Sign Code Research Articles

Implementation of Software for Learning Message Transmission Using Morse Code

The article presents the implementation of software for training message transmission using Morse code. This is a method of sign coding when letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols are represented as sequences of short and long signals called dots and dashes. It is intended for transmission over serial communication channels. A unique feature of Morse code is the ability to be encoded and decoded by humans without the use of special terminal devices. The paper shows a software implementation of processing input characters using a telegraphic key, it includes: various mathematical requirements and conditions that allow you adjusting to each user, provided that his input speed will either fall or remain unchanged. However, it is possible to adjust the minimum duration threshold in such a way that the system will slowly adapt to a slow increase in input speed. At the same time, the higher the value of the minimum threshold, the faster the adaptation is; however, it will fall within the limit of the maximum input speed that the device can recognize. During the implementation of the program, a flow chart of message transliteration, signal reception and transmission was developed. The whole program implements the following functions: a simple and intuitive translator, with audio output, a simulator for consolidating the skill of entering Morse code using a key; consolidating the skills of recognition and decoding by ear. To create the final application for training, the Processing toolkit was chosen, since its key parameter when choosing a development tool has a simple writing syntax to increase the speed of writing code, as well as the ability of the environment to work with the communication channel of the microcontroller.

Universal attractors in language evolution provide evidence for the kinds of efficiency pressures involved

Efficiency is central to understanding the communicative and cognitive underpinnings of language. However, efficiency management is a complex mechanism in which different efficiency effects—such as articulatory, processing and planning ease, mental accessibility, and informativity, online and offline efficiency effects—conspire to yield the coding of linguistic signs. While we do not yet exactly understand the interactional mechanism of these different effects, we argue that universal attractors are an important component of any dynamic theory of efficiency that would be aimed at predicting efficiency effects across languages. Attractors are defined as universal states around which language evolution revolves. Methodologically, we approach efficiency from a cross-linguistic perspective on the basis of a world-wide sample of 383 languages from 53 families, balancing all six macro-areas (Eurasia, North and South America, Australia, Africa, and Oceania). We explore the grammatical domain of verbal person–number subject indexes. We claim that there is an attractor state in this domain to which languages tend to develop and tend not to leave if they happen to comply with the attractor in their earlier stages of evolution. The attractor is characterized by different lengths for each person and number combination, structured along Zipf’s predictions. Moreover, the attractor strongly prefers non-compositional, cumulative coding of person and number. On the basis of these and other properties of the attractor, we conclude that there are two domains in which efficiency pressures are most powerful: strive towards less processing and articulatory effort. The latter, however, is overridden by constant information flow. Strive towards lower lexicon complexity and memory costs are weaker efficiency pressures for this grammatical category due to its order of frequency.

The face and the faceness: Iconicity in the early faciasemiotics of Paul Ekman, 1957–1978

Paul Ekman is an American psychologist who pioneered the study of facial behaviour. Bringing together disciplinary history, life study, and history of science, this paper focuses on Ekman’s early research during the twenty-year period between 1957 and 1978. I explicate the historical development of Ekman’s semiotic model of facial behaviour, tracing the thread of iconicity through his life and works: from the iconic coding of rapid signs; through the eventual turn from classifying modes of iconic signification using gestalt categories to classifying modes of producing iconic sign-functions using minimal units; to the role and importance of iconicity for the study of the facial expression of emotion, both in terms of the similarities between iconic and analogue signs as well as the differences between facial coding and linguistic signification. In this intellectual genealogy, I argue not only that Ekman relied extensively upon conceptualizations and terminologies from semiotic thought for the creation of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), but also that the question of iconicity is the pivotal problem across the many discoveries and innovations in what I term ‘Ekmanian faciasemiotics’.

Ecology of Communication: the toxicity factors in media

The paper raises the problem of media ecology. The concept of media ecology is considered from the standpoint of post-nonclassical rationality: the object of research is viewed as a system that unifies communicants, their communities and the information environment within the framework of ongoing interactions, which, in turn, affect all elements of the ecosystem. The authors analyze socio-cultural changes caused by media influence and give the interpretation of the manifestations of media toxicity through five components of communication (toxicity factors): (1) subject; (2) sign code; (3) content; (4) method and (5) discourse background. The experimental base of the research is represented by a lexical-semantic analysis of materials from print and electronic media and students' essays (n>300), an associative experiment conducted with students of the direction of training “Advertising and public relations” (Moscow and St. Petersburg, n> 200). At the end the authors share the experience of holding a scientific conference dedicated to the discussed problem as an optimal format for involving students in the problems of the ecology of media communication.

Lossless Compression Algorithm and Architecture for Reduced Memory Bandwidth Requirement with Improved Prediction Based on the Multiple DPCM Golomb-Rice Algorithm

In a computing environment, higher resolutions generally require more memory bandwidth, which inevitably leads to the consumption more power. This may become critical for the overall performance of mobile devices and graphic processor units with increased amounts of memory access and memory bandwidth. This paper proposes a lossless compression algorithm with a multiple differential pulse-code modulation variable sign code Golomb-Rice to reduce the memory bandwidth requirement. The efficiency of the proposed multiple differential pulse-code modulation is enhanced by selecting the optimal differential pulse code modulation mode. The experimental results show compression ratio of 1.99 for high-efficiency video coding image sequences and that the proposed lossless compression hardware can reduce the bus bandwidth requirement.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF REPETITIONS ON THE PROCESS OF LASER MARKING OF HS6-5-2-5 STEEL

Today, methods for marking parts and components in industrial production are constantly improving, and they must meet several basic criteria for active traceability by consumers. The parameter that is of paramount importance for the quality of the marking is related to the contrast of the marked sign or QR code. To achieve optimal contrast, a number of technological factors and the functional relationships between them must be taken into account.The report examines the role of the number of repetitions on contrast in raster marking of HS6-5-2-5 tool steel products. The dependences of the number of repetitions on the speed and frequency are also taken into account - the main factors in the process of laser ablation. Graphs of the depth of the marking are drawn depending on the number of repetitions and the linear density of the pulses. The experiments were made with a fiber laser. By the performed analyses the working intervals of processing between the studied factors are deduced, allowing to achieve the desired optimal result.

МНОГОАСПЕКТНОСТЬ МОТИВАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ

The article deals with the peculiarities of the concept of motivation in word formative, nominative, linguacognitive aspects, as well as a general understanding of motivation in connection with the doctrine of the process of semiosis and the internal form of the word. In particular, the motivation in the derivational aspect is understood as the process of formation of the semantic and formal connection of the derived word with the formative one within the sign code of the language system, in the nominative – the formal and semantic connection between words as signs (expression and content plans), realized in the formation of words; in linguacognitive – the establishment of a semantic and formal dependence between the motivator and the derivative by a nominative unit (a motivated sign) based on the connections of different components of the knowledge structure about what is meant in the ethnic consciousness.

The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients

This study aims to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 on cognitive functions in recovered patients and its relationship with inflammatory profiles. Twenty-nine patients recovered from COVID-19 as confirmed by negative nucleic tests for two consecutive times were recruited. A total of 29 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls were also recruited. The cognitive functions of all subjects were evaluated by the iPad-based online neuropsychological tests, including the Trail Making Test (TMT), Sign Coding Test (SCT), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and Digital Span Test (DST). Blood samples from all patients were collected for examining inflammatory profiles, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The relationship between cognitive functions and inflammatory profiles were analyzed by Pearson correlation. In results, although no significant differences were found in TMT, SCT, and DST between the two groups, patients with COVID-19 scored lower in the correct number of the second and third parts of CPT, they also scored higher in the missing number of the third part of CPT (all P < 0.05). In patients with COVID-19, there was a trend of significant difference for lower reaction time in the first and second parts of CPT (P = 0.050, and 0.051, respectively), as well as the lower correct number of the second part of CPT (P = 0.050). Correlation analysis showed that the reaction time for the first and second parts of CPT was positively correlated with the CRP levels (r = 0.557 and 0.410, P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicated that cognitive impairments exist even in patients recovered from COVID-19, and might be possibly linked to the underlying inflammatory processes.

A Proposed Methodology for the Recognition and Classification of the Ancient Scripts from Epigraphy Images Using Histogram of BRISK Orientation Sign Code

A Proposed Methodology for the Recognition and Classification of the Ancient Scripts from Epigraphy Images Using Histogram of BRISK Orientation Sign Code

Ощущения, двигающие к бытию и препятствующие бытию, у адыгских прозаиков сегодня

In the article, the object of analysis is the feelings that encourage the existence and prevent the existence of characters in works of art. In this case, F. N. Khuako chooses modern Adyghe prose as the subject material, including the stories of A. Hagurov, A. Makoev, A. Kuek and I. Chatao who are working today. The author is inclined to the hypothesis that the prose writer in the process of meaningful reproduction of reality builds up in the text some primary Convention that contains the sign codes of the two groups of sensations proposed in the title. This hypothesis is proved by analyzing a number of works of these authors, which allows us to conclude that the proposed structural models are currently available in their texts.

Sign language in anesthesiology in times of novel corona virus pandemic.

Anesthesiologists and Intensivists are at the forefront, managing patients afflicted with covid 19 and are facing extremely challenging working conditions. These specialties are expected to take care of patients at different areas of hospital like emergency department, operation theatre, ICU, resuscitation etc., Work in these areas demands accurate and timely intervention and any delay can be disastrous. The nature of closed and often constrained working environment puts them at great risk of contracting infection. Furthermore, aerosol generating procedures like endotracheal intubation and suctioning are regularly performed at these areas. The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) seems to be the only savior under these circumstances. The PPE entails a full body cover from head to toe, goggles covering eyes, face shield, an N95 mask. Though the PPE protects us from COVID-19, working with a PPE on is a challenging task as one faces heat, dehydration, inability to eat or drink anything etc., All these problems have been very well highlighted in the literature and media. One problem which often escapes attention is that of difficulty in communication while one is wearing a PPE. Anesthesiologists work in an environment where there is lot of interdependence on fellow colleagues, surgical colleagues, junior staff, staff nurses and anesthesia technicians. Directed communication and closed-loop communication is particularly important in these extremely sensitive areas for proper co-ordination and co-operation.[1] Effective communication relies on clarity ('keeping it clear'), brevity ('keeping it brief)', empathy ('how will it feel to receive this?'), with provision for a feedback loop.[2] The verbal communication is often supplemented by communication through body language, body gestures and facial expressions.[3] All these modes of communication become extremely difficult while wearing a PPE. One's voice becomes muffled with an N 95 mask on, face shield acts further as a barrier and even facial and bodily gestures cannot be recognized. This necessitates speaking loudly, repetition of messages and there can be errors in understanding. Any misinterpretation of communication due to PPE may result in hazardous situation and even wrong or delayed administration of treatment. Having an alternative to verbal communication, thus seems to be desirable to reduce chances of error. Socrates, the world renowned Greek philosopher, had said:”If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present” Under the present circumstances, we probably need to take lesson from this teaching and adapt ourselves. Using sign language while wearing a PPE, has the potential to reduce errors related to communication, but it is important to have a uniform sign code for commonly encountered conditions. In this context, we propose following signs, some of which may already be in use at some places [Figures 1-3]. It is equally important to discuss and teach these signs to co-workers and ancillary staff for optimal results.Figure 1: Signs for common clinical situationsFigure 2: Signs for common clinical situationsFigure 3: Signs for common clinical situationsWe seem to be living in a new world order now with a new normal. It is the responsibility of each one of us to adapt to these changes so as to safeguard ourselves and our co-workers without compromising on the patients' safety. This probably is the time to contrive actions with hands to deliver important instructions during these times of covid pandemic. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Biomedical image retrieval by using local directional edge binary patterns and Zernike moments

This paper presents an efficient approach with the reduced length of feature vector for biomedical image retrieval by using global and local features of an image. In order to extract the local features, a new algorithm, local directional edge binary pattern (LDEBP) has been designed. It gathers information from all the possible directions, i.e., 00, 450, 900 and 1350 for every pixel in the image. The directional information is calculated based on the sign code magnitudes of local differences from the center pixel to its directional pixels. For every pixel, four edges will be calculated by using all the directional information. Lower order Zernike moments are used for extracting the global and shape features of an image. The combination of shape and texture descriptors for biomedical image retrieval showed significant results compared to the state of the art algorithms like LDEP, ZM and LBDP on benchmark database like Emphysema-CT and OASIS-MRI.

Classification of sociotechnical landscapes on the basis of analogies of cortege codes of indicators

Now new technologies within the Industry 4.0 develop. Convergence of various applications of applied mathematics for a research of a synergetic coevolution the sociotechnical landscapes (STL) is intensified. STL is presented in the form of a taxonomical ontologic matrix which elements are symbols of the Cartesian work of sets social the practician and digital technologies. The train of indicator signs which is unambiguously characterizing levels of tension of STL is applied to classification of STL. The method of coding of indicator signs for calculation of value of the qualifier based on calculation of a binary code on function of accessory of each sign which carrier is the natural logarithm of a relative deviation of nominal rate of sign from registered is described. The reversibility of formation of the qualifier allows carrying out decrease in dimension of feature space without information losses. Results of researches STL of Kursk region are given in work (the train was presented by 20 indicators). The conclusion about prospects of application of the considered applied method of the mathematical analysis of the solution of classification tasks is drawn.

An Effective Algorithm and Architecture for the High-Throughput Lossless Compression of High-Resolution Images

This paper proposes a high-throughput lossless image-compression algorithm based on Golomb–Rice coding and its hardware architecture. The proposed solution increases compression ratios (CRs) while preserving the throughput by taking advantage of a novel parallel variable-length sign coding (PVSC) algorithm that reduces the sign bits to achieve a higher CR. In addition, the proposed solution adopts and modifies the two existing compression algorithms to improve the overall compression performance. The experimental results show that the proposed solution yields an average CR of 3.12, which is higher than those achieved with the previous algorithms. The hardware implementation of the proposed solution for an $8 \times 8$ block unit achieves a throughput of 18 GBps and 24 GBps when encoding and decoding, respectively. This hardware performance is enough to handle $7680\times 4320$ @240-Hz image processing.

Метод розпізнавання дорожніх знаків на основі оцінок Хеммінгової віддалі та структурної складності

Проаналізовано основні принципи роботи систем розпізнавання дорожніх знаків відомих виробників. Описано алгоритм роботи та основні компоненти пристрою визначення елементів, зображених на дорожньому знаку. Запропоновано метод розпізнавання дорожніх знаків на основі оцінки Хеммінгової віддалі. Проведено аналіз дорожніх знаків категорії наказові знаки. Здійснено розбиття цієї категорії на менші підкатегорії для інформативного аналізу зображень. Виділено основні елементи наказових знаків, на основі яких запропоновано принципи кодування кожного знаку цієї категорії. Розраховано структурну складність зображень дорожніх знаків категорії наказові знаки. Наведено таблицю значень оцінок Хеммінгової віддалі для різних пар знаків запропонованих підкатегорій, на основі яких побудовано діаграми розподілу значень оцінок Хеммінгової віддалі. Проведено аналіз дорожніх знаків категорії заборонні знаки. Для цієї категорії відділено підкатегорії, запропоновано принцип кодування знаків, який базується на інформативних ознаках зображених елементів, побудовано діаграми розподілу значень отриманих оцінок Хеммінгової віддалі. Для розглянутих категорій знаків обчислено максимальні та мінімальні значення Хеммінгової віддалі. Запропоновано оцінку інформативності дорожніх знаків, на основі відношення Хеммінгової віддалі до структурної складності. Побудовано графіки, які ілюструють інформативність розглянутих знаків кожної підкатегорії. Зроблено висновки та рекомендації щодо удосконалення дорожніх знаків на основі оцінки Хеммінгової віддалі.

Sign Code Development Process: Best Practices

A wide variety of community stakeholders have an interest in ensuring that sign codes are crafted in such a way as to allow for the free flow of speech while preserving community character. These stakeholders may include businesses, sign companies, graphic designers, historic preservationists, traffic safety specialists, environmental quality advocates, and chamber of commerce types, among others. Including interested parties in efforts to develop and revise sign codes can help ensure that the resulting regulation embraces the best available technologies and business practices of the time in an effort to promote the economic vitality of local business districts. This report seeks to: (a) explore best practices in citizen participation practices revolving around the development or amendment of sign codes; (b) to evaluate the experiences of communities who have revised their sign codes in the last 10 years; and (c) to establish best practices for improving the sign code development process.

Legal Considerations in Sign Code Development

Legal considerations have always played a critical role in the development of a sign code, but that role has taken on renewed importance in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent ruling in Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Ariz., 135 S.Ct. 2218 (2015). A detailed analysis of Reed is obviously beyond the scope of this paper. For our purposes, it is sufficient to note that the Reed Court announced a far more stringent test to determine whether a sign code's provisions are "content-neutral" or "content-based." In short, the Court ruled that any sign code provision that "on its face" considers the message on a sign to determine how it will be regulated is content-based. The practical effect of finding that a sign code provision is content-based is to heighten the judicial scrutiny of such a provision if challenged. A provision that is content-neutral is subjected only to intermediate judicial scrutiny: the provision will be upheld if government can demonstrate that the regulation serves a substantial governmental interest and is narrowly-tailored to achieve that interest. In contrast, a provision that is content-based is subjected to strict judicial scrutiny: the provision will be upheld only if government can demonstrate that the regulation serves a compelling governmental interest and is the least restrictive alternative to achieve that interest.

Problemy krojów pisma w edycji sejmowej dzieł Jana Kochanowskiego

The article contains a review of changes in digital carriers of printing typefaces since the 80s in the context of problems which appeared after 2012 during the preparation for publishing the missing volumes of the so-called parliamentary edition of all works by Jan Kochanowski. The dissertation is ordered according to four features of today’s fonts, referring partly to past and present functionality of writing: shape (typeface), type size, format (digital data) and sign coding. The stylistic aspect of glyphs was discussed using three criteria of opposing classification of typefaces according to their formal features: antiqua vs. stylized typefaces, serif vs. sans-serif and one-element vs. two-element. Some deficiencies of the present Unicode standard have been pointed to, which may cause difficulties while designing and coding untypical glyphs – used both for printing Old-Polish text and for its further use in its digital version. Finishing the A-type edition of works by Jan Kochanowski poses a number of challenges for the publisher. The relatively easiest one is using contemporary digital instruments for mapping the existing graphic look of the volumes printed in 1982–1997.

A SYNTHESIS METHOD OF BASIC TERNARY BENT-SQUARES BASED ON THE TRIAD SHIFT OPERATOR

Practical application of advanced algebraic constructions in modern communication systems based on MC-CDMA (Multi Code Code Division Multiple Access) technology and in cryptography necessitates their further research. One of the most commonly used advanced algebraic construction is the binary bent-function having a uniform amplitude spectrum of the Walsh-Hadamard transform and, accordingly, having the maximal distance from the codewords of affine code. In addition to the binary bent-functions researchers are currently focuses on the development of synthesis methods of their many-valued analogues. In particular, one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of many-valued bent-functions is the method based on the Agievich bent-squares. In this paper, we developed a regular synthesis method of the ternary bent-squares on the basis of an arbitrary spectral vector and the regular operator of the triad shift. The classification of spectral vectors of lengths N = 3 and N = 9 is performed. On the basis of spectral classification more precise definition of many-valued bent-sequences is given, taking into account the existence of the phenomenon of many-valued bent-sequences for the length, determined by odd power of base. The paper results are valuable for practical use: the development of new constant amplitude codes for MC-CDMA technology, cryptographic primitives, data compression algorithms, signal structures, algorithms of block and stream encryption, based on advanced principles of many-valued logic. The developed bent-squares design method is also a basis for further theoretical research: development of methods of the permutation of rows and columns of basic bent-squares and their sign coding, synthesis of composite bent-squares. In addition, the data on the spectral classification of vectors give the task of constructing the synthesis methods of bent-functions of lengths N = 32k+1, k Є ℕ.

Role of the oral care provider to call attention to child abuse

The focus on child abuse has increased in recent years. In 2015, the Royal Dutch Association of Dentists (KNMT) revised the Sign Code 'child abuse and domestic violence'. The core of the Sign Code is formed by the compulsory 5-step action plan for the signalling of, among other things, (a suspicion of) child abuse that must be followed. Dealing professionally with child abuse places high demands on the knowledge and communication skills of the health care provider. If the demands are met, the health care provider is by law adequately protected against complaints. Many health care providers are still uncomfortable about applying the Sign Code. The number of contacts with Safe at Home for advice and reports coming from oral care amounts to only a few one-thousandths of the total number of contacts. In dealing with the neglecting of oral care, the most common form of child abuse in the area of dental care, professional action is usually still limited to symptom relief. Organised care via chain formation offers possibilities for the coordination of targeted action on child abuse.