Sigmund's Theory Research Articles

Memahami Hakikat Manusia Berdasarkan Teori Konseling Psikoanalisis

Psychoanalysis is a theory developed by Sigmund Freud where it is said that past experiences affect a person in the present. This research uses a literature review approach by collecting information from credible and relevant sources related to the topic discussed. Data collection by tracing, reviewing, and understanding the sources of journal writing that has been made previously from the last ten years. The results of the study show an explanation of Sigmund's theory which divides the level of consciousness into three, namely id, ego, and superego, which are the three elements that result in inner drive and give birth to healthy and unhealthy behavior. Not only studying this, this theory also looks at the basis or background of the emergence of these behaviors and explains the development of human personality. This theory emphasizes components such as motivation, emotions, and other internal aspects. In addition, it also argues that the development of a person's personality occurs through psychological conflicts that generally occur during childhood or early childhood.

Art Voicing Peaceful Protest: Hip-Hop and Rap in the American and Arabic Cultures

For centuries, poems and songs have been utilized to criticize oppressive and violent regimes, eliciting emotions and aiding the public in coping with hegemony. Rap and hip-hop, blending poetry and music, have emerged as powerful tools for combating oppression and marginalization. Despite the misconception that loud, aggressive music may incite violence, recent research disproves this notion. This study employs Sigmund and Anna Freud's psychoanalytic theory, focusing on defense mechanisms and free association, to analyze data. The study reveals that poets and artists across cultures, including Arabic culture, have employed rap and hip-hop as a means of cultural resistance, fostering a collective identity among young individuals to enhance their understanding of themselves and their culture. The study argues that rap and hip-hop serve as peaceful tools of resistance and function as a therapeutic outlet for managing anger, contrary to claims by some critical theorists that they stimulate violence in society.

SIKAP DAN PERILAKU SEKSUAL TOKOH PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL SAMAN KARYA AYU UTAMI

Attitudes and Sexual Behavior of Female Characters in Ayu Utami's Saman Novel. This study aims to describe the forms of attitudes and sexual behavior of female characters and what factors cause them in the novel, which is used as a source of data analyzed. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method that consists of four analytical techniques: word reduction, categorization, data presentation, and data inference. The source of the research data is the novel Saman by Ayu Utami. The material used in this research is text, sentences, and paragraphs that reveal and describe the sexual attitudes and behaviors of female characters as well as the causative factors in Ayu Utami's novel Saman by using Sigmund's theory of sex. The results of this study indicate that, first, the novel character Saman experiences various types of sexuality, such as hermaphrodite, fanaticism, eroticism, promiscuity, infidelity, and adultery. Second, the factors causing the sexual orientation of the characters in the novel Saman are varied, including sexual dysfunction, social interest, frustration with requests that cannot be achieved, and a lack of brains.

SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS ACUTE IN TEDDY ALIAS ANDREW IN THE “SHUTTER ISLAND” NOVEL BY DENNIS LEHANE

This research discussed about schizophrenia symptoms in Teddy alias Andrew Laedis that was acute and dangerous and also discussed the psychodrama treatment for Andrew. The main character is described to have a dangerous illness which is schizophrenia due to get from his traumatic events in world of war. Some of traumatic event that Andrew is experienced actually like when Andrew killed hundred soldier during the war in Dachau, his guilt because he did not bring his wife, Dolores to psychiatrists then unpredictable his wife killed her three children and drowning her child in a pond and regret for the rest of his life who was forced to kill his beloved wife until die and he finally lost all his family. Andrew cannot escape from the reality and without unconsciously he became experiencing mental disorder. The fictional story written by Dennis Lehane (2003.This novel was using the theory of psychoanalysis approach by Sigmund Freud. By using the concept of Sigmund's theory this research examined the symptoms of acute schizophrenia in Teddy alias Andrew's character which showed that his id is more dominant than his ego and the superego did not almost non-existent. Andrew points out three types of self defense mechanisms, namely, denial projections, regression and displacement. Meanwhile, the process of psychiatric recovery treatment by Dr. Cawley is used a psychodrama.

Sputter depth profiling: past, present, and future

Sputter depth profiling is a direct method to obtain the in‐depth distribution of composition in thin films, at surfaces and at interfaces. It was developed in conjunction with the main methods of surface and interface analysis (AES, XPS, and SIMS). During the past decades, progress in depth profiling is characterized by the aim to obtain optimally resolved depth profiles. This is mainly achieved by experimentally identifying the decisive parameters for distortions of the original in‐depth distribution caused by sputtering and analysis. The physical origins of profile blurring are predicted by elaborate particle transport theories based on Sigmund's theory of sputtering. A simplified, user‐friendly model presentation of the result for depth profiling is its representation by convolution of the original in‐depth distribution with an appropriate depth resolution function (or response function). Great progress has been achieved by the development of the so‐called MRI model, based on the three physically well‐defined parameters atomic mixing, roughness and information depth, which describe the depth resolution function. The latter can be presented as a user‐friendly analytical expression for delta layers as well as for layers with a given thickness. Numerical solutions are necessary to include preferential sputtering and other depth or concentration‐dependent parameters. Whereas the instrumental development in AES is fairly stable, great progress is going on in XPS and particularly in SIMS and related techniques, enhanced by growing interest in three‐dimensional analysis of organic materials. At the horizon, there are more sophisticated models for quantification of transient states in shallow profiles and of sputter depth profiles generated by cluster ion bombardment of organics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-local linear stability of ion beam eroded surfaces

Continuum theories of spontaneous pattern formation at solid surfaces during ion irradiation exist in many variants, but all of them are based upon low order gradient expansions of an underlying non-local theory and are formulated as partial differential equations. Here we reconsider the non-local theory based upon a simple Gaussian erosive crater function of Sigmund's theory of sputtering, which is also a basic ingredient of most of the existing continuum theories. We keep the full non-locality of the crater function in a linear stability analysis of a flat surface. Without gradient expansion the evolution of the height profile is governed by an integral equation. We show that low order gradient expansions may be misleading and that the bifurcation scenarios become significantly more complex, if the non-locality is taken into account. In a second step, we extend our analysis and include mass redistribution due to ion-induced drift currents of collision cascade atoms. The model is based upon results from kinetic theory and uses a simple phenomenology. Both erosion and mass redistribution share the same non-local features, as they are both caused by the collision cascade. If mass redistribution is the dominant pattern forming mechanism, we show that the resulting bifurcation scenarios may provide explanations for many of the recent, seemingly contradictory experimental results of pattern formation on Si surfaces.

Fabrication and orientation control of diamond nanotips by broad ion beam etching

Well-aligned diamond nanotips are fabricated by etching as-grown diamond thin films using a Kaufman type broad ion beam source. The nanotips have nanometre-size heads, micrometre-size roots and the same apex angle. All of the nanotips consistently point in the direction against the incident ion beam. The orientation of diamond nanotips can be controlled by adjusting the incident direction of the ion beam. The Raman spectrum does not show a significant increase in graphitic peak intensity after etching, indicating that the quality of diamond is barely degraded by ion beam etching. Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra show that the diamond sp3 structure is dominant in the spectra of both as-grown and ion etched diamond. The sp2 fraction is found to increase by about 12% at the surface layer of the diamond nanotips as compared with as-grown diamond. The formation of diamond nanotips is explained by Sigmund's sputtering theory and the angle-dependent sputtering mechanism. This method to produce diamond nanotips has the advantage of excellent orientation control and the capability to produce nanotip arrays on a large area.

Influence of surface morphology on sputtering yields

We study the variation of sputtering yields with surface morphologies under the assumption of a specially prescribed surface shape. Compared with a flat surface, we show that surface morphology can cause a decrease in the sputtering yield and an increase in the incident angle where sputtering yield is maximum. Based on Sigmund's theory, an analytical formula for the morphology dependent sputtering yield is developed by averaging the curvature dependent sputtering yield. The predicted dependence of sputtering yield on surface morphology is in good agreement with experimental observations.

Nanopatterning by dual-ion-beam sputtering

We studied the development of ordered nanopatterns during dual-ion-beam sputtering (DIBS) of Au(001) in which two ion beams that cross perpendicular to each other at their azimuth are incident on the surface at a grazing angle. In the erosion (diffusion) regime, a square-symmetric two-dimensional (2D) pattern of nanodots (holes) is formed. The 2D pattern is achieved only when the two beams are balanced in the erosion regime. In the diffusion regime, no such condition is required. The observations cannot be explained by the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation derived from Sigmund theory with two ion beams.

Modified Sigmund sputtering theory: isotopic puzzle

The theory of anisotropic sputtering proposed by Zhang [Z.L. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 71 026101 (2005).] and [Z.L. Zhang and L. Zhang, Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 159(5) 301 (2004).] has been generalized to sputtering of isotopic mixtures. The present theory (modified Sigmund theory) has been shown to fit numerous simulations and experimental measurements, including energy and angular distribution of sputtered atoms. In particular, the theory has successfully solved the isotope puzzle of sputtering induced by low energy and heavy ion bombardment.

Kinetic roughening of ion-sputtered Pd(001) surface: beyond the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky model.

We investigate the kinetic roughening of Ar+ ion-sputtered Pd(001) surface both experimentally and theoretically. In situ real-time x-ray reflectivity and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy show that nanoscale adatom islands form and grow with increasing sputter time t. Surface roughness W(t) and lateral correlation length xi(t) follow the scaling laws W(t) approximately t(beta) and xi(t) approximately t(1/z) with the exponents beta approximately 0.20 and 1/z approximately 0.20, for an ion beam energy epsilon=0.5 keV, which is inconsistent with the prediction of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) model. We thereby extend the KS model by applying the coarse-grained continuum approach of the Sigmund theory to the order of O(inverted Delta(4),h(2)), where h is the surface height, and derive a new term of the form inverted Delta(2)(inverted Delta h)(2) which plays a decisive role in describing the observed morphological evolution of the sputtered surface.

Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. I. Ion sputtering from self-affine surfaces

As extensive experimental studies have shown, under certain conditions, ion bombardment of solid targets induces a random (self-affine) morphology on the ion-eroded surfaces. The rough morphology development is known to cause substantial variations in the sputtering yields. In this article, we present a theoretical model describing the sputter yields from random, self-affine surfaces subject to energetic ion bombardment. We employ the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering, modified for the case of self-affine surfaces, to compute the sputter yields. We find that the changes in the sputtering yield, associated with the non-planar surface morphology, are strongly dependent on the parameters characterizing the surface roughness (such as the saturation width and the correlation length) and the incident ion beam (such as the incident ion energy and the deposited energy widths). It is shown that, for certain ranges of the parameters variations, surface roughness leads to substantial enhancements in the yield, with magnitude of the effect being more than 100%, as compared to the flat surface value. Furthermore, we find that, depending on the interplay between these parameters, the surface roughness can both enhance and suppress the sputter yields.

Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. II. Ion sputtering from rippled surfaces

Off-normal ion bombardment of solid targets with energetic particles often leads to development of periodically modulated structures on the surfaces of eroded materials. Ion-induced surface roughening, in its turn, causes sputtering yield changes. We report on a comprehensive theoretical study of the effect of rippled surface morphology on the sputtering yields. The yield is computed as a function of the parameters characterizing the surface morphology and the incident ion beam, using the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering. We find that the surface morphology development may cause substantial variations in the sputter yields, depending on a complex interplay between the parameters characterizing the ripple structure and the incident ion beam. For certain realizations of the ripple structure, the surface morphology is found to induce enhanced, relative to the flat surface value, sputtering yields. On the other hand, there exist regimes in which the sputtering yield is suppressed by the surface roughness below the flat surface result. We confront the obtained theoretical results with available experimental data and find that our model provides an excellent qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement with the results of experimental studies.

Element sensitive atom beam etching based on projectile mass

A new approach of ion/atom beam etching is proposed, which utilizes the projectile mass dependence of the sputtering process. As a model experiment, we etch YBa 2Cu 3O 7− δ films using inert gases having different masses. Various etching characteristics are found to depend evidently on the mass of the gases. Substantial improvements such as 2.5-fold increase of the etching selectivity and the reduction of the etching damage of the etched area are demonstrated by using Kr. A primitive semi-empirical extension of Sigmund theory is proposed, which explains the results indeed as a mass effect and suggests the directions of further improvements. The results show a new important factor in plasma and ion/atom beam etching, which can be useful for realizing artificial structures of metal oxides.

Argon bombardment-induced topography and sputter yields on Si 0.84Ge 0.16

The argon ion sputter yields of epitaxial Si 0.84Ge 0.16 films on a Si substrate are presented for different ion energies (0.5–5 keV) and angles of incidence (0–70°). The results were obtained by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the sputter depths of shielded samples. There was reasonable agreement between the experimental sputter yields and the predictions from the Sigmund theory. The results showed the applicability of this method using AFM to determine sputter yields of thin films. The surface topographies of the unbombarded and sputtered surfaces were characterised by AFM and were quantified in terms of the rms roughness. The results showed that very little topography developed on the surfaces due to the ion bombardment. The rms roughness exhibited no significant dependence on the ion energy or the angle of incidence. There was only a slight correlation with the ion dose density.

Angular and energy effects in sputtering of hexadecanethiol monolayers self-assembled on Ag(111)

Sputtering of monolayers of hexadecanethiol (HDT) molecules CH 3(CH 2) 15SH self-assembled on Ag(111) was studied with 1150 eV He + bombardment under different angles of incidence ranging from 27° to 71° and with different He + ion energies (800–1900 eV for 50°). Sputtering kinetics in the dose range from 1×10 14 to 1×10 16 cm −2 was monitored with ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS, UPS) and metastable induced electron spectroscopy (MIES). A two-stage process in degradation of the layer under ion irradiation including high-rate fragmentation of standing hydrocarbon chains with formation of CC double bonds and ion desorption of the sulfur sublayer could be distinguished. The initial sputtering yield of fragments increases with incident angle as Y 0= Y 0(0°)/cos β. It lies in the range of 0.7–1.9 molecules/ion (11–30 CH 2-groups/ion). On the basis of a model of sputtering of the HDT film, a cross-section of chain fragmentation was evaluated to be about 1.52±0.1 Å 2. This cross-section, as well as Y 0, decreases with increasing ion energy, exhibiting a linear correlation with the calculated ion energy loss in the HDT monolayer. The angular and energy dependencies of the sulfur desorption cross-section are compared with calculations based on Winters–Sigmund theory.

Sputtering yields of thin films for MeV microbeam irradiation: Preliminary results

Abstract Experimental sputtering yields of thin films for 1.725 MeV 1H+ bombardment have been measured on various targets of thicknesses from 2 to 320 nm: carbon, titanium, chromium, nickel, tantalum, tantalum oxide and gold. The results are compared to old models from Goldman and Kaminsky and to Sigmund's theory. Relatively good agreement between experimental data and theory is found. The influence of some parameters including the nature of the target, the target thickness, the nature of the substrate and the nature of the projectile is discussed.

Surface compositional changes of InP due to krypton ion bombardment

AbstractSputtering of the (110) and (100) surfaces of InP by Kr+ ions resulted in a preferential loss of the phosphorus species leaving an In‐enriched surface. The equilibrium Kr+‐sputtered surface composition of InP was determined by means of Auger electron spectroscopy. The sputtered surface composition ratio was independent of crystal orientation and ion energy (between 0.5 and 5 keV). Owing to a lack of other experimental krypton sputtering data, the experimentally obtained surface composition ratios were compared to the Sigmund theory for preferential sputtering in the linear cascade regime. A comparison with the Sigmund spike model showed the absence of spike effects in this krypton ion energy regime. A reasonable agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the Sigmund predictions. There was a correlation between the angle of incidence of the bombarding Kr+ ions and the final surface composition: The preferential sputtering effect became less with increasing angle of incidence θi (measured from the surface normal). The results show that the ratio of the phosphorus to indium compositions, namely X/X ∝ (cos θi)−a with a ≃ 0.24, and where θi is the angle of incidence of the ion beam with respect to the sample normal. This result is explained in terms of a model using the angle dependence of the sputtering yield of the constituent elements.

Mechanism of Thin Film Formation by Sputtering in Transition Metals.

Using a PIG-type micro-sputtering apparatus developed by the authors, thin films of 18 different transition metals are deposited on glass substrates under the same sputtering conditions and the deposition rate of each metal is measured in Ar or Xe atmosphere. The relation between the deposition rate measured and the atomic number for each element in 4, 5 and 6 of the periodic systems is shown. A correlation was found between the measured rates and the reciprocals of the cohesive energy of the target metals. Further it was found that, for each metal, the specific deposition rate(Rs) obtained by reference to the rate for Mn is proportional to the specific theoretical sputtering yield(Ys) calculated by Sigmund. These results give an experimental proof to Sigmund's theory which has not been supported by experimentally so far. The authors propose a method as to how to estimate the deposition rate using sputtering yield(Y) calculated by Sigmund theory. The deposition rates for Ir, Os and Rh etc. are estimated by the authors from Sigmund's values.

Sputtering of compound semiconductor surfaces. I. Ion-solid interactions and sputtering yields

Abstract Several phenomena occur on the surface of a solid when being bombarded by energetic ions. A short general review is given of the major ion-solid interactions on compound semiconductor surfaces. An in-depth discussion is presented of the total sputtering yields of component semiconductors. For this discussion, GaAs is assumed to be the prototype compound semiconductor because most experimental measurements exist for GaAs. To exclude any chemical effects in the sputter yields, only the total sputtering yield data for argon ion bombardment of GaAs are compared with the predictions of the major sputtering theories, with particular attention to the Sigmund theory for linear cascade sputtering. Different proposals of each of the parameters in this theory are presented and compared with the GaAs data. These parameters are the surface binding energy, the nuclear stopping power, and the factor α, which represents the fraction of energy available for sputtering. Use of the different parameters results in a...