is regulated by the stimulatory or inhibitory co-receptors of B cell receptors (BCRs). Here, we investigated the signaling mechanism of Fc receptor-like 1 (FcRL1), a newly identified BCR co-receptor. FcRL1 was passively recruited into B cell immunological synapses upon BCR engagement in the absence of FcRL1 cross-linking, suggesting that FcRL1 may intrinsically regulate B cell activation and function. BCR cross-linking alone led to the phosphorylation of the intracellular Y281ENV motif of FcRL1 to provide a docking site for c-Abl, an SH2 domain-containing kinase. The FcRL1 and c-Abl signaling module, in turn, potently augmented B cell activation and proliferation. FcRL1-deficient mice exhibited markedly impaired formation of extrafollicular plasmablasts and germinal centers, along with decreased antibody production upon antigen stimulation. These findings reveal a critical BCR signal-enhancing function of FcRL1 through its intrinsic recruitment to B cell immunological synapses and subsequent recruitment of c-Abl upon BCR cross-linking.

Reconstruction of PC Display from Common-Mode Noise Emitting on Electrical Power Line

This paper presents a method for reconstruction of a personal computer (PC) display image from common-mode noises coupling with monitor signals on a PC power cable. While the signal cable, which connects the PC and the monitor, is usually near the user, the power cable is connected to the outside electrical network of the office or the building. Thus, the power cables may become dominant gateways and/or antennas for emission and conduction of the common-mode noise, which may lead to a serious security issue. The measured common-mode was found to include both the monitor signal and undesired beats, which were caused by step responses of the signal and conceal the meaningful information. The original monitor signal was then calculated by excluding the beats, which could be measured by using standard up-step and down-step responses, from the measured common-mode noise and using an inverse function of the noise current level. The experimental results show that the beats were removed almost completely from the noise waveform for a monochromatic image. Alphabetic character strings, each of which were composed of, at most, 9 × 9 dots, were confirmed to be reconstructed clearly both in the monitor resolutions of 800 × 600 pixels and 1280 × 1024 pixels from the common-mode noise.

Public policy and the digital deadline: The implementation of the Digital Addressable System (DAS) in West Bengal

The introduction of the mandatory Digital Addressable System (DAS) with strict, phase-wise deadlines for different provinces within India has compelled us to reconsider not only the television apparatus itself but also broadcast policies, television industry, content and reception. The introduction of DAS can be posited within a series of similar public policies starting from the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) project in 1975 to the more recent Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) or Aadhaar project and Digital India campaign, all folded into the developmental rhetoric of the welfare state. The rollout of DAS provides the site to explore the relationship between the government, neo-liberal market and digital technologies that underscores the contradictions which are constitutive of modernity, and invests in the study of the neo-liberal cultural sites of statist intervention. Within this conceptual framework, this article would focus on West Bengal as a case in point to read the implementation of mandatory DAS both as a site of hegemonic projects embodying promises of neo-liberal development and of the incongruities that are inherent in them. While the union government claimed that any cable television service provider who does not switch to digital signal within deadline can be penalized and the equipment confiscated, the state Government said that they would launch an agitation if analogue cable signals were blacked out after the deadline for cable digitalization and thus, the deadline was extended for several months. The confrontation over cable digitalization in West Bengal offers a site to explore in what way, contrary to its typical image of a fully automated digital ecosystem of governance, as the modern states would like to conceive, it is loaded with internal contradiction. My inquiry moves across a range of discursive locations and registers, aiming to explore in what way various local stakeholders negotiate in this policy implementation? How does DAS help theorization of a changing relationship between the market, digital technology and the developmental modern? While raising these questions, this article would try to explore in what way DAS can be located within the historical trajectory of techno-cultural rhetoric of public policy and how it invests in the shifting political economy of broadcasting in India.

Improving the reliability of energy facilities

The article analyzed and identified the main sources of interference, disrupting the work and reliability indicators of the system, which can lead to malfunction of system of microprocessor relay protection and automation for electric stations and substations, as well as elements and actuators of open distribution devices. According to official data, modern microprocessor-based relay automation systems operate with a reliability coefficient that is not lower than 0.998. Further increase in reliability requires the development of technical measures, namely, requires the use of power and signal cables that must meet the requirements for specific parameters of inductance, capacitance and active resistance, and also requires the use of special placement of cross sections of conductors inside the cable. Secondly, it is shown that to increase the reliability of information transmission it is necessary to switch to serial communication channels, but the amount of information per channel should be strictly limited. The estimation of economic indicators of the system and its dependence on the reliability of the system is given. Thus, with an increase in reliability by 1.5-2 times, it is necessary to increase the cost of design and commissioning of such a system by about 2 times. It is recommended to use in addition to the regulated maintenance procedures a mandatory assessment of the level of interference in the system in order to maintain a stable and reliable operation of the relay automation system. Experimental and calculated data confirmed that the most difficult situation to ensure the reliability of the system is associated with thunderstorms and lightning. This circumstance dictates the necessity of evaluation and measuring the parameters of a common system of earthing. The methods of evaluation and diagnosis of faulty components of the system are proposed.

Technical Note: Identification of an optimal electromagnetic sensor for invivo electromagnetic-tracked scintillation dosimeter for HDR brachytherapy.

Brachytherapy is a treatment modality which delivers large doses of radiation in a reduced number of visits. Since a small number of large dose-per-fraction is administered in high dose rate brachytherapy, ensuring the right dose is delivered is highly critical. In this work, a scintillation detector is coupled to an electromagnetic (EM) sensor (NDI, Waterloo, ON, Canada) having submillimeter positional accuracy for real-time tracking of the dosimeter position. However, adding an EM sensor adds materials in the path to the scintillator and thus could potentially perturb the dose measurements. This study assesses four different sensors for a plastic scintillation detector-EM sensor coupled dosimeter. To confirm the perturbation presence, different sensors were placed in front of the scintillator so the radiation does not arrive to it directly. Variation of the distance between the sensor and the scintillator was used to quantify the effect on the signal at and . To test the signal's angular dependence for each sensor, the signal measurement was taken from to with increment. The Aurora 5DOF-610090 sensor showed an increased signal of almost 20% with increasing beam angle. Sensors Aurora 5DOF-610099, Aurora 5DOF-610157, and Aurora Micro 6DOF-610059 showed no significant angle dependance. The Aurora Micro 6DOF-610059 and Aurora 5DOF-610157 sensors' cable signal revealed no extra signal attenuation. The latter gives a smaller overall attenuation. Therefore, the Aurora 5DOF-610157 sensor is chosen to be part of the novel dosimeter construction. It has a jitter error (average standard deviation of each individual measurement) of ±0.06mm and a reproducibility of ±0.008mm. In the optimal operating range, the average positional uncertainty is less than 0.2 mm. Average angle errors are not higher than . It is feasible to integrate an EM tracking sensor to a plastic scintillation dosimeter with minimal impact to the collected signal as well as sufficient positional accuracy to keep dose uncertainty below 5%.

Voltages and AC Corrosion on Metallic Tubes in Umbilical Cables Caused by Magnetic Induction From Power Cable Charging Currents

Offshore umbilical cables often include both power cables and elements such as metallic tubes and signal cables. It was concluded from a recent failure of stainless tubes that ac corrosion was the cause of the failure. This paper describes how ac corrosion can lead to tube failure when a puncture exists in the insulating tube coating. The variation in power cable charging currents along the umbilical cable causes a nonzero voltage to exist in the tubes, even though they are grounded at both ends. If the current density associated with the puncture current is sufficiently high, ac corrosion will result. The current density is calculated as a function of the cable length and the variable speed drive operating frequency for three alternative power cable designs. Comparison with measured corrosion rates shows that ac corrosion can corrode a hole in the tube in weeks or months, depending on the cable design and length, and also on the electrical operating conditions. Analytical expressions and numerical procedures are presented, which can be used to determine whether a given umbilical cable installation involves the risk of ac corrosion. It is also shown that substantial heating effects in the puncture area can result in case of excessive harmonics in the supply voltage.

Coupling Analysis for Shielded Cables in the Train Using Hybrid Method

Due to the limited space on the train, the shielded cables were utilized to protect signal cables against influence by the disturbance from power cables which arranged in parallel with the signal cables. To reduce cable coupling, the cables are usually arranged close to train body. The influence of the body of the train should not be ignored. To analyze the coupling of shielded cables in the train, a hybrid method is proposed based on the circuit model. To solve the influence from the reflection of the train body, Green's function deduced from image theory is utilized. The current on the shielding layer is calculated by lumped circuit model, which is set up by admittance parameter matrix. And then, the coupling voltage on the core of shielded cable is given by using BTL function. Finally, a laboratory test case and a field test were investigated. Results of the proposed method were validated by measurement results.

Differential probabilistic space-temporal model for real-time power prognosis in failures in a nuclear reactor

The aim of this paper is the neutronic flux prognosis in a nuclear reactor for faults in the measurement of local power range monitors (LPRMs) in real time using differential probabilistic space-temporal model (DPSTM). The LPRMs provide inputs to the average power range monitor (APRM). The LPRM houses a fission chamber and their associated signal cables. The failure of one or more chains of LPRMs is common during the operational cycle. The circuit averages only LPRM signals that are operational and the output from the averaging circuit for each APRM channel is the route to the process computer. The DPSTM allows a reliable reconstruction in real time signal of those LPRMs that are out of order. The DPSTM is evaluated in terms of predictive accuracy for different time horizons and compared to a time series. The DPSTM based prognosis methodology was developed and validated with real signals of Ringhals stability benchmarks.

Differential probabilistic space-temporal model for real-time power prognosis in failures in a nuclear reactor

The aim of this paper is the neutronic flux prognosis in a nuclear reactor for faults in the measurement of local power range monitors (LPRMs) in real time using differential probabilistic space-temporal model (DPSTM). The LPRMs provide inputs to the average power range monitor (APRM). The LPRM houses a fission chamber and their associated signal cables. The failure of one or more chains of LPRMs is common during the operational cycle. The circuit averages only LPRM signals that are operational and the output from the averaging circuit for each APRM channel is the route to the process computer. The DPSTM allows a reliable reconstruction in real time signal of those LPRMs that are out of order. The DPSTM is evaluated in terms of predictive accuracy for different time horizons and compared to a time series. The DPSTM based prognosis methodology was developed and validated with real signals of Ringhals stability benchmarks.

스마트 웨어러블의 신호와 전력 전송용 섬유형 케이블 개발

스마트 웨어러블의 신호와 전력 전송용 섬유형 케이블 개발

Modelling of picosecond timing signals from fast vacuum photodiodes

Very high bandwidth vacuum photodiodes with 10 s of picoseconds rise time are utilised in Cherenkov detectors for inertial confinement fusion diagnostics. Experimental measurements of the pulse shape and time resolution of a fast Photek PD010 photodiode tube, undertaken using very fast pulsed laser illumination at the ORION facility, Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston UK, were compared with a computer model to understand detector performance with the aim of improving the time resolution. The physical processes defining the performance of the photodiode detector were modelled using CST Studio Suite software. This package combines very high frequency electromagnetic field modelling, particle tracking, space charge effects and secondary electron emission simulation, and has enabled a realistic simulation of detector behaviour and performance predictions to be made. We present a comparison between experimental measurements of time resolution and pulse shape over a range of device operating voltages, with simulations obtained with CST particle tracking software using the device CAD design file to accurately model the PD010 device. These results demonstrate the remarkable correlation that can be achieved between experiment and simulation, even at picosecond time-scales. • Time resolution of fast vacuum photodiodes is limited by detector geometry. • Impedance matching between anode and signal cable is critical. • Physics of the detector were modelled using CST Studio Suite software. • Remarkable correlation between experiment and simulation is demonstrated.

Damage and failure modes of railway prestressed concrete sleepers with holes/web openings subject to impact loading conditions

Prestressed concrete sleepers are essential to the structural integrity of railway track structures, redistributing wheel loads from the rails to underlying ballast bed while securing rail gauges for safe train traffics. In practice, drilled holes or web openings are usually generated ad hoc in sleepers to enable signalling equipment and cables at a construction site. These holes and web openings could however affect the structural integrity of sleepers, especially when they are exposed to impact loading. In fact, statistically, 15–25% of dynamic loading conditions are of transience and high-intensity by the nature of wheel-rail interaction over irregularities. This study is thus the world first to rigorously investigate the impact behaviours of railway sleepers with hole and web openings, which is critical to railway safety and reliability. In this study, three-dimensional finite element modelling using ABAQUS Explicit is used to comprehensively design and analyse the behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers with various types of holes and web openings upon impact loading. Two different modelling techniques including concrete damaged plasticity model and brittle cracking model are also exercised to aid in this study. The results obtained show that the brittle cracking model provides better damage results as it can illustrate crack propagation very well until reaching the failure mode under impact loading. The findings illustrate a pathway to use brittle cracking model instead of concrete damaged plasticity model for dynamic impact analysis. Moreover, the outcome of this study will provide a better and new insight into the influences of holes and web openings on sleepers’ failure modes under impact loading so that appropriate guidance can be proposed to rail and track engineers in order to generate holes and web openings ad hoc in prestressed concrete sleepers without compromising their structural performance.

Energy Efficient Data Transmission Approaches for Wireless Industrial Automation

Background: The industrial wireless automation system enables the monitoring and control of processes. It may be difficult to recharge the battery of sensors installed in harmful environments. Hence optimization of the power is the major issue to be addressed while implementing the network. The proposed hybrid data transmission approaches optimize data accuracy and energy efficiency of a wireless sensor node deployed in any industry. Methods: In the time-driven method, the sensor nodes periodically sense the environment and transmit the data continuously over time. In the event-driven method, the sensor nodes transmit data only when there is a drastic change in the occurrence of a certain event. Results: Based on the nature of the process, applications are classified as, less critical, critical and most critical. The time-driven based hybrid transmission approach is suggested for the most critical applications because they need to be monitored continuously so as to attain data accuracy. In the case of critical applications, the data is not required to be sent continuously, but instead it can be sampled and transmitted once in two seconds. Though the above suggested methods intended to provide better outcomes in terms of power utilization, in the case of process control applications, most critical and critical applications need to be monitored continuously. Hence such applications could be done as a heterogeneous industrial automation network, which is the combination of wired and wireless connectivity. This can be implemented by replacing all the signal cables with wireless communication system, regular power supply must be provided for the radio module attached with final control elements and also to the transmitters involved in most critical applications. For the least critical applications, the data can be sampled and transmitted once in four seconds. Conclusion: Simulation has been performed for time-driven based and duty-cycling based hybrid transmission approaches. The results can guide process engineers in selecting the transmission approach for optimizing the power of IWAS based on the critical level of the process. In the case of a critical process, the time-driven based hybrid transmission approach may be used, and in the case of a less critical process, the duty-cycling based hybrid transmission approach could be selected. By selecting appropriate transmission approach the life time of IWAS could be improved. Keywords: Controllers, process control, transceivers, transmitters, temperature sensors, wireless sensor networks.

Research on power-frequency electromagnetic interference model of multicore twisted signal cable of high-speed railway

With the increase in the traction power of high-speed railways, the power-frequency electromagnetic interference of traction current to the signal cables becomes increasingly more severe. In this paper, the calculation model of the magnetic interference to signal cable was established on the MATLAB/Simulink platform based on the multiconductor transmission line theory. This model took SPTYWPL03-8B 8-core twist signal cable as an example and the power-frequency interference of external current to the signal cable was analyzed theoretically. In addition, experiments on electromagnetic interference of double-ended and single-ended signal cables were performed to validate the simulation model. Experiments showed that the relative error was less than 5\% by comparing the experimental and simulation results. This research is helpful for the quantitative analysis of the power-frequency electromagnetic interference of traction current to signal cables.