Shrimp Larvae Research Articles

Distribution and Abundance of Shrimp Larvae in The East Beach of Aceh, East Aceh Regency, Indonesia

Shrimp fisheries are one of the targets for local governments in designing and developing a marine protected area, especially in East Aceh Regency. In general, one of the efforts to preserve shrimp production requires information on larval distribution. The larval phase in the shrimp life cycle is essential for continuing stock production in nature. This study aims to analyse the distribution of shrimp larvae which become potential resources. This study was conducted at ten stations in the coastal area in April and September 2015. The data collected used a “bongo net” with a mesh size of 500 mm with a mouth opening of 60 cm and a length of 3 metres which was pulled flat at a speed of ± 2 knots for 10 minutes. Faund, the highest shrimp larvae abundance, was the family Palaemonidae. At the same time, the lowest was the family Sergestidae. In addition, found two families (Squillidae and Penaidae) were besides these, other shrimp species were grouped in the unidentified category. To conduct further research, such as analysis of habitat utilisation and degradation status that can affect shrimp stocks, risk assessment and evaluation, and support factors, as input in determining the conservation area of shrimp resources.

Kapasitas Total Antioksidan dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis)

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and antioxidants in the body. One plant that contains antioxidants is binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis). To determine the compound content contained in binahong leaves, a total antioxidant capacity test and toxicity test were carried out on binahong leaves. This research used an in-vitro experimental study consisting of an antioxidant capacity test with DPPH (1.1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) and a bioassay, namely a toxicity test with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) from binahong leaf extract. Extraction of binahong leaves is carried out using the maceration method using methanol solvent and then evaporated to obtain the extract. The total antioxidant capacity test was carried out using the Blois method, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) toxicity test using the Meyer method. In the antioxidant capacity test, the IC50 value was 284.199 μg/mL, which means that the antioxidant capacity of binahong leaf extract is relatively low. In the toxicity test, the LC50 was obtained at 302.25 μg/mL, which means that binahong leaf extract has a level of toxicity against (Artemia salina L.) shrimp larvae. So it can be concluded that binahong leaf extract has relatively low antioxidant capacity and has toxic properties which are thought to have antimitotic properties.

Automatic Penaeus Monodon Larvae Counting via Equal Keypoint Regression with Smartphones.

Today, large-scale Penaeus monodon farms no longer incubate eggs but instead purchase larvae from large-scale hatcheries for rearing. The accurate counting of tens of thousands of larvae in these transactions is a challenging task due to the small size of the larvae and the highly congested scenes. To address this issue, we present the Penaeus Larvae Counting Strategy (PLCS), a simple and efficient method for counting Penaeus monodon larvae that only requires a smartphone to capture images without the need for any additional equipment. Our approach treats two different types of keypoints as equip keypoints based on keypoint regression to determine the number of shrimp larvae in the image. We constructed a high-resolution image dataset named Penaeus_1k using images captured by five smartphones. This dataset contains 1420 images of Penaeus monodon larvae and includes general annotations for three keypoints, making it suitable for density map counting, keypoint regression, and other methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated on a real Penaeus monodon larvae dataset. The average accuracy of 720 images with seven different density groups in the test dataset was 93.79%, outperforming the classical density map algorithm and demonstrating the efficacy of the PLCS.

Uji aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik ekstrak daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas)

Background: antioxidants play an important role in preventing cell damage and generating inhibition of signalling pathways of cancer, aging and various diseases. Several extracts, oils, and herbal formulations were shown to be important Antioxidant agents for preventing cell damage. Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas) leaves. were a common natural Antioxidant phytochemical screening of Jatropha leaves that contained flavonoids, where flavonoids acted as antioxidants.Objectives: this study aims to determine the Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves using the DPPH and shrimp larvae method, respectively.Methods: the design in this study was quasi-experimental, using various concentrations of ethanol extract and vitamin C (comparison control) in inhibiting free radicals and each Concentration was repeated three repetitions. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Chemistry FMIPA Palangka Raya University and Chemistry Education FKIP Halu Oleo University in 2022. The ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves weighing 60 grams was extracted using the Soxhletion method to obtain 1.667 grams of thick ethanol extract. Phytochemical characterization was further conducted by tube method, Antioxidant tests by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and cytotoxic test assessed by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The data analysis used the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with post hoc Tamhane at 95% Cl.Results: the results showed that Jatropha curcas L. leaves contained several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols and tannins. Furthermore, the Antioxidant activity test of ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas L leaves and control (vitamin C) provided IC50 of 32.83 ± 0.09 (μg/mL) and 8.78 ± 0.21 (μg/mL), respectively. Another finding found that ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves contained active compounds that were toxic to shrimp larvae with LC50 of 427 ppm. Based on the One Way Anova test, each Concentration had a significant difference in the percentage of radical scavenging (p= 0,05). The Concentration of 160 ppm is the most effective in radical scavenging.Conclusion: we concluded that the ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves showed strong Antioxidant activity and potential as an anticancer agent

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Amygdalin Extracted from Three Cassava Varieties Cultivated in Benin.

Given that cancer is a disease that is rampant in the world and especially in Africa, where the population has enormous difficulty treating it, plants are a safer and less expensive alternative. Cassava is a plant species valued in Benin because of its numerous medicinal and nutritional virtues. This study evaluated the biological activities of amygdalin from the organs of three cassava varieties most commonly produced in Benin (BEN, RB, and MJ). HPLC analysis was used to quantify amygdalin in cassava organs and derivatives. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine secondary metabolite groups. DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested on Artemia salina larvae. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo in an albino mouse paw edema model induced by 5% formalin. The anticancer activity was evaluated in vivo on Wistar rats rendered cancerous by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) using 5-fluorouracil as a reference molecule. The results showed that the organs of all three-cassava varieties contained glycosides, flavonoids, saponosides, steroids, tannins, coumarins, and cyanogenic derivatives. Young stems and fresh cassava leaves had the highest amygdalin concentrations, with 11,142.99 µg 10 g-1 and 9251.14 µg 10 g-1, respectively. The Agbeli derivative was more concentrated in amygdalin, with a content of 401.56 µg 10 g-1 than the other derivatives. The antioxidant activity results showed that the amygdalin extracts were DPPH radical scavengers with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 mg mL-1 to 2.35 mg mL-1. The cytotoxicity test showed no toxicity of the extracts toward shrimp larvae. Administration of amygdalin extracts from the leaves of BEN and MJ varieties prevents inflammatory edema. The percentages of edema inhibition varied between 21.77% and 27.89%. These values are similar (p > 0.05) to those of acetylsalicylic acid (25.20%). Amygdalin extract of the BEN variety significantly (p < 0.0001) reduces edema. Both BEN extracts inhibited cancer induction with DMH. In preventive and curative treatments, rats fed with amygdalin extracts showed low anti-cancer activity under the effect of DMH and a significant difference in biochemical results. Thus, the organs of all three cassava varieties studied have secondary metabolites and good antioxidant activity. The leaves contain high levels of amygdalin and can be used as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Textile effluents decolourization potential of metal tolerant Aspergillus species and optimization of biomass concentration and temperature

This research was performed to assess the physicochemical properties of textile effluents collected from different sampling points (industrial park, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India) and also evaluate the multiple metal tolerance efficiency of pre-isolated Aspergillus flavus. Moreover, their textile effluent decolourization potential was investigated and quantity and temperature required for effective bioremediation was optimized. About 5 textile effluent samples (S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4) were collected from various sampling points and noted that certain physicochemical properties (pH: 9.64 ± 0.38, Turbidity: 18.39 ± 1.4 NTU, Cl−: 3185.38 ± 15.8 mg L−1, BOD: 82.52 ± 6.9 mg L−1, COD: 342.28 ± 8.9 mg L−1, Ni: 74.21 ± 4.31 mg L−1, Cr: 48.52 ± 18.34 mg L−1, Cd: 34.85 ± 1.2 mg L−1, Zn: 25.52 ± 2.4 mg L−1, Pb: 11.25 ± 1.5 mg L−1, Hg: 1.8 ± 0.05 mg L−1, and As: 7.1 ± 0.41 mg L−1) were beyond the permissible limits. The A. flavus, showed remarkable metal tolerance to Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Zn on PDA plates with elevated dosage up to 1000 μg mL−1. The optimal dosage required for effective decolourization was found as 3 g (48.2%) and compare to dead biomass (42.1%) of A. flavus, the viable biomass showed remarkable decolourization activity on textile effluents in a short duration of treatment process. The optimal temperature for effective decolourization by viable biomass was found at 32 ᵒC. The toxic effects of S4 samples treated at 32 ᵒC on O. sativa as well as brine shrimp larvae were significantly reduced. These findings show that pre-isolated A. flavus viable biomass can be used to decolorize metal-enriched textile effluent. Furthermore, the effectiveness of their metals remediation should be investigated using ex-situ and ex-vivo approaches.

Microbial biomarker detection in shrimp larvae rearing water as putative bio-surveillance proxies in shrimp aquaculture.

Aquacultured animals are reared in water hosting various microorganisms with which they are in close relationships during their whole lifecycle as some of these microorganisms can be involved in their host's health or physiology. In aquaculture hatcheries, understanding the interactions existing between the natural seawater microbiota, the rearing water microbiota, the larval stage and the larval health status, may allow the establishment of microbial proxies to monitor the rearing ecosystems. Indeed, these proxies could help to define the optimal microbiota for shrimp larval development and could ultimately help microbial management. In this context, we monitored the daily composition of the active microbiota of the rearing water in a hatchery of the Pacific blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris. Two distinct rearing conditions were analyzed; one with antibiotics added to the rearing water and one without antibiotics. During this rearing, healthy larvae with a high survival rate and unhealthy larvae with a high mortality rate were observed. Using HiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of the water microbiota, coupled with zootechnical and statistical analysis, we aimed to distinguish the microbial taxa related to high mortality rates at a given larval stage. We highlight that the active microbiota of the rearing water is highly dynamic whatever the larval survival rate. A clear distinction of the microbial composition is shown between the water harboring heathy larvae reared with antibiotics versus the unhealthy larvae reared without antibiotics. However, it is hard to untangle the effects of the antibiotic addition and of the larval death on the active microbiota of the rearing water. Various active taxa of the rearing water are specific to a given larval stage and survival rate except for the zoea with a good survival rate. Comparing these communities to those of the lagoon, it appears that many taxa were originally detected in the natural seawater. This highlights the great importance of the microbial composition of the lagoon on the rearing water microbiota. Considering the larval stage and larval survival we highlight that several genera: Nautella, Leisingera, Ruegerira, Alconivorax, Marinobacter and Tenacibaculum, could be beneficial for the larval survival and may, in the rearing water, overcome the r-strategist microorganisms and/or putative pathogens. Members of these genera might also act as probiotics for the larvae. Marivita, Aestuariicocccus, HIMB11 and Nioella, appeared to be unfavorable for the larval survival and could be associated with upcoming and occurring larval mortalities. All these specific biomarkers of healthy or unhealthy larvae, could be used as early routine detection proxies in the natural seawater and then during the first days of larval rearing, and might help to manage the rearing water microbiota and to select beneficial microorganisms for the larvae.

Isolation and identification of pigment-producing filamentous fungus DBFL05 and its pigment characteristics and chemical structure

ABSTRACT Natural pigments derived from microorganisms have many advantages and are widely studied in the food industry. A filamentous fungus, DBFL05, was identified as Aspergillus ustus, which produces a bright and abundant brown pigment. This extracellular, water-soluble pigment is highly polar and slightly soluble in alcohol but insoluble in other organic solvents. The pigment is stable under sunlight, at pH 2–10, and below 100°C. However, it is sensitive to Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. The pigment is mainly composed of two chemical components, pyrropyrazine diketone and dianthrone, and is classified as a polyketone pigment. Both components of the pigment exhibit inhibitory effects on bacteria and scavenging abilities for •OH and DPPH. The pigment showed no significant toxicity to plants and low toxicity to brine shrimp larvae. These findings indicate that the easily obtainable A. ustus pigment is a polyketone with attractive colour, stability, safety, and bioactivity.

Cytotoxicity activity oil of Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard

Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) contains unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6. Furthermore, EPA and DHA are forms of omega-3 and are known to treat various diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammation, heart disease, stroke, lupus, hypertension, impaired growth and intelligence, diabetes, and act as antifungal agents. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic activity of eel fish oil extract against Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. It also aimed to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) value of the oil, which is the concentration that could cause the death of 50% of the test animal population. The cytotoxicity testing was carried out using the larvae of Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae aged 48 hrs and eel fish oil extract at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 ppm with five repetitions. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect was observed by calculating the number of shrimp larvae mortality, while the probit analysis was used to determine the LC50 value of the oil. The results showed that the eel fish oil extract had the highest bioactivity against Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae at concentrations of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 ppm, respectively, and its LC₅₀ value was 232.6802 ppm, which is &lt;1000 ppm. Therefore, it was concluded that the oil is toxic to Artemia salina leach shrimp larvae and has the potential to be further investigated as an anticancer agent.

THE APPLICATION OF YEAST AND LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IMPROVE GROWTH AND INTESTINAL STRUCTURE OF TIGER SHRIMP LARVAE Penaeus monodon Fab.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the different concentration of RABAL (yeast and lactic acid bacteria) probiotics on the survival, feed conversion, growth and intestinal cells changes of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fab. larvae. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Tiger shrimp with average size of 0.02 g was randomly stocked in each container containing RABAL with concentration of 0 ppm (A/control), 75 ppm (B), 150 ppm (C), and 225 ppm (D) with frequency once a day for 30 days. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA. The result showed that the application of RABAL with different doses into the shrimp culture media significantly influences (P0.05) the growth and food conversion ratio of tiger shrimp feed but did not significantly affect (P 0.05) on the survival rate. The value of water quality parameters in this study were still at normal levels for tiger shrimp rearing. As conclusion, the application of probiotics RABAL with different concentrations have positive effect on the absolute weight, absolute length, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and intestinal villi surface area of tiger shrimp larvae, without adverse effect on the survival rate of tiger shrimp seed.

Changes of Macrobenthic Diversity and Functional Groups in Saltmarsh Habitat under Different Seasons and Climatic Variables from a Subtropical Coast

Saltmarsh is one of the most productive coastal habitats in the marine environment, and the macroinvertebrate community is crucial to its ecology and productivity. These productive ecosystems are currently under threat due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. However, macroinvertebrate communities and their functionality in saltmarsh from subtropical coastal areas have previously been largely ignored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate (i) the diversity and community assemblages, (ii) trophic structure, and (iii) changes of macroinvertebrate diversity under different seasons and climatic variables from a subtropical saltmarsh habitat. A total of 29 taxa in the eight (8) major groups were recorded in both seasons, with polychaetes being dominant (64%) in monsoon and crustaceans (50%) in post-monsoon. Among the trophic groups identified, surface deposit feeders and omnivores were dominant, accounting for 78.52% of the total groups. The highest value of diversity index (2.04) was observed at station S3 in monsoon and the lowest (1.408) at station S2 in post-monsoon. Strong seasonal variability was confirmed by two-way ANOVA and PERMANOVA, and SIMPER analysis identified that shrimp larvae (Macrobrachium sp.) were the taxa that contributed the most to grouping patterns between areas and seasons. In addition, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) revealed a great dissimilarity of macrobenthic faunal assemblages among the study stations and seasons. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results revealed that the climatic factors water temperature, salinity, and alkalinity variation influenced the benthic community diversity.

Identification of Phytochemical Compounds of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Bulung Anggur (Caulerpa Sp.) By Gc-Ms And Toxicity Test On Artemia Salina Leach Shrimp Larvae

Sea grape (Caulerpa sp.) is one of the potential types of seaweed. Sea grape potential as a natural ingredient for making medicine. Balinese people use sea grape for consumption. The content of bioactive compounds in sea grape is suspected to be toxic at certain doses. The purpose of this study was to determine the compound content of ethyl acetate extract of sea grape (Caulerpa sp.) and the toxicity on Artemia salina Leach. The identification of the bioactive compounds was carried out by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry and the toxicity test of extracts was carried out using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of sea grape (Caulerpa sp.) contained 27 chemical compounds, 7 of which had a quality value &gt; 70%, namely Propanoic acid, ethyl ester; n-Propyl acetate; sec-Butyl acetate; Toluene; Acetic acid, butyl ester; Bicyclo [4.2.0] octa-1, 3, 5-triene; and Styrene. The results of the toxicity test of Artemia salina Leach are toxic which had an LC50 value of 44,070 ppm so that they can be used as a larvicide

The transcriptome of Litopenaeus vannamei in zoea larvae and adults infected by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

IntroductionThe rapid development of the Litopenaeus vannamei industry largely depends on the acquisition of high-quality larvae. Shrimp larval development is a unique metamorphic process that results in mortality due to disease vulnerability. Currently, studies on innate immunity in shrimp are mainly focused on the adult stage, but little has been done on innate immunity in larvae.MethodsIn this study, utilizing a high-throughput Illumina sequencing approach, we compare the transcriptome of L. vannamei Zoea larvae and adults infected by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.ResultsA total of 487,887,650 high quality reads were obtained, assembled, and aggregated into 23,802 genes, among which 3315 were identified as differentially expressed genes. Then GO term enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and functional gene analysis were performed. We found that pathways that are involved in the innate immune response, such as mTOR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and Notch signaling pathway, were more enriched in the Zoea stage compared to the adult stage, suggesting that innate immunity against Vibrio vulnificus may exist during the Zoea larvae stage.Discussionwere more enriched in the Zoea stage compared to the adult stage, suggesting that innate immunity against Vibrio vulnificus may exist during the Zoea larvae stage. These findings will provide useful information for the study of innate immunity in shrimp larvae.

Plankton Community, Carbon-Nitrogen Ratios and Food Preference in Blind Feeding Phase of Litopenaeus vannamei

Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the largest commodities having a major impact on the global economy. Shrimp larvae have drastic changes in morphology and physiology which require extra maintenance. Feed management in early rearing using a blind feeding system which plankton as the main food. The relation between plankton and C/N needs to be investigated to optimize the growth of natural feed. The aims of the study were to analyze plankton community structure; the relationship between plankton to C/N and the environmental parameters; and determine the shrimp preferences of plankton. Data were collected at 3 points in 3 different ponds (PA, PB, PC) on day 8 and day 15 using a stratified sampling method with criteria (intensive system and blind feeding phase). Plankton density and C/N relationship were analyzed using Linear Regression, plankton and environmental parameters using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Shrimp food preferences were analyzed descriptively in percentage. The results showed that diatoms and dinoflagellates dominated phytoplankton, and rotifers dominate zooplankton. C/N showed a positive correlation to protozoa, but a negative correlation to pennate diatoms and copepods. The most influential environmental factors for both phytoplankton and zooplankton density were temperature, C-organic, salinity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen.

LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF Saussurea costus WITH BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST METHOD

The safety of using herbal plant extracts is essential for COVID-19 patients who consume herbal plants daily to increase immunity and overcome the symptoms of the disease. One of the herbal plants used by the community in COVID-19 therapy is Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea costus). The public needs to know the safety of these herbal remedies when consuming them. Therefore it is essential to conduct a toxicity test of Hindi Qusthul extract. Secondary metabolite compounds present in plant extracts can be tested for toxicity in vitro using the Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method using Artemia salina Leach larvae to determine LC50 values. The BSLT method is used to determine biological activities in extract plants, such as cytotoxic activity, phototoxic, enzyme inhibition, and ion regulation, using Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae as bioindicators. The BSLT method is carried out by observing the mortality rate in Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae which are given extracts from plants and then incubated for 1x24 hours. The results obtained from this study as an LC50 (Lethal concentration) value of 532.78 ppm. LC50 (Lethal Concentration) value of 532.78 ppm indicates that the concentration of the compound can cause death in Artemia salina Leach by as much as 50%.

Discovery of a substance that enhances the immune response in Litopenaeus vannamei against WSSV: Baicalein, a major component of Scutellaria baicalensis

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen that can infect many crustaceans, and that has caused huge economic losses in the shrimp industry. No effective prevention and control measures are currently available. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (SBEE) at 200 mg/L provided >50% protection for WSSV-infected shrimp larvae, and baicalein at 100 μM, one of the main anti-WSSV active substances in S. baicalensis, was 66.7% effective. When shrimp larvae were infected with WSSV after 8 h of SBEE and baicalein preincubation, the respective copy numbers of the viral genome were decreased by 31% and 46% versus the control group. Similarly, WSSV genome copy number reductions of 49% and 55% were observed in WSSV-infected shrimp larvae after 72 h of SBEE and baicalein immersion, respectively. In addition, SBEE or baicalein continuous treatment significantly reduced the viral loads in vivo, effectively blocking the horizontal transmission of WSSV between hosts. SBEE or baicalein also enhanced the expression of Toll4, Dorsal and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to restrict WSSV infection. In conclusion, S. baicalensis and baicalein are promising feed additives and immune enhancers for the control of WSSV infection.

Komponen Kimia Minyak Atsiri yang Diisolasi dari Daun Tanaman Pucuk Merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) dan Potensi Antibakteri serta Toksisitasnya

Pucuk merah (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) is an ornamental plant from the Myrtaceae family. Several phytochemical tests from previous researchers reported that pucuk merah contains secondary metabolites that have benefits such as antioxidants, antibacterials, and anti-cancer. In addition, the distinctive aroma produced from pucuk merah leaves indicates the presence of essential oils whose bioactivity can be studied. Still, there has been no report on this plant's chemical components or bioactivity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the content of chemical components of pucuk merah essential oil and their bioactivity as antibacterial and toxicity. The isolation of essential oils was carried out by the hydro distillation method. The chemical components of essential oils were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. GC-MS results showed the presence of 42 compounds with four main compounds, namely caryophyllene (23.45%), 3-carene (15.67%), α-terpineol (10.74%), and α-pinene (5.98%) ). Antibacterial test of pucuk merah essential oil using the disc diffusion method showed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with inhibition zones of 16.15 ± 2.03 and 16.13 ± 1.74 mm at 100% concentration. The results of the toxicity test of pucuk merah essential oil using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method on Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae showed strong toxic properties with an LC50 value of 3.99 µg/mL.

Dietary grape extract can, at an appropriate level, improve the growth performance and antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the growth performance and in vivo antioxidant capacity of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets containing the grape extract Nor-grape 80. A control diet containing 1000 ppm vitamin E without added grape extract and four other diets containing 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm grape extract were formulated. Shrimp, twenty 0.02 g of individuals in each aquarium, were randomly assigned to one of the above five treatment diets in triplicate and fed three times daily to satiation for six weeks. The final weight, weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the shrimp larvae fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm Nor-grape 80 were significantly higher than those fed the other treatment diets. The levels of superoxide dismutase activity of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm Nor-grape 80 were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the control diet. On the other hand, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 500 ppm of Nor-grape 80 were significantly lower than those fed the other diets. Furthermore, the highest levels of dietary Nor-grape 80, namely 750 and 1000 ppm, gave rise to reduced growth performance, as well as lower levels of in vivo antioxidant activity. Therefore, for the best growth performance and highest level of in vivo antioxidant activity, it is suggested that the optimal level of Nor-grape 80 as part of a white shrimp diet falls between 250 and 500 ppm.

Myrochromanol analogues and trichothecene derivatives from the shellfish-derived fungus Albifimbriaverrucaria

Eight myrochromanol analogues, including three pairs of epimers at C-2 with the myrochromanol scaffold and two examples of myrochromanol with sugar moiety linked at C-4, together with twelve trichothecene derivatives were isolated from the cultures of a shellfish-derived fungus Albifimbria verrucaria CD1-4. Among them, eight compounds named 2-epi-myrochromanol, ent-myrochromanol B, 4-epi-myrochromanol B, 2-epi-myrochromanol A, myrochromanosides A and B, 6′,7′-erythro-(2′E,4′Z)-trichoverrol B, 3R,8S-dihyroxyroridin H were previously undescribed fungal metabolites. Their planar structures and relative configurations were established by 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-MS data analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined using the modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichrosim calculations. Almost all isolates were evaluated for growth rate inhibition of three marine harmful microalgae Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense, and lethal activity to one marine zooplankton, Artemia salina. Myrochromanosides A and B exhibited obvious inhibitory against three tested microalgae with IC50 values in the range of 9.2–108.9 μM. 8α-Hydroxyroridin H, roridin A and verrucarin A exhibited significant inhibition against P. donghaiense with IC50 values of 6.1, 5.8, and 6.0 μM and toxicity against brine shrimp larvae with LC50 values of 1.4, 2.8, and 0.26 μM, respectively.

The optimal dietary level of dry grape extract and its effect on the growth performance and antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The optimal dietary level of the dry grape extract was determined based on the growth performance and in vivo antioxidant activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A control diet containing 1000 ppm vitamin E without added grape extract and four other diets containing 125 (N125), 250 (N250), 375 (N375) and 500 ppm (N500) dry grape extract were formulated. Each aquarium contained twenty 2.45 g shrimp larvae and the shrimps were randomly assigned to one of three replicates of the above five treatment diets. The shrimp were fed to satiation three times daily for seven weeks. The final weight, weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed the diet containing 250 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the control diet and the diets containing 125 and 500 ppm dry grape extract. The growth parameters of the shrimp fed diets containing 250 and 375 ppm dry grape extract were not significantly different. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the shrimp fed the control diet and the diets supplemented with 375 and 500 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those fed the diet containing 125 ppm dry grape extract, while the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels of the shrimp fed the diet containing 125 ppm dry grape extract were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the other diets. It is suggested that 321.3 ppm dry grape extract should be the optimum level suitable for white shrimp to reach their maximum growth.