Side Width Research Articles

Using Ear Molding to Treat Congenital Auricular Deformities.

Objective: To explore the utility of ear molding in the treatment of congenital auricular deformations.Study Design: A retrospective chart/photograph review of a consecutive series of infants treated with the EarWell System from 2017 to 2020 was performed. Data on type of auricular deformity, treatment side, and auricular length and width were collected weekly for all study participants.Result: A total of 173 patients (274 ears) with congenital auricular anomalies were included. The treatment duration for lop ears and Stahl's ears was shorter than for other deformations. The mean treatment EarWell duration of participants who started ear molding within 14 days of birth was shorter than that of those who started treatment more than 14 days after birth with the same ear deformation. For participants with unilateral ear deformities, the length and width of both the affected and healthy ears increased over the course of treatment, equalizing after 3 weeks. For participants with bilateral ear deformities, the length and width of both ears increased rapidly over the first 3 weeks of treatment, and the length and width of both ears gradually equalized after treatment.Conclusion: Ear molding is an important intervention for treating congenital auricular deformations, and can increase auricular length and width. Early identification and initiation of treatment is crucial in the management of congenital auricular deformation.

Execution of investigation on permeable radiant stoves for domestic cooking utilizations

The multifunctional ability of the porous medium combustion technology is proposed for in-house applications where low flame discharge and high efficacy is desired. The research includes the experimentation with the three different types of burners that comprise porous as the medium with distinctive geometrical viable considerations. In the present study, the three permeable burners (measuring 90 mm, 70 mm and a burner uniquely shaped with an upper side width of 90 mm) with a common length of 50 mm are selected as variables for conducting trials. The warm output of the three permeable burners was measured to obtain the maximum efficacy possible with the setup. The burner used in this experimentation consists of two zones: one is ignition and the second is preheating. The piece on which the experiments were held consisted of chunks of steel of 0.65 cm and in the zone of ignition consisted of SiC of 10ppi. The height of the ignition section was maintained constant for all the burners. Liquified petroleum gas was used as the fuel to conduct the study. The burner used in this experimentation consists of two zones: one is ignition and the second is preheating. The best performance with extreme efficacy of 76.5% in terms of (Φ) power of 0.50 and 0.85 kW was obtained from permeable burner with 90 mm wide compared to available stoves.

Evaluation of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Proportion Using the Novel TR Proportion

Aim: The aim is to evaluate the maxillary anterior tooth proportion relationship using different calculations. Materials and Methods: Forty pleasing smile photographs were evaluated for the different calculations. Mesiodistal width of all the maxillary anterior teeth were measured and were subjected to different calculations like individual tooth width divided by the combined width of all the anterior teeth of one side and individual tooth width divided by the combined width of the remaining two teeth of one side. Calculated results were tabulated and were subjected to descriptive statistics. Results: Among the various formulas, the mesiodistal width of canine divided by the sum of mesiodistal width of central, lateral incisors, and canine showed the consistent quotient of 0.3 for all the subjects. Mesiodistal width individual teeth like central incisors when divided by the combined width of central incisor, lateral incisor and canine, also showed the constant quotient of 0.3 for all the patients. The sum of Mesiodistal width of central and lateral incisor when divided by combined width of central, lateral incisor and canine gave the constant value of 0.6. Conclusion: The consistent quotients obtained by the formulas like width of central incisors and the canine divided by the combined width of central-lateral incisors-canine and the other formulas can be used for building up of the missing teeth and the smile designing.

The aspect ratio of the palpebral fissure as a new blepharoptosis parameter

Although the margin reflex distance (MRD) is widely used to assess blepharoptosis, it has some drawbacks (e.g. inaccuracy in severe ptosis). A new parameter is desired. We digitally analyzed pre- and post-operative photographs of 95 patients with blepharoptosis. We set a rectangle with the vertical sides at the lateral and medial canthus and the horizontal sides at the highest and lowest points of the eyelids. We calculated the percentage of the vertical side (height) to the horizontal side (width) and defined this value as the vertical percentage of the palpebral fissure. The MRD and the vertical percentage values were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient 0.766). In the 77 bilateral cases, both sides showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 28.9 to 37.3%, right) and (28.7 to 36.1%, left). In the 18 unilateral cases, the affected side showed significant improvement in vertical percentage (from 29.6 to 38.7%), while the unaffected side showed no change. In the eight patients who underwent re-operation, the revised side’s vertical percentage was not improved after the first operation (from 28.0 to 31.3%), and the revision significantly changed the vertical percentage to 39.0%. In the re-operated patients, the difference between the right and left sides decreased significantly from 6.7 to 1.9% post-revision. The aspect ratio of each palpebral fissure (the percentage of height to width) reflected the progression of blepharoptosis and the post-operative changes. The aspect ratio thus has the potential to be a new parameter for blepharoptosis.

Effect of soaking time and temperature on water absorption capacity and dimensional changes of bulgur

AbstractBackground and objectivesSoaking is a processing treatment used in different grain. The objective of the present work is to study the water absorption of bulgur (precooked, dried, and debranned durum wheat), at various temperatures (35, 50, 60 and 65°C) by measuring the moisture content with respect to time. The effect of soaking time and temperature on three dimensions was examined (length: “a (mm)”; crease side width: “b (mm)”; secondary width: “c (mm)”). Weight, volume, sphericity, and density of the precooked, dried, and debranned wheat kernel were also measured.FindingsThe results indicated higher water absorption capacity at higher temperature. Peleg's model was successfully used to evaluate water absorption during soaking. Peleg's model constants were investigated relative to temperature and confirmed a higher absorption capacity of water. Moreover, during soaking, all the dimensions as well as weight and volume percentages increased with time and temperature. The percent change of secondary width “c” was affected by both temperature and time soaked, indicating that it was the most important parameter controlling the deformation and shape of the kernel.ConclusionBulgur kernel had higher water absorption due to the absence of the outer bran layer, which acts as a barrier for water absorption.Significance and novetlyModeling the water absorption of bulgur during soaking and measuring its size is important since it help industries to control the soaking operation and further cooking operation and then to optimize industrial process dishes based with bulgur.

The wake of a wall-mounted rectangular cylinder: Cross-sectional aspect ratio effect

Abstract Large-eddy simulations are performed to study the wake of a wall-mounted finite-length rectangular prism at a Reynolds number Re ​= ​1.2 ​× ​104 for the prism aspect ratio AR (= h/a) ​= ​7 and the boundary-layer thickness ratio δ/h ​= ​0.08, where h is the prism span and a is the frontal width of the prism cross-section. Besides, parallel experiments are conducted to provide validation for the numerical simulations. This work aims to explore the dependence of the wake dynamics on the prism cross-sectional aspect ratio CR (= b/a) that is varied from 1 to 4, where b is the side width of the prism cross-section. It has been found that the flow separating from the leading edges of the side and top faces does not reattach for CR ​= ​1–2 but does once CR ​> ​2. This difference produces a profound effect on Strouhal number, drag coefficient, and flow structure. Two types of spiral streamwise tip vortices are captured over the top face, i.e. the primary and secondary vortices. The primary vortices give rise to the dipole structure in the wake for CR ​≤ ​2 but the spiral vortices on the side faces for CR ​> ​2. The formation and evolution mechanisms of these vortical structures including their interconnections and dependence on CR are discussed in detail. The conceptual models for the near-wake flow structures are also proposed with and without flow reattachment.

Epitaxial Growth of Ordered In-Plane Si and Ge Nanowires on Si (001).

Controllable growth of wafer-scale in-plane nanowires (NWs) is a prerequisite for achieving addressable and scalable NW-based quantum devices. Here, by introducing molecular beam epitaxy on patterned Si structures, we demonstrate the wafer-scale epitaxial growth of site-controlled in-plane Si, SiGe, and Ge/Si core/shell NW arrays on Si (001) substrate. The epitaxially grown Si, SiGe, and Ge/Si core/shell NW are highly homogeneous with well-defined facets. Suspended Si NWs with four {111} facets and a side width of about 25 nm are observed. Characterizations including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirm the high quality of these epitaxial NWs.

Use of a novel Screen-Enrich-Combine(-biomaterials) Circulating System to fill a 3D-printed open Ti6Al4V frame with mesenchymal stem cells/β-tricalcium phosphate to repair complex anatomical bone defects in load-bearing areas.

BackgroundRepairing complex anatomical load-bearing bone defects is difficult because it requires the restoration of the load-bearing function, reconstructing the anatomical shape, and repair by regenerated bone. We previously developed a Screen–Enrich–Combine(-biomaterials) Circulating System (SECCS) for rapid intraoperative enrichment of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to enhance the osteogenic ability of porous bone substitutes. In this study, we prepared a 3D-printed Ti6A14V macroporous frame matching the defect shape to provide early load-bearing support and evaluated the efficacy of filling the frame with SECCS-processed MSCs/beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) for long-term bone growth.MethodsFifteen 2-year-old goats were involved in this study, and the lateral part of their distal femur was removed by an electric saw and was fitted by a matching electron beam melting technology-prepared (EBM) Ti6Al4V frame. Three types of frames, filled with nothing, pure porous β-TCP, or SECCS-processed MSCs/β-TCP, were fixed onto the defect site. Repair efficacy was evaluated by X-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT), histology, and histomorphometry.ResultsIn the basic regular hexagon printing unit, the combined side width (w) and the inscribed circle diameter (d) determines the printing frame’s mechanical strength. The compressive load was significantly higher for w=1.9 mm, d=4.4 mm than for w=1.7 mm, d=4.0 mm or w=2.0 mm, d=5.0 mm (P<0.05). The EBM-prepared Ti6Al4V defect-matched frame was well maintained 9 months after implantation. The MSCs successfully adhered to the wall of the porous β-TCP in the SECCS-processed group and had spread fully in the test samples. Each goat in the MSCs/β-TCP–the filled group, had approximately 31,321.7±22,554.7 of MSCs and a larger area of new bone growth inside the frame than the control and blank areas groups.ConclusionsFilling the 3D-printed Ti6Al4V large-aperture frame with osteogenic materials achieved biological reconstruction over a larger area of regenerated bone to repair complex anatomical weight-bearing bone defects under the condition of early frame-supported load bearing. MSCs/β-TCP prepared by SECCS can be used as a filling material for this type of bone defect to obtain more efficacious bone repair.

Heat transfer and flow around cylinder: Effect of corner radius and Reynolds number

This numerical study aims to investigate the flow around, heat transfer from, and aerodynamic forces on a square cylinder with the corner radius ratio r/R = 0.0 – 1.0 and Reynolds number Re = 40 180, where r is the cylinder corner radius and R is the half side width of the cylinder. The critical Reynolds number (Recr) for the onset of vortex shedding is found to vary from 49.5 to 46.75 when r/R is increased from 0.0 to 1.0. The dependence of the flow topology on the Re – r/R domain leads to four major flow patterns: steady trailing-edge separated flow, unsteady trailing-edge separated flow, unsteady separation-bubble flow, and unsteady leading-edge separated flow which are distinguished by flow separation, reattachment, boundary layer, and separation bubble. Accordingly, forces, Strouhal number, Nusselt number, and wake structure parameters all are dependent on r/R and Re. The dependence of each parameter is presented in the r/R – Re domain. The Strouhal number and Nusselt number are equally sensitive to both r/R and Re, increasing with increasing r/R and Re. Forces, on the other hand, are more sensitive to Re than r/R. The maximum velocity in the shear layer increases with r/R and Re while the boundary-layer displacement thickness behaves oppositely, shrinking with increasing r/R and Re.

Importance of sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus and mandibular inter coronoid distance of Vijayawada City population in Andhra Pradesh: An original research

Background: Mass fatality incidents occur due to environmental, medical, vehicle, industrial, or terrorist events that can involve large numbers of victims. Identification of these victims is of utmost importance in these situations. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) may be helpful in some forensic contexts, offering several advantages for postmortem forensic imaging. Aim: The research study aims to evaluate the sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus and inter coronoid distance to estimate sex by using CBCT. Materials and Methods: In 40 CBCT scans of 20 males and 20 females, maxillary sinuses height, width and inter coronoid distances of mandible were measured for forensic analysis. In high quality, reconstructed images of bilateral maxillary sinuses, height, and width were measured, and in mandible, inter coronoid was measured in axial view. Results were tabulated and analyzed using an unpaired t-test and discriminant function analysis used to compare differences in the measured parameters between males and females. Results: Mean values of inter coronoid in males and females are (♂ =88.1, ♀ =78.1). The maxillary sinus right side height and width (♂ =32.2, ♀ =24.6) (♂ =19.7, ♀ =19.6) left side height and width (♂ =32.7, ♀ =23.6) (♂ =18.1, ♀ =17.8), respectively. A statistically significant (P

Expert versus Novice Assessment of Clothing Fit; an Exploratory Study Using Eye Tracking Technology

An analysis was conducted of the differences between expert and novice apparel practitioner’s areas of attention and criteria when assessing the fit of a shirt, using goggle type eye-trackers and a questionnaire. The areas of interest (AOIs) which the expert group viewed longer than the novice group during fit assessment were at the collar, waist, side seam line, and dart; the novice group viewed across the front, the waist, and the hem area longer. Also, experts viewed the armhole more frequently than novices. Heat map records of viewing time showed that the gaze of the experts was distributed, viewing the waist, hem, side seam line, dart, and armhole, but the novices generally spent concentrated time assessing the front of the shirts. In the assessment items that were identified through questionnaires, the novices did not acknowledge fit criteria such as the verticality and balance of the front and back of the shirt at the side seam, hem balance, depth and width of the armholes, slope of the shoulders, bicep height, or grainline. The study identified AOIs and fit criteria that differed between the expert and novice groups providing results to inform training needs for novices in fit analysis.

Insights into drumlin development from ground-penetrating radar at Múlajökull, Iceland, a surge-type glacier

AbstractDrumlins form at the ice/bed interface through subglacial processes that are not directly observable. The internal stratigraphy of drumlins provides insight into how they developed and associated subglacial processes, but traditional stratigraphic logging techniques are limited to natural exposures and excavations. Using ground-penetrating radar, we imaged the internal stratigraphy of seven drumlins from a recently exposed drumlin field in the forefield of Múlajökull, Iceland. Data were collected with 100 and 200 MHz antennas with maximum resolvable depths of 8 and 4 m, respectively. Longitudinal echograms contained coherent down-ice dipping reflectors over the lengths of the drumlins. Near the drumlin heads (i.e., stoss sides), down-glacier dipping beds lie at high angles to the surface, whereas on the lee sides, the down-glacier dipping beds lie at low angles, or conform, to drumlin surfaces. Transverse echograms exhibited unconformities along the flanks of drumlin heads and conformable bedding across the lee side widths of the drumlins. These observations were ground-truthed with stratigraphic logs from a subset of drumlins and good agreement was found. The stratigraphic patterns support previous conclusions that drumlins at Múlajökull formed on a deformable bed through both depositional and erosional processes which may alternate between its surge and quiescent phases.

Two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibrations of two square cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Reynolds numbers

Although flow past cylinders has a vast spectrum of applications in various fields of engineering, the existence of flow-induced vibrations (FIVs) add a need for a more precise and thorough approach when studying such flows. In this context, this work investigates the FIVs’ mechanism due to two square cylinders placed in tandem arrangement through a characteristics-based-split (CBS) finite element method. Both cylinders, with a low mass ratio (mr= 2), are free to oscillate in in-line and transverse directions. The center-to-center distance of 5D (D being the cylinder side width) is kept fixed between the cylinders. The Reynolds number (Re) is ranged from 40 to 200 with an increment of 40, and computations are carried out for the reduced velocity (Ur) ranging from 3 to 13 under each Re value. Results show that the effects of Re and Ur on the dynamic responses are qualitatively similar for both cylinders. However, effects on the downstream cylinder are stronger due to the upstream wake. For Re equal to or beyond 120, the in-line low-frequency characteristic becomes obvious at some higher values of Ur for the upstream cylinder, whereas it exists over a wide range of Ur for the downstream cylinder. For lower Re (up to 120), cylinders show steady behavior at Ur= 5. However, for higher Re, they vibrate with the maximum amplitudes (especially the in-line amplitude of the downstream cylinder), and show complex wake flow at the same Ur. Compared to higher Re, the maximum vibration amplitudes in the transverse direction of lower Re are relatively higher, while the opposite trend is observed for in-line vibration amplitudes. Several unstable trajectories are also identified other than the typical figure-eight trajectories. In context of vortex shedding, different permutation of steady state, 2S, P+S, and complex modes are observed for different values of Re. It is also noted that the vortex shedding pattern keeps changing in the far wake for higher Re.

Long head of biceps brachii tendon and transverse humeral ligament morphometry and their associated pathology.

As a dynamic stabiliser and flexor of the glenohumeral joint, the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBBT) is further stabilised by the retinacular activities of the transverse humeral ligament (THL). The LHBBT and THL which were obtained from a total of 40 cadaveric upper limb specimens (n = 80; females: 36, males: 44; right: 40, left: 40), were bilaterally dissected and subjected to morphometric evaluation. The results are in millimetres. LHBBT length: 81.99 ± 21.28 right, 79.73 ± 17.27 left; 79.82 ± 19.66 male, 82.14 ± 19.03 female; LHBBT width: 4.28 ± 1.31 right, 4.67 ± 1.43 left; 4.35 ± 1.17 male, 4.63 ± 1.60 female; THL length: 20.91 ± 5.24 right, 21.19 ± 6.63 left; 21.52 ± 5.71 male, 20.48 ± 5.92 female; THL width: 16.65 ± 6.92 right, 16.63 ± 7.49 left; 16.83 ± 6.65 male, 16.40 ± 7.84 female. With larger LHBBT length observed on the right side and larger LHBBT width observed on the left side; both parameters appeared to be distinctly longer in female individuals. On the contrary, the THL length and width were evidently greater in male individuals, with larger lengths and widths present on the left and right sides respectively. These findings may contribute to South African literature and to clinical knowledge as these parameters are important in the successful outcomes of tenotomy, tenodesis and shoulder-related procedures.

Synthesis of Linear Antenna Array with Optimal SLL and Beam Width

In many areas of wireless communications, there is a need for high directive radiating beams. To generate such a high directive beams, a linear array of antennas is preferred to that of using a single antenna. Generally a narrow beam width tends to have high directivity but specific to the applications there is also a need for wider beam widths. In case of a radar application it requires a narrow beam width when it is operating in target mode and on the other hand it requires wider beam width when it works under search mode. These optimal beam width variations can be obtained by using Optimization techniques. In this paper Biogeography based Optimization algorithm is used to generate narrow and wide beam widths for a Linear array antenna. While we try to optimize the beam widths of a linear array it will lead to an increase in the side lobe level which make it unavailable for practical applications. As a sensible antenna should always posses a very low side lobe levels a tradeoff should be made for both side lobe level and beam width. This tradeoff which has an optimal side lobe level along with directivity can be achieved by proposed fitness function optimization. The results obtained by using Genetic algorithm and Biogeography based optimization algorithm are compared.

How do drivers negotiate intersections with pedestrians? The importance of pedestrian time-to-arrival and visibility

Forward collision warning (FCW) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems are increasingly available and prevent or mitigate collisions by alerting the driver or autonomously braking the vehicle. Threat-assessment and decision-making algorithms for FCW and AEB aim to find the best compromise for safety by intervening at the “right” time: neither too early, potentially upsetting the driver, nor too late, possibly missing opportunities to avoid the collision.Today, the extent to which activation times for FCW and AEB should depend on factors such as pedestrian speed and lane width is unknown. To guide the design of FCW and AEB intervention time, we employed a fractional factorial design, and determined how seven factors (crossing side, car speed, pedestrian speed, crossing angle, pedestrian size, zebra-crossing presence, and lane width) affect the driver’s response process and comfort zone when negotiating an intersection with a pedestrian. Ninety-four volunteers drove through an intersection in a fixed-base driving simulator, which was based on open-source software (OpenDS). Several parameters, including pedestrian time-to-arrival and driver response time, were calculated to describe the driver response process and define driver comfort boundaries.Linear mixed-effect models showed that driver responses depended mainly on pedestrian time-to-arrival and visibility, whereas factors such as pedestrian size, zebra-crossing presence, and lane width did not significantly influence the driver response process. Drivers released the accelerator pedal in 99.8 % of the trials and braked in 89 % of the trials. Forty-six percent of the drivers changed their negotiation strategy (proportion of pedal braking to engine braking) to minimize driving effort over the course of the experiment. In fact, 51 % of the of the inexperienced drivers changed their response strategy whereas only 40 % of the experienced drivers did; nevertheless, all drivers behaved similarly, independent of driving experience. The flexible and customizable driving environment provided by OpenDS may be a viable platform for behavioural experiments in driving simulators.Results from this study suggest that visibility and pedestrian time-to-arrival are the most important variables for defining the earliest acceptable FCW and AEB activations. Fractional factorial design effectively compared the influence of seven factors on driver behaviour within a single experiment; however, this design did not allow in-depth data analysis. In the future, OpenDS might become a standard platform, enabling crowdsourcing and favouring repeatability across studies in traffic safety. Finally, this study advises future design and evaluation procedures (e.g. new car assessment programs) for FCW and AEB by highlighting which factors deserve further investigation and which ones do not.

The influence of substrate tilt angle on the morphology of laser cladding layer

Laser cladding technology has been increasingly used in processes of mechanical part and component repairing and remanufacturing. However, current research on the morphology of laser cladding is carried out on the premise of substrate level, it cannot be directly applied to the inclined substrate for laser cladding. This paper studied the influence law of tilt angle on the morphology of laser cladding through geometric parameters and profile of the laser cladding. Results show that substrate tilt angle mainly affects five geometric parameters such as the width and height of the layer cladding, peak shift, elevation side width and reduction side width. And a theoretical model for these geometrical parameters has been established for prediction in this paper. Meanwhile experimental profiles of laser cladding results verified the consistency between the laboratory data and model predictions, which is developed for tilted substrates. It will greatly expand the application range of laser cladding technology on complex parts such as gears.

Simulation and experiment of a diamond‐type micro‐displacement amplifier driven by piezoelectric actuator

The micro-displacement amplifier has been widely used to magnify the outputs of piezoelectric actuators for some large displacement required applications, and the amplification and frequency are the most important elements for designing the amplifying mechanisms. This study presents the design of a diamond-type micro-displacement amplifier (DMDA) and simulates its working performances by using the finite element method. After the theoretical values of amplification and natural frequency are calculated, the effects of system parameters such as angle, arm and body thicknesses, corner radius, side and edge widths, on the changes of amplification and stability are studied. Then experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical simulations and further study the amplification mechanism. Finally, a micro-droplet jetting dispenser featuring the DMDA is constructed. The perfect jetting performance shows the good application of DMDA in microelectronics packaging field. This study finds that with the increase of the angle and the arm thickness, the amplification decreases and the natural frequency increases obviously. A larger value of corner radius or side width produces a smaller natural frequency. Besides, the increase of edge width enlarges the amplification and reduces the natural frequency. This study can be used to guide the design of this kind of micro-displacement amplifier.

Effect of cylinder corner radius and attack angle on heat transfer and flow topology

The flow topology, heat transfer, and forces are numerically studied for a cylinder with its cross-section varied from square to circular by changing the cylinder corner radius ratio r/R = 0–1.0, where r is the corner radius and R is the half side width of the cylinder. The flow attack angle α is varied from 0° to 45°. The dependence of the flow on r/R and α leads to four flow patterns (A, B, C, and D). The effect of α on heat transfer and forces is large when r/R is small. The r/R largely affects the heat transfer at α < 30° and forces at α > 10°. The heat transfer for a given r/R enhances with increasing α. It is minimum at α = 0°, r/R = 0 and maximum at α = 45°, r/R = 0.5, with the maximum being 37% more than the minimum. The sensitiveness of heat transfer and forces to r/R and α is ascribed to the change in the boundary layer, side-surface bubble, primary wake bubble, and secondary wake bubble. The boundary layer largely contributes to the heat transfer while the primary wake bubble is largely connected to the forces. The vortex formation length is inversely linked to heat transfer and forces, with the heat transfer more influenced by the formation length than by the wake width.

Morphometry of frontal sinus in correlation to age and gender by computed tomography

Introduction: The frontal sinus is funnel-shaped cavity separated by septum. The frontal sinus is unique to individual and often thought as a more symptomatic sinus because of the difficulties encountered in treatment of frontal rhino sinusitis. It requires the clinician to have precise knowledge of nasal sinus anatomy in the surgical treatment of sinusitis in recent years, particularly in endonasal endoscopic surgery. Materials and Methods: 100 patients (72 males and 28 females) undergoing coronal and axial sections of computed tomography scan of frontal sinus of head and neck aged between 1year to 90 years at the radiology department, Vydehi institute of medical science & research centre, Bangalore for reasons other than due to craniofacial abnormalities or sinus problem were taken for the study. Volume and dimensions of the frontal sinuses with its anatomical variations were obtained. Mean, SD, significant difference between age & gender was calculated. Results: Mean value of all the parameters of frontal sinus of both right & left were more in males compared to females. Compared between sides, all the parameters of both sides in males were more in right sinus than left side, in females right depth & volume were more on right side & height & width were more on left side. There is a significant difference in height of right frontal sinus, width & volume of left frontal sinus between male & female. The maximum height was observed in the age group in males on right side was in 51-60 yrs & on left side was 71-80yrs, in females on right & left side was 61-70 yrs. The Maximum width, depth & volume of sinus in males & females on right & left side were in age group 51-60 yrs. There is a significant difference both side in males & females and in right & left sinus in depth was in age group 11-20 yrs & on right side in 21-30 yrs age group. Conclusion: These results will be helpful in understanding normal and pathological conditions of the frontal sinuses & useful in clinic