Side Of Plate Research Articles

Fracture supracondylar femur treated with various modalities of treatment-an exploratory study

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Present study looked at functional outcomes and rate of complications in cases of adult supracondylar-intercondylar femur fractures treated with different treatment modalities at a tertiary care government hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted over 2 years wherein 23 patients with fracture in intercondylar-supracondylar region were included. The different implants and surgical techniques used in the study were: Condylar blade plate, dynamic condylar screw (DCS) with side plate, buttress plate single, supracondylar nail technique and TARPO technique. Neer’s criteria was used to compare functional outcome with different modalities of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight out of 11 patients treated using DCS with side plate-showed excellent results as per Neer’s criteria. Excellent results were observed in 3 out of 4 fractures fixed with GSH supra-condylar nail, 3 out of 3 in those fixed with TARPO technique, 0 out of 3 in patients managed using buttress plate and 1 out of 2 patients treated with blade plate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Closed method of reduction followed by internal fixation (TARPO technique and GSH nail) is better than open reduction (Buttress plate, DCS with side plate and condylar blade plate) for the management of fracture supracondylar femur. DCS with side plate by open method is at par with GSH nail and TARPO technique for knee ROM and rate of complications. It is recommended that, the Neer’s criteria should not be utilised in isolation for the purpose of comparing outcomes in cases of fracture supracondylar femur.</p><p> </p>

Vibration Characteristics of Flexible Steel Plate on Proposed Magnetic Levitation System Using Gravity

Flexible steel plates are generally transported by rollers; however, the contact between the rollers and the steel plate degrades the surface quality of the plate. To solve this problem, noncontact transportation of steel plates using electromagnetic force has been proposed. However, ultrathin flexible steel plates can easily fall owing to deflection. A magnetic levitation system using electromagnets installed in the horizontal direction has also been proposed to improve the levitation performance of a conventional system. However, it is difficult to control vibrations with such a system because flexible steel plates are elastically deformed into complex shapes by gravity. Therefore, an electromagnetic levitation system was proposed, wherein electromagnets were installed near the edge of the steel plate such that it could be controlled with noncontact grip, such as by allowing one side of the steel plate to hang. This system is expected to improve levitation stability because the moment of inertia increases with vertical levitation and simplifies the control system. In addition, this system actively uses gravity acting on a steel plate to decrease its deflection. The use of gravity to suppress deflection is novel. In this study, the feasibility of magnetic levitation using the proposed system was investigated using magnetic field analysis. Its usefulness was investigated experimentally using a constructed magnetic levitation system. In addition, it was found that a magnetic levitation system that maintains the standing position generates a peculiar vibration.

An experimental study of FRP truss side plate joint

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) slab - fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) truss hybrid beam has been proved as an effective and advanced bridge system. However, the limited shear strength and the significantly lower transverse properties compared with its longitudinal counterparts result in low rigidity and load carrying capacity of bolted FRP truss joints, which governs the overall performance of the UHPC slab- FRP truss hybrid beam. A FRP truss side plate joint was proposed which integrates a steel U-shaped gusset plate (SUGP) to reinforce the traditional bolted joint. The proposed joint outperformed the conventional bolted joints in terms of the failure mode, load carrying capacity, and stiffness. The load carrying capacity of the proposed joint can be improved by up to 63% and the ultimate deflection was reduced by up to 33%. The effects of a variety of key design parameters, including adhesive, bolt diameter, pre-torque, and length and thickness of the gusset plate, on the performance of the SUGP joint were evaluated. Test results showed that: (i) the adhesive between the pultruded FRP profiles and the steel gusset plate could increase both the initial stiffness and ultimate load carrying capacity of the steel SUGP joint; (ii) length and thickness of the steel gusset plate did not result in notable difference in the behavior of the steel SUGP joint for the range of parameters investigated herein; and (iii) application of pre-tightening torque within the thread of the bolts slightly improved the load carrying capacity but significantly improved the ductility of the steel SUGP joint.

Vortex Control Using Plate Type Floor Splitter in Pump Intake

Pump sump design is very crucial in ensuring a minimum requirement for its operation. Improper pump sump design will influence the development of vortices and swirls that can adversely affect the pump efficiency which subsequently could damage the pump. This can be mitigated by installing an anti-vortex device (AVD) beneath the intake pipe in the pump sump. The AVD works by suppressing the development of vortices and swirls in the flow of water into the intake pipe. ANSI/HI 9.8-2012 standard has outlined various AVD shapes and concepts that can be used. This experimental study was conducted to determine the appropriate parameters and configurations of twin plate floor splitter (TPFS) to suppress the development of vortex in the intake pipe. Geometries and other outlines in experiments were based on the guidelines by ANSI/HI 9.8-2012. The AVD model variations used were models with no floor splitter, single plate floor splitter (SPFS), and TPFS with 25 mm, 45 mm and 65 mm gap variations. The results showed that the distance between the two sides of twin plate affects the number of vortex generation and the swirl angle reduction. The number of vortices increased with the distance between the plates but with lower localized vortex intensity. However, the TPFS models that were used produced a swirl angle of less than 5° with the 25 mm variation producing the lowest swirl angle of 2.41°. The use of TPFS shows significantly improved performance in swirl angle reduction and vortex suppression as compared to no AVD case.

Key Technology for Construction of Steel-concrete Composite Suspending Cofferdam without Bottom Cover for Platform of Coastal Intercommunication Project

<p>Many bridge piers were built in the Coastal Interconnection Project of the Ningbo Section of the Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway Double Line. Affected by the tides at the bridge site, the high pile caps are constructed using a suspending cofferdam without a bottom cover. Based on the consideration of various factors such as construction difficulty, safety, cost and construction period, etc. A cement structure is generally adopted as the floor of the suspended box cofferdam. The steel-concrete combined hanging box cofferdam without bottom cover adopts the structure of steel wall plate and prefabricated cement floor, and the partition wall plates are connected by bolts. The steel-concrete composite suspending cofferdam adopts the prefabricated bottom plate and wall plate. The construction sequence is listed as follows: First, weld the load-bearing corbel on the steel casing, and then hoist the prefabricated bottom plate to the steel casing corbel in blocks. Pour the wet joint between the prefabricated bottom plate and install the side plate. After that, pour the cushion after welding the shear plate. Finally, carry out the construction of the cap. During the construction of the project, the connection method between the wall plate and the bottom plate was optimized. The connection of the fine-rolled rebar hanger rod was changed to the steel bar pair pulling, which improved the construction efficiency significantly.</p>

Plastic deformation of ultra-thin pure titanium sheet subject to tension-compression loadings

Measurement of the Bauschinger effect of ultra-thin metallic sheet by the conventional tension-compression (TC) test is challenging due to the premature buckling during compression. In this study, a test method based on a multi-layered sandwich specimen is newly introduced to suppress the buckling in the uniaxial compression. Theoretical calibration is conducted for obtaining accurate flow stress under compression by correcting the effects of adhesive and friction induced by supporting side plates. Also, strains during the TC tests are measured by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. From the proposed TC test with the sandwich specimen, plastic deformation of 0.1-mm-thick ultra-thin pure titanium sheet was investigated under reverse loading. Finally, the constitutive model based on the distortional hardening concept is newly developed and calibrated to reproduce the Bauschinger effect of the investigated ultra-thin sheet subject to TC loadings.

Study on Behavior of CO2 Gas Shielded Welding Joint of Ultrafine Grain Steel

This research paper mainly studied the microstructure and hardness of the weld bead and welding heat affected zone of ultrafine grain steel after CO2 gas-shielded welding. After normalizing and quenching heat treatment, the changes in microstructure and hardness of welded joints were studied. These experimental results showed that the microstructure of the weld bead of the welded joint was dendritic. The microstructure of weld bead was a mixed structure of proeutectoid ferrite, side plate ferrite, bainite, and pearlite. The microstructure of the overheated zone of HAZ under the as-welded condition was ferrite and pearlite with coarse grains, and the normalized zone was pearlite and ferrite with smaller grains than that of base metal. The microstructure of the normalized + quenched welded joint was a mixture of low carbon martensite, pearlite and ferrite, and the ferrite content was less. The hardness change of these welded joints was that the welded joint hardness after normalizing + quenching was significantly higher than that of welded joints before heat treatment.

Study on Wear Mechanism of Bell-shaped cover of Vertical Scraper Centrifuge

Based on the basic structure and working principle of vertical scraper discharge centrifuge and combined with the actual use, this paper puts forward the main influencing factors of bell-shaped cover wear, studies the wear characteristics of materials on bell-shaped cover, analyzes its wear mechanism, and determines the easily worn parts. Taking the bell-shaped bell-shaped cover of the LLL1200 vertical scraper discharge centrifuge as the research object, the speed and angle of materials eroding the bell-shaped cover at each position are calculated through the analysis of the movement track and force of solid materials in the centrifuge. The erosion and wear speed of materials on the outer end of the rib plate side is the maximum, 23.06 m/s, the speed on the inner wall of the coal retaining ring is slightly lower, 13.87 m/s, and the speed on the upper surface of the rib plate is the minimum, 0.53~ 0.69 m/s. In addition, two methods to prolong the service life of the bell-shaped cover are proposed. The industrial application shows that inlaying alumina wear-resistant ceramics on the bell-shaped cover is the most effective and simple method.

Radiative cooling layer boosting hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned surface for efficient water harvesting

Water harvesting from fog is of considerable interest as a nominated solution to freshwater shortage in arid and underdeveloped regions. The unique hydrophilic and hydrophobic patterns on the dorsal surface of the Namib Desert Beetle have been shown to be an evolving and effective strategy for harvesting water from air. Illuminated by the Namib desert beetle, different elaborate patterns based on aluminum plates were established and their water harvesting efficiency was investigated from a comparative perspective. The results showed that the vein-like patterned surfaces had the highest (786.15 mg∙cm−2 h−1) water collection efficiency. However, the heat released during the condensation process affected the water collection rate. In order to reduce the re-evaporation rate of water droplets, a radiant cooling layer was designed on the other side of the water collection plate to release the condensation heat. The radiation cooling layer employed MgHPO4ꞏ0.78 H2O as the functional particle and P(VDF-HFP) as the adhesive. Benefitted from radiative cooling layer, the water collection efficiency could be increased by 198.51 mg∙cm−2 h−1. The water collection material with double-sided function structure has low preparation costs and green raw materials. This work provides an effective way to develop key materials with freshwater harvesting capabilities.

Investigation of local heat transfer from a flat plate impinged by an inclined circular jet

Experiments are performed to study the influence of an oblique jet on convective heat transfer to a vertical heated plate. The local heat transfer coefficient is investigated parametrically for Reynolds numbers ranging from 10000 to 75000 and jet to plate spacing of 3–20 d for different inclinations of a jet in the range of 15°–75°. The experiments are carried out on a flat rectangular surface of 600 × 300 × 0.1 mm3, hit by a jet of 11.5 mm diameter, with air as the working fluid. The infrared technique is used to examine the temperature contours over the entire section of the test plate. The present investigation deals with the effect of inclination on cooling at different locations over the plate locally in all directions from the point of impingement. The effect of Reynolds number and jet to plate spacing due to inclined jet at different orientations on the longitudinal, lateral, and intercardinal axial location is studied. The study also focuses on the heat transfer phenomenon happening on the far side of the test plate. The correlation analysis is performed on the current experimental data. The local Nusselt number correlations for the inclined jet are suggested that predict the present experimental results as a function of the geometrical and flow parameters.

Dual-Band Highly Isolated Eight-Element MIMO Antenna for 5G Mobile Phone

Based on the characteristic mode analysis (CMA) theory, a compact dual-band dual antenna pair with high element isolation function for 5G mobile terminal is proposed and designed in this paper. The antenna pair is composed of a pair of symmetrical stacked F-shaped radiators printed on the outside of the side frame, perpendicular to the main board. Based on the proposed decoupled antenna pairs, four pairs of antenna pairs are placed at both ends of two long side plates, and an 8-element MIMO antenna is proposed. High isolation in the operating frequency bands are achieved by using grounding branches and defective ground structure (DGS). All radiation elements are etched on a low-cost FR4 substrate with a total size of 150 × 75 × 6.8 mm3. The prototype of the antenna array is fabricated and measured. The working range of the antenna pair can cover 3.4GHz-3.6GHz,4.8GHz-5GHz 5G frequency bands and 5GHz-6GHz WLAN / WiFi / WiMax frequency bands. Besides, the isolation between any adjacent array elements are also > 15dB and > 16dB respectively, the total efficiency are 52%–75% and 58%–88% respectively, and the measured envelope correlation coefficients (ECC) are <0.16. Furthermore, user’s head effects are investigated and desirable results are obtained. The above results show that this proposed antenna array is a good candidate for MIMO applications in 5G smartphones.

Experimental and numerical study of swirl impingement cooling for turbine blade leading edge with internal ridged wall and film extraction holes

This paper presents a comparative experimental and numerical study of the internal heat transfer and pressure loss of swirl impingement cooling for turbine blade leading edge with internal ridges and film extraction holes. The leading edge cooling study includes a typical impingement cooling with centerline normal jets, a swirl impingement cooling with offset jets, and a swirl impingement cooling with offset jets and ridged wall. The normal jets are arranged at the impingement plate centerline, and the offset jets adopt a staggered arrangement alternatively on the lateral sides of the impingement plate. The ridged concave wall features two small semi-circular ridges symmetrically on opposite sides under the offset jets. Three rows of film holes are arranged symmetrically on the leading edge cavity, and another two rows of film holes are arranged on the opposite cavity wall behind. Transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) experiments are conducted to obtain the detailed heat transfer distributions on the internal surface of the leading edge cavities with different cooling configurations. The results show that in the swirl impingement cooling, the swirling flow induced by the offset jets impinging onto the concave wall improves the streamwise heat transfer uniformity on the leading edge internal wall, which overcomes the limitation of large heat transfer non-uniformness between jet stagnation region and surrounding regions in typical normal jet impingement cooling. In the swirl impingement cooling with ridged wall, the near-wall jet interacts with the ridges on the concave wall and develops more widely along the spanwise directions, which greatly improves the spatial heat transfer uniformity. In addition, the ridges on the wall can also induce near-wall jets to separate from the wall and attach to the opposite concave wall, which produces low-velocity recirculation in the leading edge cavity and improves the capability and uniformity of coolant outflow through the film holes. Compared to the normal jet impingement cooling, the heat transfer of swirl impingement cooling with smooth and ridged wall can be increased respectively by 10.8%–14.0% and 10.9%–23.6% for the jet Reynold number from 20,000 to 50,000. In addition, the pressure loss is also reduced slightly by less than 5% in the swirl impingement cooling. As supplements to the experiments, numerical computations provide more insights into the turbulent flow structure in the leading edge cooling configurations.

An Experimental Study of Thermohydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater Having Multiple Open Trapezoidal Rib Roughnesses

ABSTRACT In the present experimental study, heat transfer enhancement and friction factor penalty of a solar air heater (SAH) with newly designed artificial roughness attached to the lower side of the absorber plate have been investigated. Multiple open trapezoidal ribs artificial roughness has been designed to take the advantages of secondary flows concerning heat transfer enhancement. Multiple open trapezoidal ribs roughness has been designed considering the following parameters: relative limb length (L/w), angle of attack (α), relative rib height (e/Dh), relative width ratio (W/w), and relative roughness pitch (p/e) having their respective ranges of 0.2–1.0, 0.023–0.054, 6–12, 6, and 60°. The other operating parameter encompassed in the study is the flow Reynolds number, which varied from 2000–16000. The results of the experiment shows that highest augmentation in the Nusselt number (Nu) is observed to be 6.05 times higher with respect to the smooth absorber plate at p/e = 10, L/w = 0.8 and e/Dh = 0.043. In addition, thermohydraulic performance has been evaluated, which is found to be in the range of 3.24–3.79.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FALSE SMUT OF RICE (Ustilaginoidea virens) IN TAMIL NADU

The rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (perfect stage = Villosiclava virens) is aserious threat to rice production. The lab experiment was conducted during the year 2021 inTamil Nadu under in-vitro conditions to investigate the pathogen and its character. On PSA mediumthe colony was creamy white to white, flat, circular and raised. The fluffy, compact, leatheryhyaline mycelium showed septation and the width of the mycelia was about 4.26 μm. On theobverse side of the Petri plate, a slight olive-green tinch was observed. The colony diameterranged from 30 mm to 70 mm. Conidia were hyaline, spherical to globose in shape and warty witha width of 5.24 μm approximately. The chlamydospores were echinulated and spines wereprominently decorated. Overall, the results of the investigation showed that the collected isolatesof false smut were confirmed based on morphological characteristics.

Stem rot of jute (Corchorus spp.): New insight on its causal organisms

AbstractStem rot disease is a major threat to the successful cultivation of jute (Corchorus spp.). Although Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent attributed to this disease, in the present study we documented the involvement of several pathogens. Disease samples were collected from West Bengal, a major jute‐growing state in India and six different types of symptoms were observed under field conditions. Isolated pathogens (n = 387) produced four types of colonies resembling growth patterns of Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia and Macrophomina. Based on pigmentation on the reverse side of plates, Diaporthe‐ and Lasiodiplodia‐type colonies formed two subgroups each. However, no correlation could be established between types of disease symptoms and the associated pathogens. While Colletotrichum was prevalent in the Coochbehar district, the spatial distribution of the other pathogens was random. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA and translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF) genes from two representative isolates from each of six morphogroups were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were generated based on these sequences, which suggested that seven fungal pathogens belonging to four genera (Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia and Macrophomina) were involved with stem lesions of jute. Three recommended fungicides (carbendazim, hexaconazole and tebuconazole) were tested against the selected fungal pathogens and all were found effective in suppressing their growth in vitro.

Interfacial crystallization in the polyhedral liquid marbles

HypothesisWe hypothesized that interfacial crystallization occurring within evaporated polyhedral liquid marbles may be controlled by hydrophilization of the polymer plates coating the marbles. The hypothesis was tested with polyhedral marbles coated with hydrophobized and cold plasma-hydrophilized PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) plates. ExperimentsInterfacial crystallization within polyhedral liquid marbles was investigated experimentally. Two types of polyhedral marbles filled with saturated saline were prepared: i) liquid marbles coated with hydrophobized PET plates (Marbles A); ii) liquid marbles coated with Janus PET plates, one facet of which was plasma hydrophilized and the other hydrophobized (Marbles B). The hydrophobized side of the PET plate was in contact with the saline solution, whereas, the hydrophilized facet contacted air. Crystallization occurring within the marbles under their evaporation was monitored in situ. FindingsIt was established that for both kinds of marbles, NaCl crystallization was initiated at the edges of the plates. NaCl crystallization on the hydrophobized PET surfaces was not registered. When Marbles B were evaporated, the outer hydrophilic side of the PET plates was coated by the saline creep process. For both kinds of marbles the process resulted in the formation of hollow shells built of PET plates and NaCl crystals. The thermodynamic explanation of the observed phenomena is suggested.

Experimental investigation of heat transfer and flow analysis of artificially roughened solar air heater by using double arc reverse shaped roughness with gap on the absorber plate

Artificial roughness in the form of ribs is a convenient method for the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient in a solar air heater. In the present paper, an indoor experimental examination of Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) characteristics of a Solar air heater using novel discrete double arc reverse form roughness bottom side of the absorber plate was carried out. The range for criterion, relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 6.67, relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 0.027, angle of arc (α) of 30°,45°, 60°, 75°, Reynolds number (Re) of 3000 to 14000, aspect ratio (W/H) of 8 were applied in between the laboratory test. It has been found that the performance of roughened solar air heater duct is better than the performance of a smooth duct for the range of roughness parameters investigated. Enhancement of heat transfer coefficient (h) was noticed 266% more than a smooth channel. Increments of Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) were found at 268% and 221% more than smooth channel respectively. Maximum thermal efficiency was found 137% more than a smooth channel. Thermo-hydraulic concepts have been used to identify the ideal design and operating conditions. Depending on the insolation, it has been discovered that systems running within a certain Reynolds number range operate better thermo-hydraulically. The range of Thermo-hydraulic performance (THP) improved along with the increment of the Reynolds number. At a relative roughness pitch (p/e) of 6.67, a relative roughness height of 0.027, along the angle of arc (α) of 60°, the highest improvement of Thermo-hydraulic performance (THP) was noticed 2.22.

An efficient three-dimensional multiphase fluid structure interaction model on GPU for water impact of a moving body with complex geometries

This paper presents an efficient three-dimensional (3D) multiphase fluid structure interaction (FSI) model to simulate water impact of complex moving bodies in ocean engineering. This numerical model adopts an improved ghost cell method (GCM) to enforce the boundary conditions on the moving boundaries and the gradient augmented level set (GALS) method to capture the nonlinear free surfaces. An improved iso-surface representation method is highlighted to track arbitrary moving bodies such as sharp or concave shapes. Also, a GPU-CUDA parallel framework is incorporated to greatly accelerate the computational performance. The accuracy and capability of the present model is validated by simulating 3D water entry of arbitrary free-falling bodies (a sphere, a wedge, a wedge with side plates, and a catamaran). Excellent acceleration performance of the present GPU model is demonstrated. The present results including the slamming coefficient, the acceleration, and the local pressure agree satisfactorily with the experimental data. The complex flow evolutions are well captured such as long cavity wall, the pinch-off of the cavity, and the air entrapment. Also, the air entrapment and 3D effects are confirmed to be nonnegligible for the water impact of complex bodies with enclosed sections, which can be well predicted by the present model.

Numerical Investigation on Progressive Collapse Mitigation of Steel Beam-Column Joint Using Steel Plates.

This research employed extensive numerical analyses to locate the weak areas and determine the structural issues critical to preventing the spread of collapse. As a result, three specimens were tested using scaled models of strengthened and unstrengthened steel beam-column joint assemblies. The data were utilized to verify numerical models. One simple shear joint from the three experimental assemblies was used as the control specimen (unstrengthened joint). The second was a bolted steel beam-column joint utilized as a reference specimen to reflect the ideal beam-column joint generally employed in intermediate moment-resisting frames in seismic zones worldwide. Similar to the control, the third specimen (strengthened joint) had two side plates welded together to strengthen the connection site. Numerical finite element models were developed using ABAQUS (2020) software to extensively investigate the behavior of steel frame assemblies before and after upgrading. The FEM matrix comprised 17 specimens with varying parameters, including plate thickness, steel grade, a joint between the beam flange-strengthening plates, and a column that was either welded or not welded. The effectiveness of the strengthening techniques was established by comparing the mode of failure and load-displacement characteristics of the investigated specimens. The results indicate that the average increase in peak load due to a change in plate thickness for grades A36 and A572 is approximately 22% and 8%, respectively. Plates made of A572 steel increase peak load by 30%. All strengthened specimens attained catenary action, mitigating the possibility of progressive collapse.

STUDY ON OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING BEHAVIOR OF COUPLED GLULAM FRAME WITH HIGH JOINT PROPERTIES ON THE END

The aim of this study is to establish the design method of a timber semi-rigid frame construction system composed with coupled glulam members jointed by screws with steel side plate and high-tensile bolts. In this paper, firstly we proposed the evaluation method for the out-of-plane bending characteristics of the coupled members with high joint properties on the end. Secondly, we conducted the full-scale out-of-plane bending test for the coupled glulam specimens to grasp the mechanical behaviors. We found that the experimental results showed good agreement with the calculations by the proposed method.