Shrimp Shell Waste Research Articles

Enzymatic conversion and recovery of protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from shrimp shell waste

Accumulated shrimp shell waste is a source of environmental pollution and represents a waste of resources. Recycling shell waste into valuable fractions using cost-effective and environmentally benign approaches remains challenging. To address this issue, in this study a clean and efficient enzymatic process was developed to recover most components of shrimp shell waste including protein, chitin, astaxanthin, and minerals. The process used two recombinant aspartic proteases for protein hydrolysis, recombinant chitinase for chitin hydrolysis, and ethyl acetate for astaxanthin extraction. Deproteinization rendered shell chitin accessible to chitinase, and astaxanthin was easily extracted from shell residue after protein and chitin removal. The process was completed within hours and resulted in high recovery rates of protein (91.4%) and chitin (88.9%). Importantly, amino acids in peptides, the N-acetyl group of chitin oligomers, and astaxanthin in the final products were preserved in their natural states, unlike with traditional chemical or physical treatments. The products have potential applications in nutrition and as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. This enzymatic process promotes sustainable development by establishing a circular economy in shrimp processing, thus offering both economic and environmental benefits.

Chitin isolation from crustacean waste using a hybrid demineralization/DBD plasma process

Conventional isolation of chitin from crustacean waste demands the use of high amounts of hazardous chemicals, hence not leading to a sustainable process. Atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has demonstrated an enhanced ability to remove proteins directly from the biomass without the formation of any waste. Simultaneously, organic acids have proven very efficient in the removal of inorganic minerals from crustacean waste. Therefore, a hybrid process composed of DBD plasma and demineralization using organic acids has been successfully applied for the isolation of chitin. Results showed that the integration of nitrogen-based plasma and lactic acid demineralization allowed the elimination of 90 % of the proteins and ensures the complete removal of minerals from shrimp shells waste. The isolated chitin was further characterized using distinct techniques, namely XPS, ATR-FTIR, XRD and SEM. Chitin degree of deacetylation and molecular weight were also assessed. Hence, this work presents a sustainable and feasible platform for the extraction and purification of chitin from crustacean waste with almost zero waste formed.

Anticancer and antibacterial activity of chitosan extracted from shrimp shell waste

Abstract Chitosan is a bio-based polysaccharide having promising biological and antitumor properties. The present study aims at the synthesis of chitosan using shrimp shell waste. Chitosan preparation consists of two consecutive steps such as demineralization and deproteinization. The structure, morphology and optical properties of the obtained chitosan were established using various instrumental techniques like XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM and TEM. Herein, we have shown that Significant bacterial activity was manifested by chitosan against both gram positive (S. aureus and S. mutans) and gram negative (E. coli and P. aeuriginosa) bacteria. The biosynthesized chitosan exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a dose –dependent manner while being non -toxic to fibroblast L929 normal cells.

Chitin nanowhiskers from shrimp shell waste as green filler in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber: Processing and performance properties

In this work, chitin nanowhiskers with high crystallinity index were obtained from shrimp shells waste using acid hydrolysis method and then comprehensively characterized. Subsequently, the impact of chitin nanowhisker content on processing and performance of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber based nanocomposites was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of chitin nanowhiskers increased tensile strength and tear strength of nanocomposites by 116 % and 54 %, which was related to suitable dispersion of chitin nanowhiskers in matrix. Reinforcing effect of chitin nanowhiskers in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber was also confirmed by Wolff activity coefficient, glass transition temperature and equilibrium swelling measurements. Moreover, it was found that higher content chitin nanowhiskers significantly improve the thermal stability of studied nanocomposites. The incorporation of chitin nanowhiskers resulted in increase of 74 °C for onset degradation temperature. This work confirmed that shrimp shell waste can be upcycled into chitin nanowhiskers – promising green filler in NBR for high-performance elastomeric applications.

Three dimensional optimisation for the enhancement of astaxanthin recovery from shrimp shell wastes by Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract Shrimp shells generally contain natural astaxanthin which is lost to the environment industrial food processing as the shrimp shells are discarded as wastes. An approach to recover astaxanthin was developed utilising Aeromonas hydrophila in single factor optimisation method to screen several physio-chemical sources using response surface methodology. The central composite design determined the optimised culture media-conditions to be pH 7.0, monosodium glutamate 3% (w/v), glucose (1% w/v) and 30 °C. In addition, the optimised media increased astaxanthin recovery by 38% in comparison to the unoptimised media as under optimal conditions, A. hydrophila degraded shrimp shell waste more efficiently to recover more astaxanthin. This study contributes to the application of A. hydrophila and provides an alternative route for the recovery of astaxanthin from shrimp shell wastes.

Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes

Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes

Upcycling chitin-containing waste into organonitrogen chemicals via an integrated process

Chitin is the most abundant renewable nitrogenous material on earth and is accessible to humans in the form of crustacean shell waste. Such waste has been severely underutilized, resulting in both resource wastage and disposal issues. Upcycling chitin-containing waste into value-added products is an attractive solution. However, the direct conversion of crustacean shell waste-derived chitin into a wide spectrum of nitrogen-containing chemicals (NCCs) is challenging via conventional catalytic processes. To address this challenge, in this study, we developed an integrated biorefinery process to upgrade shell waste-derived chitin into two aromatic NCCs that currently cannot be synthesized from chitin via any chemical process (tyrosine and l-DOPA). The process involves a pretreatment of chitin-containing shell waste and an enzymatic/fermentative bioprocess using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli The pretreatment step achieved an almost 100% recovery and partial depolymerization of chitin from shrimp shell waste (SSW), thereby offering water-soluble chitin hydrolysates for the downstream microbial process under mild conditions. The engineered E. coli strains produced 0.91 g/L tyrosine or 0.41 g/L l-DOPA from 22.5 g/L unpurified SSW-derived chitin hydrolysates, demonstrating the feasibility of upcycling renewable chitin-containing waste into value-added NCCs via this integrated biorefinery, which bypassed the Haber-Bosch process in providing a nitrogen source.

Adsorption of Tetracycline by Shrimp Shell Waste from Aqueous Solutions: Adsorption Isotherm, Kinetics Modeling, and Mechanism.

The highly efficient removal of tetracycline (TC) from an aqueous solution was accomplished by using the raw shrimp shell waste (SSW) as an environmentally friendly adsorbent. The SSW without any treatment removed TC more efficiently than the SSW after being treated with HCl and NaOH solutions. The SSW was characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy alongside energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetry analyzer, and a ζ-potential analyzer. The maximum adsorption capacity of 400 mg/L SSW was 229.98 mg/g for 36 h at 55 °C. Both the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well described the experimental data. According to the values of the Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes, the TC adsorption by SSW proved to be spontaneous and endothermic. The TC adsorption process was controlled by intraparticle diffusion and liquid film diffusion.

TANNIN CONTENT OF ARECA NUT AFTER NANOCHITOSAN COATING ON DRYING METHODS

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the effect of nanochitosan (NC) coating in different drying methods on the tannin content of areca nut.
 Methods: Areca nut was obtained from the seed of Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Chitosan was isolated from shrimp shell waste through deproteination, demineralization, depigmentation, and deacetylation. NC was made using the ionic gelation method. The treatment used three levels of concentrations; K0 (uncoated-control), K1 (NC 1.5 g/l), and K2 (NC 3 g/l), and it employed two drying methods, namely, P1 (sun drying) and P2 (oven drying). Tannin content measured by spectrophotometry method. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance univariate two factors and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
 Results: The result showed that the NC-coated areca nut has a higher tannin content compared with the uncoated areca nut. The level of NC concentration had a significantly different effect (p 0.02 < 0.05), whereas the drying method gave no significant effect (p 0.81 > 0.05) and there was no interaction between NC concentration and drying method (p 0.89 > 0.05 ). The tannin content in areca nut in K0 (control) treatment was 17.44%, K1 (NC 1.5 g / l) was 18.11%, and K2 (NC 3 g / l) was 18.83%.
 Conclusion: Application of NC as a coating on areca nut can prevent the loss of tannin throughout the drying process. Dried areca nut with K2 treatment (NC 3 g/l) has the highest tannin content as it reaches18.83%.

Synthesis of Capsule Film from Water-Soluble Chitosan by Adding Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Mixtures comprising water-soluble chitosan (WSC), agar and different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) were used to synthesize capsule films. The concentration of agar was fixed at 0.02 %, whereas the concentration (v/v) of SLS varied (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 %). Shrimp shell waste was subjected to demineralization, deproteination and deacetylation to obtain chitosan. The chitosan thus obtained was depolymerized to produce water-soluble chitosan (WSC). Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) baseline method was used for calculating the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. FTIR spectra of the obtained capsule film exhibited vibrations of its constituent molecules, namely agar, chitosan and SLS. The elasticity of the film matrix increased with SLS concentrations. In swelling tests conducted using water and 0.1 N HCl, the highest swelling values, 123.74 and 235.87 %, respectively were observed in the capsule film containing 0.08 % SLS in the 10th min. The capsule film containing 0.08 % SLS was degraded (broken) in water and 0.1 N HCl in the 10th and 30th min, respectively. The results indicated that a capsule film containing 0.08% SLS was the most eligible film for commercial use.

CHITOSAN ISOLATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO REDUCE THE CONTENT OF METAL IONS IN WELLBORE WATER

<p class="abstrak">Potential water sources such as white shrimp shell waste <em>(Penaeus merguiensis)</em> can be used as a source of chitosan. Chitosan can be applied as an environmentally friendly adsorbent for water treatment because of its ability to adsorb metal ions. In this study, chitosan was isolated through several stages such as demineralization, deproteination, decolourization and deacetylation. The yield of chitosan obtained from this study was 17.73%. Characterization by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the absorption at 3355 cm<sup>-1 </sup>indicating the presence of amine (-NH<sub>2</sub>) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups. The absorption of the carbonyl group (-C=O) at 1642 cm<sup>-1</sup> disappeared while the absorption of the free amine group (-NH<sub>2</sub>) at 1590 cm<sup>-1</sup> increased indicating the successful deacetylation with a degree of deacetylation (DD) 78%. Application of chitosan in wellbore water did not affect on colour change and decreasing of iron (Fe) content due to low concentration of iron (Fe). However, chitosan can reduce the pH value of water and manganese (Mn) content. The results of ANOVA and DMRT test at 0.05 significance level showed that chitosan with various mass had different effects. The more the mass of chitosan added, the higher the content of manganese (Mn) will decrease.</p>

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Two Chitinase Producing Bacteria from Marine Shrimp Shell Wastes.

Chitinase enzymes have a various application in the field of environmental, biotechnology and medical aspects. This study aimed to the production of the chitinolytic enzymes from different species of bacteria. Bacterial isolation from different habitats was carried out on agar medium containing chitin as carbon and nitrogen sources. The obtained bacteria (20) were characterized and screened again in chitin broth medium. Out of 20 bacterial isolate, 2 new isolates, belonged to Streptomyces laurentii SN5 and Cellulosimicrobium funkei SN20, were the most active in chitin degradation compared to the other isolates. They have been characterized for the first time for their chitinase activity. They were identified using 16S rRNA gene analysis and in the liquid medium, the 2 isolates have enzyme activities of 0.533 and 0.537 U mL-1, respectively. The maximum chitinase production was obtained when those bacterial strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth amended with 1% colloidal chitin, for 1 day and at temperature of 30°C. The optimum pH value for chitinase production was pH 7 for both S. laurentii and C. funkei. The enzyme has been purified using Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Cellulose chromatography column and found to have a similar molecular size of ~50 kDa. Those two bacterial species could be used in chitinase production and in the environmental recycling of disposable chitin wastes such as chitin from shrimp shell waste.

Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of antibiotic coated chitosan nanoparticles on human pathogens

The biodegradable nanoparticles of chitosan have received a significance attention as potential drug delivery vehicles in the recent decades. The present study was carried out to extract chitosan nanoparticles from shrimp shell waste and characterized followed by its potential antibacterial activity. Pure chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) and tetracycline coated nanoparticles (TCNP) were prepared by the ionotropic gelation process. The prepared nanoparticles were characterised by UV visible spectrophotometer, SEM, XRD, FTIR, NMR, Nano size - Zeta potential analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed using CNP and TCNP against 7 different strains of human pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. In the present study, the CNP and TCNP had exhibited a growth inhibition activity on bacteria at lower concentration and proved as a remarkable drug carrier.

One-step processing of shrimp shell waste with a chitinase fused to a carbohydrate-binding module

A sustainable, economical and convenient one-step process to produce high-value chitin oligomers and digestible shell residue from shrimp shell waste by a chitinase fused to a carbohydrate-binding module.

Ultrasonication mode for the expedition of extraction process of chitin from the maritime shrimp shell waste

Worldwide, marine crustacean waste is a major problem for environmental pollution, and it is a severe risk to the coastline area. Shellfish wastes consist of some commercially valuable products, mainly the chitin. The extraction of chitin from the shellfish waste is very complicated and required a successive pretreatment process. Sonication can improve the process of extraction of chitin from the shrimp shell waste. In this study, the conventional and ultrasonication method of pretreatment was applied and compared for the extraction of chitin. By the conventional method, 12 h was required for the removal of calcium and proteins each. In contrast, only 6 h was required for the complete removal of calcium and proteins each, by the ultrasonication assisted method. After pretreatment, the results were analyzed and compared by the already purified commercial chitin using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ultrasonication improves the rate of reaction of the pretreatment by the process of cavitation. By this work, the ultrasonication technique was proved to be much faster than the conventional method for the pretreatment process.

Shrimp shell (Metapenaeus monoceros) waste as a low-cost adsorbent for metanil yellow dye removal in aqueous solution

Shrimp shell (Metapenaeus monoceros) waste as a low-cost adsorbent for metanil yellow dye removal in aqueous solution

Increasing Chitinase Activity of Serratia marcescens PT-6 through Optimization of Medium Composition

Chitin hydrolysate is one of the value added product derived from shrimp shell waste. Production of chitin hydrolysate using biological process offers an environmental friendly method compared to chemical process. Serratia marcescens PT-6, a gram negative chitinolytic bacterium isolated from shrimp pond sediment, shows good activity in hydrolyzing chitin. This study aimed to improve the chitinase activity of S. marcescens PT-6 culture by optimizing the component of chitin-containing medium (additional nitrogen source, additional carbon source, and colloidal chitin). The optimization of chitinase by S. marcescens PT-6 culture was done using one variable at a time method. The sequence of the research were to optimize 1) the type of additional carbon source (glucose, lactose, sucrose, and starch), 2) the type of additional nitrogen source (yeast extract, peptone, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium chloride), 3) the concentration of colloidal chitin (0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5%), and 4) the concentration of the additional carbon and nitrogen source. The culture of S. marcescens PT-6 was incubated in colloidal chitin medium at 30 oC and chitinase activity from culture supernatant was analyzed. The results showed that starch gave the highest chitinase activity compare to other carbon source, meanwhile yeast extract was chosen as the best nitrogen source among others. The combination of 1.5% colloidal chitin with 0.5% starch and 0.1% yeast extract in medium increased the chitinase activity of S. marcescens PT-6 to 0.021 U/ml. These results indicated that an appropriate medium composition could increase the chitinase activity produced by S. marcescens PT-6 culture.

Waste shrimp shell-derived hydrochar as an emergent material for methyl orange removal in aqueous solutions

Shrimp processing and consumption generate large amounts of waste shrimp shell (WSS) rich in chitin and protein. Herein, we successfully synthesized WSS-based hydrochar (WSH) adsorbent through deproteinization and deacetylation followed by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and acid washing. For comparison, another hydrochar (CCH) adsorbent was synthesized from HTC of commercial chitosan under identical conditions. Specifically, WSH contained rich nitrogen-containing functional groups with a long aliphatic chains structure. Acid etching of calcium carbonate in WSS led to a higher specific surface area of WSH (12.65 m2/g) which was nearly 6 times higher than that of CCH (2.13 m2/g). The lower deacetylation degree of WSH was responsible for higher amide I and amino groups retained therein. Under an optimal initial solution pH of 4.0, WSH could rapidly achieve a superb adsorption capacity of 755.08 mg/g for methyl orange molecule. Moreover, the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and was well described by a monolayer adsorption pattern based on the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9989. Prominent adsorption performance of WSH for methyl orange was mainly attributed to electrostatic interactions, while steric hindrance effect had a detrimental impact on the adsorption capacity of CCH. Superb adsorption capacity and excellent regeneration performance suggest WSH could be a promising and affordable adsorbent candidate for anionic dye removal.

Preparation and characterization of shrimp shell waste protein-based films modified with oolong tea, corn silk and black soybean seed coat extracts

Shrimp shell wastes protein (SSWP, P) mixed with chitosan (C) were used as the sources of biopolymers to prepare active films, and different concentrations (1%, 3% and 5% w/w) of oolong tea extract (OTE), corn silk extract (CSE) and black soybean seed coat extract (BSSCE) were added as active constituents. The physicochemical properties of films, as observed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were strongly affected by the addition of OTE, CSE and BSSCE. The thermal stability was improved with increased concentration of the extracts. The films incorporated with 5% w/w BSSCE improved the barrier of film against the UV light with the transparency value of 15.97 mm−1. The OTE, CSE and BSSCE also enhanced the antioxidant activity of all films, especially incorporation of 5% w/w OTE. The study indicated that incorporating natural extracts with SSWP film was a feasible way to develop new biodegradable film for active packaging.

Exergetic sensibility analysis and environmental evaluation of chitosan production from shrimp exoskeleton in Colombia

Waste valorization is one of the key aspects of cleaner production, there are a large number of residues such as crustacean exoskeletons which can be potentially used for obtaining valuable products. A comprehensive analysis involving both exergy and environmental aspects of chitosan production from shrimp shell wastes is presented. Mass and energy balances, needed to assess the presented process, were obtained by using Aspen Plus ® software. It was obtained a chitosan production rate of 12,152 t/y from a fed flow of 57,000 t/y of shrimp exoskeleton. Process simulation allowed estimation of environmental performance by applying the Waste Reduction Algorithm (WAR). The results revealed that the process consumes potential environmental impacts (PEI), obtaining negative values for these variables (in terms of generation rates) in all cases. Besides, the exergy analysis reported a global exergy efficiency of 4.58%, obtaining that astaxanthin removal stage reached the highest irreversibilities and exergy of wastes (707,699.57 MJ/h and 707,738.09 MJ/h). The sensitivity analysis showed that the efficiency of depigmentation stage can be increased by 92%, applying process improvements. This means an increase of the global exergy efficiency by 58.93%.