Sida Rhombifolia Research Articles

UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HR-MS-Based Metabolomics for Profiling the Sida rhombifolia Metabolites with Different Plant Organs and Cultivation Ages.

Plant organs and cultivation ages can result in different compositions and concentration levels of plant metabolites. The metabolite profile of plants can be determined using liquid chromatography. This study determined the metabolite profiles of leaves, stems, and roots of Sida rhombifolia at different cultivation ages at 3, 4, and 5 months post-planting (MPP) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The results identified that 41 metabolites in S. rhombifolia extract for all plant organs and cultivation ages. We successfully identified approximately 36 (leaves), 22 (stems), and 18 (roots) compounds in all extract. Using principal component analysis (PCA) with peak area as the variable, we clustered all sample extracts based on plant organs and cultivation ages. As a result of PCA, S. rhombifolia extracts were grouped according to plant organs and cultivation ages. In conclusion, a clear difference in the composition and concentration levels of metabolites was observed in the leaves, stems, and roots of S. rhombifolia harvested at 3-, 4-, and 5-MPP.

UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based Untargeted Metabolomics of Sida rhombifolia Leaves and Stem Extracts

Sida rhombifolia, also known as sidaguri in Indonesia, is a medicinal plant commonly used as a herbal medicine because of its metabolite and biological activities. One of the several factors that affect plant metabolite composition and concentration is the use of plant parts. In this study, the experiment aimed to identify the metabolite profile in the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics. The samples were distinguished by principal component analysis (PCA). Extraction of metabolites was conducted by sonication for approximately 30 min with 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent; 28 metabolites were identified. Seven metabolites were identified only in the leaves, three were identified only in the stems, and 18 other metabolites were identified in both the leaves and stems. These metabolites were categorized as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenolic aldehydes, phenolic acids, ecdysteroids, fatty acids, and monoterpene lactones. Based on the classification results, PCA grouped the leaves and stem extracts of S. rhombifolia using the peak area variables of the identified metabolites.

Graph Theory Network, Molecular Docking, Quantum Chemicals and Pharmacokinetics-Based Investigation on Phytochemicals from Sida rhombifolia against Alzheimer’s Disease

Sida rhombifolia also referred as “Bala” plant was found throughout the tropics and nurtures in warm climates and possesses various pharmacological properties like anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-arthritic, antibacterial and anti-diarrheal. We examine about eighteen bioactive phytochemicals from S.rhombifolia against Alzheimer’s disease. The target proteins BACE1 and Aβ were selected based on graph theory network analysis. These eighteen bioactive compounds along with a known standard were docked against target proteins and their binding affinity falls between the range −3.7 Kcal/mol to −8.6 Kcal/mol. The top hit was observed for cryptolepine with a score of −8.3 Kcal/mol (BACE1) and −8.6 Kcal/mol (Aβ) followed by riboflavin with −8.1 Kcal/mol (BACE1) and 8.4 (Aβ). These two top-hit compounds were further investigated through frontier molecular orbitals to analyze the structural stability and reactivity using DFT/B3LYP–LanL2DZ basis set. The observed energy gap showed that cryptolepine (2.55786 eV) and riboflavin (3.3625 eV) exhibit better reactivity and its electrostatic potential map showed charge distribution over the atoms. The pharmacokinetic studies and toxicity analysis showed the drug-likeness and safety profile of cryptolepine and riboflavin. Further, the Ramachandran plot confirms the stability of the amino residues interacting with ligands. This study will support the use of Sida rhombifolia in conventional treatment and the beginning of the development of a novel drug against alzheimer’s disease through in vitro model.

Intra Specific Relationships and Biochemical Composition of Laportea Aestuans (L.) Chew, Sida Rhombifolia L. And Commelina Verginica L. in Lagos State

Laportea aestuans L. (Chew), Commelina virginica (L.) and Sida rhombifolia (L.) are common wild plants used in treating several ailments including diarrhea, dysentery, hernia, oedema, ulcers and many more in traditional African medicine especially, Nigeria. The potentials of Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers in delimiting intra-specific variation in L. aestuans, C. virginica and S. rhombifolia was assessed using three RAPD primers. Plant and soil samples were collected from 19 local government areas in Lagos State and assessed for genetic and biochemical relationships. A total of 56 bands were produced of which 44 were polymorphic. Maximum number of bands (21) was produced by OPY20 while OPC04 produced minimum number of bands (14). The maximum and minimum percentage polymorphisms were 100% (OPC04) and 50% (OPA12), The dendrogram of genetic diversity had a genetic distance range of 0.57 to 1.00, 0.58 to 1.00 and 0.52 to 1.00 and clustered at 0.57, 0.58, 0.52 implying 57%, 58%, 52% similarity and 43%, 42% and 48% variability for L. aestuans, C. virginica and S. rhombifolia respectively. Results of phytochemical analysis show that S. rhombifolia is particularly high in steroids (I134.19±0.23), flavonoids (118.65±0.18), phenolics (125.25±1.43), alkaloids (63.56±0.11) and triterpenes (72.44±0.12) but low in saponins (23.29±0.05), glycosides (6.79±0.01) and tannins (7.10±0.02).

PENYEMBUHAN LUKA PERINEUM PADA IBU NIFAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK SIDAGURI (SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA)

Infection during the postpartum period is still a big problem for postpartum mothers during the postpartum period, data show that 50% of nifas women experience infection, and every day one postpartum woman experiences infection due to perineal lacerations. This study aims to determine the healing of perineal wounds in postpartum mothers using Sida Rhombifolia extract in the working area of ??the Watampone Health Center and BPS Hj Harfiani. This type of experimental research with accidental sampling method with a total sample of 36 people, the instruments used were questionnaires and perineal wound healing assessment checklist. Statistical tests show the results of the Independent T-test intervention group mean value of 3.000 standard deviations of 0.000 control mean value of 2.384 standard deviations of 0.650 with a P-Value of 0.00 based on this shows the results of the intervention sample given sidaguri (sida rhombifolia) extract and also not taking antibiotics has a greater effect compared to controls who are not given sidaguri (sida rhombifolia) extract by taking antibiotics. ) ). So that this research can be used as an alternative in accelerating the healing of perineal wounds for postpartum mothers to reduce the incidence of perineal wound infections.

Evaluation of Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia extracts in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.

Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia are regarded as useful herbs as they have been shown to be effective, inexpensive and harmless in the prevention of diabetes, and are recognized as valuable therapeutic substances. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy using a rat model. Extracts of S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia were obtained using the Soxhlet method. The hydroalcoholic extract solvent was used in the following proportions: 70:30, 50:50 and 80:20. The 80:20 hydroalcoholic extract was observed to be the most potent. The inhibitory effects of the extract were determined using the α-amylase assay. The most potent extract also underwent total flavonoid, phenolic and free radical scavenging tests, and was incorporated into an animal study. Diabetes was induced in rats by administering nicotinamide (NAD; 230 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. In addition to a standard control of pioglitazone, the rats received extract dosages of 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day. Body weight, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin, serum creatinine, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and oral glucose tolerance were assessed at various time points. The animals also underwent histopathological examination to observe alterations induced by the treatment. Sida cordifolia was the most successful in lowering blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Renal function indices and antioxidant enzyme levels were regained in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, S. cordifolia (200 mg/kg/day) extract, similar to pioglitazone, inhibited the production of advanced glycation byproducts by the kidney. The effects of various S. cordifolia and S. rhombifolia extracts on rats with diabetic nephropathy were observed. Sida cordifolia may be further explored for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and, due to its diverse nature, may be utilized for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, as it provided more significant findings.

Phyto-therapeutic Potential of Aerial Part of Sida rhombifolia for Anti- Infl ammatory, Antinociceptive, and Antioxidant Activity

Background: To investigate the potential of anti-infl ammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activity of diff erent extracts of Sida rhombifolia. Materials and Methods: The successive extraction of dried aerial parts of S. rhombifolia was performed with the help of the soxhlet apparatus by pet. ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water were used as a solvent. Anti-infl ammatory activity was performed using the carrageenin-induced edema model in the rat paw method. Antinociceptive activity was performed using the mouse writhing and hot plate tests. Antioxidant activity was determined through the ability of hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Result: The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg.) oral showed maximum anti-infl ammatory activity 51.42 (maximum, %inhibition) after 2 hours. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg.) oral showed maximum % inhibition of writhing 57.74 for writhing test and 2.15 ± 0.02 time (sec) of jumping for hot plate test. The ethanolic extract of the drug showed high scavenging (59.25%) of hydrogen peroxide. Conclusion: On successive extraction process of aerial parts of S. rhombifolia reported that diff erent ethanolic extracts are more eff ective as anti-infl ammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activity, respectively.

Identification of <i>Sida rhombifolia</i> from Its Related Plants Using Thin-Layer Chromatographic Analysis

Sida rhombifolia belongs to the Malvaceae family and is often used to treat gout in Indonesia. S. rhombifolia has many efficacies and contains many different chemical components. The abundance and variation of chemical content and chemical compounds in this medicinal plant are challenging factors in ensuring medicinal plants' safety and quality control. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint analysis derived from S. rhombifolia extract can also be used for the medicinal plant's quality control. This research aimed to develop the optimum condition for the chemical fingerprint analysis of S. rhombifolia using a TLC fingerprint analysis. A total of 11 bands were produced with optimum separation using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate, a mixed mobile phase condition with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol (6.5:2:1.5). This fingerprint analysis performed an excellent separation in the TLC plate at 366 nm with sulfuric acid as reagent derivatization. In general, the results of the analysis validation, including stability, specificity, precision, and robustness of TLC fingerprints, met the acceptance criteria. The TLC fingerprint of S. rhombifolia can be distinguished from 2 related plants with similar leaf shapes, Turnera ulmifolia L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The developed method was validated, so it could be used to control S. rhombifolia quality.

Comparative study of potent anti-amoebic and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from Sida rhombifolia (L)

Background: Sida rhombifolia (L) is a medicinal plant from tropical regions belonging to the Malvaceae family and the plantea kingdom. It is known for its multiple pharmacological properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-amoebic, and anti-inflammatory potential of Sida rhombifolia aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts harvested in two localities of Cameroon (Yaoundé and Massangam in the Centre and West regions, respectively). Methods: The anti-amoebic activity was evaluated on a polyxenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica. A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations (1; 10; 100 and 500 μg/mL) of the extracts for the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and 5-lipoxygenase activity. Methods: The anti-amoebic activity was evaluated on a polyxenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica. A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations (1; 10; 100 and 500 μg/mL) of the extracts for the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and 5-lipoxygenase activity. Results: No significant difference was found between the anti-amoebic activity of the ethanolic extract of Yaoundé (Centre region, IC50 = 7.71 μg/mL) and that of ethanolic leaf extract from Massagam (West region IC50 = 7.77 μg/mL) after 72 hours. Among the extracts, ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited the highest anti-amoebic activity after 72 hours of treatment. Metronidazole showed better activity (IC50 = 5.96 µg/mL) in the same periods of time. Phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents were higher in Yaoundé (Centre region) ethanolic leaf extract, proving that these extracts can prevent certain damages linked to a state of oxidative stress. The ethanolic extracts of the leaves significantly inhibited NO production and 5-lipoxygenase activity in macrophages (IC50 of 3.85 µg/mL; 3.99 µg/mL and 36.64 µg/mL; 73.22 µg/mL respectively). Conclusion: This preliminary study shows that the ethanolic extract of S. rhombifolia possesses better anti-amoebic properties and can act at the level of the intestinal mucosa in order to fight against the damage linked to the dysfunction of the inflammatory cells.

A NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF Sida spp. (MALVACEAE) IN JAVA AND BALI ISLAND, INDONESIA

Sida is a pantropical weed that can be annual or perennial. Several species have been identified in Indonesia. Sida cordifolia, S. rhombifolia, S. alnifolia, S. rhomboidea, S. acuta, S. glutinosa, and S. mysorensis were chosen for this study because they are representative of the species that are extensively spread in Indonesia. This study aims to update taxonomic information on the Sida genus in Indonesia. A phenogram was created using the data that was derived from the scoring of 70 morphological features. At PAST, the phenogram was created using cluster analysis, and Principal Cluster Analysis was used to determine the reason for clustering. The first cluster shows the separation of Sida acuta from all OTUs at a distance of 0.30. The second cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida cordifolia from OTU Sida glutinosa and OTU Sida mysorensis cluster at a distance between 0.20 until 0.25. The third cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida rhomboidea from OTU Sida rhombifolia and OTU Sida alnifolia cluster at a distance that was close to 0.20. The biggest value of PCA results is -0.45 and belongs to awn tip which is a character of mericarps. It demonstrates how crucial the mericarp trait is to identifying and appreciating the diversity of the genus Sida.

Interference and threshold level of Sida rhombifolia in transgenic soybean cultivars

This study aimed to assess the interference and threshold level (TL) of Sida rhombifolia, the arrowleaf sida, competing with different soybean cultivars. The treatments comprised different soybean cultivars (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA, and SYN 13561) and densities of arrowleaf sida plants per square meter (m-2) (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22, and 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, and 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44, and 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20, and 47; 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29, and 30, respectively) for each cultivar. Cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança were more competitive than DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561. The TL values varied from 0.55 to 0.95 plants m-2 for cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança, which exhibited greater competitiveness with arrowleaf sida. The lowest values of TL varied from 0.26 to 0.61 plants m-2 for cultivars DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561, which had less competitiveness with weed. Highlights The rectangular hyperbola model adequately estimates the grain yield losses of soybean cultivars. The density of arrowleaf sida plants was the variable that best fitted the rectangular hyperbola model. Soybean cultivars NS 6909 IPRO, NA 5909 RG, and Brasmax Lança IPRO are the most competitive in the presence of arrowleaf sida. The levels of economic damage decrease with the increase in grain yield, in the soybean price, with the reduction in the cost of controlling arrowleaf sida and the herbicide efficiency.

Pharmacognostical Standardization of Balamulachurna- Root Powder of Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa (L.) Borssum

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,1,155-162.DOI:10.5530/097484900224Published:December 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Thota Jyostna Kumari, Goli Penchala Prasad, Goli Penchala Pratap, Mohd Kashif Husain, and Padamata Sai Sudhakar Author(s) affiliations:Thota Jyostna Kumari1, Goli Penchala Prasad2, Goli Penchala Pratap3,*, Mohd Kashif Husain3, Padamata Sai Sudhakar1 1Dr. NRS Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. 2National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA. 3Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Ksheerabala tailam is well known Ayurvedic herbal formulation which is used in inflammations, pains and neurological disorders. The primary botanical source for Ksheerabala tailam is Balamulachurna. The literature refers to Balamulachurna as either of the root powders of Sida cordifolia, Sida acuta, Sida cordata or Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa. To accomplish the clinical efficacy of Ksheerabala tailam, standardization of Balamulachurna is necessary. Objectives: The study is aimed to establish pharmacognostic standards of Balamulachurna with respect to Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa root powder. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical standardization was carried out by focusing on organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluation, heavy metal assessments, fluorescence and HPTLC studies. Results: The roots macroscopic features were noticed as; an elongated taproot with few lateral roots, thick, woody, brown-coloured and bitter to taste. Organoleptic characteristics revealed the nature of the root powder as cream in colour with a pleasant odour and slightly bitter taste. The powder microscopic study specified the presence of fibres, fibre–sclereids, tracheids, vessel elements and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical studies assessed total ash (7.5%), water-soluble ash (4.46%), alkalinity of water-soluble ash (0.4 ml) and acid-insoluble ash (3.3%). The preliminary phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and quinones. The HPTLC analyses exhibited various Rf values with the diversity of multiple phytoconstituents. Conclusion: The scientific data generated by the study is beneficial for adequately identifying and establishing standards for using Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa as a primary drug for maintaining the quality and purity of the Ksheerabala tailam, an Ayurvedic formulation. Keywords:Balamulachurna, Ksheerabala tailam, Pharmacognosy, Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa, StandardizationView:PDF (594.85 KB)

Sida rhombifolia Exerts Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Human Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells in Vitro.

Modern research revealed that plants belonging to the Sida rhombifolia family (Malvaceae) contain biologically active compounds that make them prone to discovering and developing anticancer drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the apoptosis effects of S. rhombifolia extracts in HepG2 Cell Line was performed. The extractions were prepared, and an MTT assay was applied to evaluate its role in decreasing the viability of HepG2 and HFF cells. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). FlowCytometry and RT-qPCR evaluated apoptosis was performed to measure the mRNA expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic mediators. The results can be summarized as EtOAc extract was more cytotoxic against the HepG2 cells (IC50= 364.3 µg/mL) compared to MeOH and HEX extracts (720.2 µg/mL) (560.4 µg/mL) with less cytotoxicity in HFF cells (353.2 µg/mL). The HPLC analysis results revealed most phenolic compounds, such as Epicatechin(1.3 mg/g). The EtOAc extract (300 μg/mL) induced 34% apoptosis in HepG2 cells. RT-qPCR data showed upregulation of the proapoptotic gene (Bax) and increased Bax/BCL-2 ratio by S. rhombifolia EtOAc extract (300 μg/mL). In conclusion, the EtOAc extract of S. rhombifolia is capable of inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells through modulation of the mitochondrial pathway, which explains their antitumor activity.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sida rhombifolia L. Volatile Organic Compounds.

In the current study, the phytochemical constituents of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) obtained from Sida rhombifolia L. were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. A total of 73 volatile organic compounds were identified. The major components of S. rhombifolia VOCs were identified as palmitic acid (21.56%), phytol (7.02%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (6.30%), oleic acid (5.48%), 2-pentyl-furan (5.23%), and linoleic acid (3.21%). The VOCs are rich in fatty acids (32.50%), olefine aldehyde (9.59%), ketone (9.41%), enol (9.02%), aldehyde (8.63%), and ketene (6.41%). The antioxidant capacity of S. rhombifolia VOCs was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Trolox as standard. The VOCs showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity with IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values of 5.48 ± 0.024 and 1.47 ± 0.012 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. FRAP antioxidant capacity was 83.10 ± 1.66 mM/g. The results show that the VOCs distilled from S. rhombifolia have a moderate antioxidant property that can be utilized as a natural botanical supplement or an antioxidant.

Quality by design-based optimization of Soxhlet extraction and identification of ephedrine by a HPTLC method for Sida rhombifolia and Sida Cordifolia.

The study objective was to analyse the phytochemical constituents in aerial extracts of these plants using an HPTLC method and optimization by quality by design. Qualitative analysis of ephedrine in hydro-alcoholic extract was done via HPTLC, using a mobile phase of toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform-formic acid in the ratio of 1:0.5:0.5:01 and the peaks were monitored at 366 nm. In the hydro-alcoholic aerial part extract, ephedrine was identified using the HPTLC method and the retardation factor (Rf) value was found to be 0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.69 ± 0.01, as compared with the standard sample. The extraction of plant materials was done using different concentration of water and alcohol solvents and quality by design was applied to optimize the extraction process and to find out the best extraction in an 80:20 ratio of hydro-alcoholic extract. In the hydro-alcoholic extract, the ephedrine was characterized using the HPTLC method and compared with the standard solution, and this method was used in herbal as well as academic research for the identification of ephedrine in poly herbal formulations as well as the ephedrine present in different plant extracts. Response surface methodology software was utilized to predict the path or choose the best extraction method. Sida rhombifolia and Sida cordifolia can be used as substitutes for Ephedra gerardiana based on the HPTLC profile.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis on The Leaves Extracts of Sida acuta Burm.f. and Sida rhombifolia Linn. Family Malvaceae

To investigate the phytochemical screening (group determination) of the plants leaves of Sida acuta Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn. family Malvaceae. In Ayurvedic system of medicine Sida acuta Burm.f., used as digestive, diuretic, fever, burning of the body and urinary discharge. Sida rhombifolia Linn. used as good in urinary complaints, discharge and strangury, useful in fever, heart diseases, burning sensations, piles, all kinds of inflammations. Present study involved Leaves of Sida acuta Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn. were studied by preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf powders using different solvent viz; petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous. Leaf extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis of using standard procedures. The phytoconstituents present in it viz. alkaloids, carbhohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, lignins and saponins are present in leaf extracts of Sida acuta Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn. The active principles of Sida acuta Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn. namely Manghaslin, Quercetin 3-(2Gxylosylrutinoside), Myricetin 7-Rhamnoside, Isorhamnetin 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-a Lrhamnopyranoside], Quercetin 3-(2Gxylosylrutinoside), Peltatoside, Rutin, Quercimeritrin are present. The diversity of phytochemicals study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations.

First record of Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) for Italian flora

Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) has been reported for the first time in Italy. This species with a Paleotropics geographic origin represents a new invasive alien species in the flora of Italy. It was already reported in several European countries as invasive species, but this plant is also known for its medicinal properties in many areas of the world. The species was found in the anthropic environments of Sicily. In particular, the study area is localized in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily) where the species was discovered in five stands. Our new discovery confirmed the role of anthropic activities have had in the alien species invasion in Italy. Diagnostic features, ecological and geographic data are provided. From a phytosociological viewpoint, this plant characterizes a plant community that includes various nitrophilous species such as Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Moreover, invasiveness and impacts associated to this species were assessed by using EPPO prioritization protocol. The specimens were deposited in the herbaria of Catania and Messina University.

Antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiating activities of Desmodium uncinatum, Neoboutonia glabrescens, Ternstroemia cameroonensis and eight other Cameroonian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria expressing active efflux pumps

Background: Infectious diseases remain a major public health problem in the world with a considerable impact in developing countries. Bacterial infections are of increasing concern due to the emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Thus, it is necessary to develop methods and means to tackle drug resistance. The present study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiating activities of eleven Cameroonian medicinal plants: Sambucus nigra, Erigeron floribundus, Desmodium uncinatum, Neoboutonia glabrescens, Ficus exasperata, Sida rhombifolia, Echinaceae augustifolia, Centella asiatica, Tradescantia zebrina, Desmodium intortum and Ternstroemia cameroonensis against bacteria with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. Methods: The microdilution method was used to assess the antibacterial activities of the extracts as well as the effect of their combination with antibiotics. The phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to qualitative described methods. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, triterpenes, polyphenols, and flavonoids in almost all the extracts, with the other classes of secondary metabolites being selectively distributed. The tested extracts exhibited variable antibacterial activities, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 512 and 1024 μg/mL. The Ficus exasperata leaves extract, Ternstroemia cameroonensis back extract, Erigeron floribundus whole plant extract, and Neoboutonia glabrescens leave extracts, presented the best spectra of inhibitions evaluated respectively at 60%, 60%, 70%, and 70% vis-à-vis all the bacterial strains tested. The whole plant extracts of Desmodium uncinatum and Centella asiatica, and of Ternstroemia cameroonensis have shown synergistic effects with more than 50% of the antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin and erythromycin) against more than 70% of the MDR bacteria tested. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that extracts from the bark of Ternstroemia cameroonensis, Neoboutonia glabrescens and Ficus exasperata leaves, Desmodium uncinatum, and Erigeron floribundus whole plants can be used alone or in combination with antibiotics against bacterial infections involving MDR bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial; antibiotics; medicinal plants; multidrug resistance.

Forage Potential of Plant Species Found in Various Ecosystems in Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera, Indonesia

Forage is an important component in sustainable smallholder livestock. The purpose of the study was to identify the diversity of natural plant species in various ecosystems, as well as their potential as forage. Based on our surveys of palm oil plantation, rubber plantation, and home gardens using the quadrant method, we identified approximately 50 species comprising the natural vegetation of our study area. Out of 50, we identified 39 broad-leaved species, 9 grasses (Poaceae) species, and 2 sedges (Cyperaceae) species. The palm oil plantation had 29 species dominated by Ottochloa nodosa (11.92%) and Asystasia gangetica (11.40%); 25 species were found in the rubber plantation dominated by Cynodon dactylon (28.42%) and Panicum repens (9.20%), and home gardens contained 30 species dominated by Eleusine indica (13.39%) and Ageratum conyzoides (9.60%). Among the 29 species found in the palm oil plantation, 13 were observed to have low palatability scores, and 16 species have high palatability scores. Based on their high palatability scores, the following species can be utilized as forage for Balinese cattle: Cyrtococcum acrescens, Eleusine indica, Centrosema pubescens, Paspalum conjugatum, and Sida rhombifolia.

Extraction, Isolation and Standardization of Herbal Species Sida

The main focus of present is study is to find out the various extracts and active constituents from the Sida species which will be very useful in the treatment of many diseases. There are mainly four species (Sida acuta, Sida cardifilia, Sida rhombifolia and Sida spinosa) focused in this research. The aerial part and roots of these species have been collected and authenticated from botany department. The exhaustive solvent extractions have been used based on polarity. The aqueous solvents water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alchol and acetic acids have been used and non-aqueous solvents petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, carbon tetra chloride, hexane, heptanes, benzene, toluene have been used for the extraction of active medicaments. The extracts were collected and purified and then tested for pharmacological activities. The extracts or residue are further processed for the isolation of active constituents like vascine, ephedrine etc. These were separated and quantified by high performance thin layer chromatography.
 Keywords: Sida acuta, Sida cardifolia, vasicine ephedrine, Extraction, Thin layer chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography.