Shrimp Exports Research Articles

Strategy of Quality Improvement of Pond Shrimp Post Harvest Management (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) in Mahakam Delta (Case Study)

Mahakam Delta area, which is situated in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, has become a pond center that gives a significant contribution to shrimp export of East Kalimantan Province. Pond-produced shrimps, however, do not always accord to the intention of cold storage companies at expected price. The companies even sometimes reject the request due to poor quality of the product. The decreasing shrimp quality may be due to maintenance process by the pond farmers as well as the improper collectors. In the other hand, importing countries have decided more and more restricted requirements for the imported fishing products. This study was held in Muara Jawa, Anggana, and Muara Badak Districts using techniques of data collection of in-depth interview with twelve respondents. In order to improve shrimp quality, farmers or the producers have to formulate a strategy towards the improvement of the post harvest shrimps from the pond using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results of the AHP consist of as follows: (1) application of pond shrimp post harvest technology and improvement of facilities and accommodation that support the quality improvement of the pond shrimps, (2) human resource quality improvement of pond farmers, collectors, and field instructors, (3) development of pond culture by applying best practices principle and local policies in order to improve the quality of the pond shrimps, and (4) improvement of interagency coordination, monitoring, and evaluation to enhance the pond shrimp quality

Pemantauan Virus dengan Metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) di Pantai Utara Jawa Timur <br><i>[Monitoring Virus By PCR Method (Polymerase Chain Reaction) In North Coast, East Java]<i>

Abstract The disease most dangerous for the cultivation activity is virus. Viruses are organisms subseluler that contain only nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) as genetic material. Koi Herpes Virus is one type of virus that causes mortality in cultured Cyprinids. KHV disease in Indonesia started in Blitar, East Java on March 2002 because the entry of imported koi fish that carry the virus KHV, while mortality prosentase could reach 80% - 85%, which causes loss of about 5 billion rupiah. In addition of KHV, there are several types of viral diseases in shrimp is White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), dan Yellow Head Virus (YHV). Disease can cause losses in farming activities, such as WSSV. WSSV is an endemic disease since 1995. disease WSSV is exotic viral disease that attacks the shrimp monodon in 1998/1999 has resulted in decreased production of very large, so the Indonesian shrimp exports down 33,000 tons. Treatment of viral diseases is difficult because the virus resistant to certain antibiotics and chemical compounds. Therefore, prevention needs to be done, one through the monitoring activities conducted on the northern coast of East Java. The method implemented is monitoring in location and identification of viruses by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Monitoring in location includes water quality measurements and sampling. Identification of virus carried by IQ 2000TM. The identification procedure includes extraction, amplification and electrophoresis. Regional monitoring conducted on the northern coast of East Java includes Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep. Water quality at locations quite well. Results activities of monitoring on the northern coast of East Java is disease White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) was found positive in several locations: Gresik, Lamongan and Tuban, while the virus Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) and Yellow Head Virus (YHV) was not found at all locations . In tilapia, disease Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) was found positive in Tuban.

Economic Prospects as well as Human Rights Violation at Shrimp Farming: A study based in south west coastal region of Bangladesh

Shrimp is an important export commodity in Bangladesh. The districts in which shrimp cultivation occurred are Bagerhat, Khulna and Satkhira in Khulna Division and Cox's Bazar, Chittagong and Noakhali in Chittagong Division. Out of our total quantity of shrimp exported from the country during 2001 (42000 tonnes), the share of Bagda was 25000 tonnes (58%) and Golda 12000 tonnes (28%). Other varieties like Harina amounted to 6000 tonnes (15%) (Source: Banks' Report). Bangladesh accounts for only 2.5% of the total world export of shrimp. But in prospective of Bangladesh, Shrimp is the second most important export, employing 840,000 people (Frank Burger, 20002). Frank Burger also states that shrimp represents 90% of all marine products exported from Bangladesh. But there is mixed image about Bangladeshi shrimp in the international market. In the report published by the Environmental Justice Foundation of London, UK, titled Smash and Grab: Corruption, conflict and Human Rights Abuse in shrimp Industry in March 2003, a grey picture of Human Rights situation has been exposed. In our national and local newspapers, news of abuse of Human Rights in the shrimp industry continues to be published regularly. To think that if we keep our eyes closed and believe that no one will know what is happening, and if we do not admit, the occurrences will not be proved, will be a gross mistake instead, we need to be courageous. We must investigate the basic causes behind these occurrences. Coordinated efforts are needed to be undertaken in order to reduce the incidence of such occurrences. We must understand that unless the local marginal landowners, the local workers do not get an equitable share of the income from the shrimp sector, and if opportunities for unethical activities continue to exist in shrimp trading depots and processing factories, then questions will be asked as to how much the

Assessment of shrimp farmers viewpoint toward potential obstacles in Chabahr City, Iran

This paper investigates the attitude of shrimp growing managers toward current problems in 2010. The region is located in Chabahar city of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. The population of this study included 36 to 61 farms. Data was collected through fishery organization, cooperative department and also interviews with decision-making units (DMUs) managers. The validity of the questionnaires was evaluated by experts and faculty members of the University. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used in order to assess the reliability of questionnaire scale, which measured as an acceptable coefficient more than 0.7 in all of the parts. The managers' attitudes were investigated toward financial affairs, human resources, competitiveness, existing infrastructure, laws and government policies. At last, the main obstacles and problems were identified in these farms. Regarding the results about ranking of market and competitiveness, it is better to create domestic market by accompaniment of government, so that it could provide the producers with better conditions. Furthermore, it increases per capita shrimp consumption in country. On the other hand, to maintain and even expand competitive global markets, allocating subsidies for shrimp exports, besides improving road asphalt at non-residential Guatr and reducing the costs of shrimp production are suggested. Bad market conditions and non-optimal allocation of financial resources are drastic obstacles for developing these pools. These problems should be taken care of via low-interest loans and advertisements about shrimp consumption benefits. Moreover, improving manpower productivity is a way to reduce the gap of shrimp productivity of Iran comparing to shrimp exporters in other countries. Therefore, special training courses to boost manpower productivity in Guatr restrict are recommended. Key words: Managers' attitude, Chabahar, production, shrimp.

Shrimp farming in coastal Brazil: Reasons for market failure and sustainability challenges

In Brazil, farm shrimp production has remained constant over the last five years but exports have fallen sharply and almost all production is now consumed domestically. This situation exists despite adequate water resources, available labour and climatic conditions which allow three production cycles per year. This paper is based on an assessment of the shrimp industry at a critical time when exports had reached their maximum level and were about to fall precipitously. It examines the reasons for the shrimp export market failure and discusses sustainability challenges for the future. Data were collected through interviews with hatchery, farm and processing plant managers and other stakeholders in Rio Grande do Norte state, the largest Brazilian farmed shrimp producer. It was found that market failure was the result of inadequate industry planning, inappropriate public policy and a lack of coordinated actions among the various shrimp producers and stakeholders. The research demonstrates that sustainable Brazilian shrimp farming will require technological and management improvements, institutional changes and an appropriate environmental and social framework.

A desert in the delta: Participatory assessment of changing livelihoods induced by commercial shrimp farming in Southwest Bangladesh

In recent years, shrimp aquaculture, which is undertaken largely in the tropical countries, has experienced spectacular growth in response to expanding global demand and higher economic return. Shrimp exports bring substantial foreign exchange to the producing countries and also generate employment for various stakeholders related to this industry. Despite a number positive aspects (e.g., foreign exchange, employment and food) of shrimp farming, the industry has serious negative environmental impacts. Because of the degradation of natural resources, commercial shrimp farming imposes socio-economic costs on rural resource-reliant communities as their traditional means of food production and livelihoods are displaced. Bangladesh produces 2.5 percent of the global production of shrimp. The country earned about 400 million dollars (U.S.) from shrimp exports during 2004–2005, up from only US$3.17 million in 1971–72. Bangladesh is suffering because of unplanned expansion of this aquaculture and increasingly called as “a desert in the delta”. The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of commercial saltwater shrimp farming on rural livelihood patterns in southwest Bangladesh using different Participatory Research methods. The authors suggest that vulnerabilities in livelihoods of the rural communities increased due to narrowing down agricultural production, income sources and natural supply of food. Other socio-economic impacts (e.g., landuse patterns, homestead and family structure, daily movement pattern and activities, drinking water, and law and order) also followed as a reaction to the changing ecological conditions. It is also found that economic benefits from shrimp cultivation to the communities was minimal or even negative due to the polarization and outflow of profits, which is augmenting the threat of poverty.

Small fish–big issues: the effect of trade policy on the global shrimp market

AbstractIt is a well-established theoretical result that the trade policy of a large country can directly affect its own and other countries' welfares by affecting international goods' prices. However, there exist very few empirical studies that analyze the effect of trade policy on international prices. With detailed data on unit values and tariffs, I show how policy actions in Europe disrupted the global shrimp market in a non-negligible way and set the stage for the anti-dumping case in the United States. The loss of Thailand's preferential trade status in Europe and the international differences in food-safety standards during the antibiotics crisis shifted especially Thai, Vietnamese, and Chinese shrimp exports away from Europe toward the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. I document how those shifting markets have decreased US prices for shrimp significantly compared to those in Europe.

Codes of conduct and certification issues for shrimp farming: a review.

The growing demand for fishery products from aquaculture, especially shrimp, led to fiercecriticisms about the unsustainable production and socially exploitative management. The product demand is combined with enhanced consumer concern for food safety, and environmental and social issues. Additionally, there is increasing consumer demand for information about the origin and nature of products they consume and the safety of all inputs. From the shrimp pond farmer to the retailer, there is a growing desire to meet or exceed these consumer expectations, and to be seen to be applying responsible management techniques in the development of truly sustainable shrimp production systems. These demands led to the development of codes for better aquaculture practices for the shrimp industry to ensure asustainable, environmentally friendly and socially equitable way to produce shrimp and for the consumer to be assured healthy food. Shrimp certification was introduced to respond to public perceptions and market requirements and increase public and consumer confidence in the production practices and the product. Currently there are a growing number of standards, "Codes of Practice," and certification schemes. Proliferation of Codes of Practice and certification schemes used by governments and the private-sector industry for sustainable shrimp farming poses a number of challenges. Shrimp producers and exporters inthe developing world often struggle to adapt to new and changing rules as they try to bring their farm-raised shrimp to different overseas markets. Additionally, there is the risk that Codes of Practice and certification schemes could affect the competitive position of resource-poor shrimp farmers and prevent benefits from the price premium attained through certification. There is an urgent need for more globally accepted standardsand certification guidelines, especially for the small-scale shrimp farmers, to provide guidance, serve as a basis for improved harmonization, and facilitate mutual recognition and equivalence of certificationschemes.

Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of Iran

Problem statement: As trade agreements decrease tariffs throughout th e world, other barriers to trade emerge. These Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) can be just as troublesome as tariffs for exporting countries. NTB s include any of a number of hindrances that restric t the ability of companies to export. NTB s may now have a greater impact on trade than tariff s. Approach: In contrast with previous research, we used a gravity model to estim ate the trade effect of non-tariff barriers imposed by importer countries on pistachios, raisins and sh rimp exported by Iran. Results: NTBs had a negative impact on pistachio and shrimp exports and their effect was greater than that of tariffs; rai sin exports were unaffected by NTBs. Conclusion/Recommendations: The export and the world demand for agricultural products increasing focusing on qu ality, packaging, labeling and standards of product s. Policy makers in countries that export agricultural products, such as Iran, must consider these characteristics when designing their programs. Ther efore, if Iran builds up-to-date production systems , it will increase its exports of agricultural produc ts.

Value Chains and Standards in Shrimp Export from Bangladesh and Thailand to Japan: A Comparative Study on Safety Compliances

Value Chains and Standards in Shrimp Export from Bangladesh and Thailand to Japan: A Comparative Study on Safety Compliances

RE-ORGANIZING THE SHRIMP SUPPLY CHAIN: AFTERMATH OF THE 1997 EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT BAN ON THE BANGLADESH SHRIMP

The shrimp industry in Bangladesh experienced problems with international buyers resulting from serious deficiencies in infrastructure and hygiene standards in processing plants and other upstream activities and from inefficiencies in government and private quality control mechanisms. In 1997, the European Union imposed a ban on import fishery products from Bangladesh into the European Union. This resulted in losing market access to the European Union for a few months, streamlined regulations, strengthened the competent authority, improved monitoring and inspection systems, and upgrading processing plants and depots. The ban was lifted after 6 months subject to meeting inspection standards and other provisions. After upgrading production facilities, working conditions, and adopting a Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Point system, 59 processing plants received approval to export to the European Union. The shrimp supply chain has been substantially reorganized and production processes restructured to satisfy safety and quality standards imposed by developed countries. This paper examines the effect of the European Union ban on the shrimp export supply chain in Bangladesh.

AN EXPLORATORY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP EXPORTERS FOR THE U.S. MARKET

This paper develops a systematic approach for the assessment of export performance and applies it to evaluate the major shrimp exporters for the U.S. market during the period from 1991 to 2007. Export performance is evaluated from two perspectives: (1) an individual exporter's competitiveness in a specific shrimp product in terms of comparative advantage, and (2) an individual exporter's overall competitiveness in the U.S. market in terms of specialization.

Export competitiveness and pro-poor growth in the shrimp industry in Bangladesh

As the export of shrimp from developing countries grows, food safety and other standards required by global buyers become increasingly stringent. Taking the example of the shrimp industry in Bangladesh, this article examines the potential conflict between efforts to enhance export competitiveness by complying with these standards and the pursuit of pro-poor growth with maximum small farmer participation. In order to comply with global standards, the food industry needs to coordinate different activities along the value chain. The shrimp industry in Bangladesh, which involves many small farmers in shrimp culture, has yet to develop an effective mechanism to facilitate the necessary coordination. One of the possible ways to overcome this problem is to consolidate the supply base in ways that would reduce small farmer involvement. Export promotion requires policy support to strengthen the entire industry's capacity to comply with complex global standards. Small farmer development, on the other hand, needs policies to enhance their livelihood security and reduce vulnerability. In theory, both objectives could be achieved simultaneously by integrating small farmers more effectively in the export-oriented shrimp industry. In practice, export promotion would require measures to re-organize the supply chain with consequences which may conflict with sustainable livelihoods of small farmers.

Export competitiveness and pro-poor growth in the shrimp industry in Bangladesh

As the export of shrimp from developing countries grows, food safety and other standards required by global buyers become increasingly stringent. Taking the example of the shrimp industry in Bangladesh, this article examines the potential conflict between efforts to enhance export competitiveness by complying with these standards and the pursuit of pro-poor growth with maximum small farmer participation. In order to comply with global standards, the food industry needs to coordinate different activities along the value chain. The shrimp industry in Bangladesh, which involves many small farmers in shrimp culture, has yet to develop an effective mechanism to facilitate the necessary coordination. One of the possible ways to overcome this problem is to consolidate the supply base in ways that would reduce small farmer involvement. Export promotion requires policy support to strengthen the entire industry's capacity to comply with complex global standards. Small farmer development, on the other hand, needs policies to enhance their livelihood security and reduce vulnerability. In theory, both objectives could be achieved simultaneously by integrating small farmers more effectively in the export-oriented shrimp industry. In practice, export promotion would require measures to re-organize the supply chain with consequences which may conflict with sustainable livelihoods of small farmers.

Assessing International Success and National Competitive Environment of Shrimp Industries of India and Thailand with Porter’s Diamond Model and Flexibility Theory

National environment plays a significant role in ensuring “international success” and “competitiveness” of an industry. Flexibility is a paradigm with a dynamic interaction capacity and is relevant in competitiveness analysis studies. This paper is an attempt to assess the shrimp industries of India and Thailand, with the help of the two theories of flexibility and competitiveness. The results provide evidence to the tenets of competitiveness held forth by Michael Porter - the scale of success of each of the industries is dependent on its respective national environments. A flexible national environment puts Thailand at an advantageous position than India in the global shrimp export market. The study also reveals an interesting trend through Compounded Annual Growth Rate calculated for a period. In this count, India displays a competitive position as compared to Thailand.

Utilization of shrimp industry waste in the formulation of tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) feed

A rapid expansion of fisheries is demanding an adequate supply of efficient, nutritious and inexpensive fish feed, because feed contributes highly to the cost of fish production. Shrimp head, a waste product from the shrimp export industry qualifies as an economical, abundant and good quality protein source for fish feeds. In the present work, shrimp head silage powder, which contained approximately 40% protein, was used as a substitute for fish flour. Four feeds, in the form of pellets, were prepared by substituting shrimp head silage for fish flour at 0%, 33.3%, 66.6% and 100% dietary levels. Other ingredients such as corn, soy, bovine blood, cassava and corn cob flours, soy oil, vitamin premix, salt, and other components also were used in the formulation. A commercial fish feed was used as the control. The proximate composition of these feeds did not differ significantly at p > 0.05, except for the protein content of the control feed, which was about 30.6% versus 35.4–36.9% protein in the other diets. No significant differences ( p > 0.05 level) in weight and length of juveniles fed with the different feeds during a period of 60 days were observed. In all cases, an excellent correlation (0.9950–0.9996) between weight and length of juveniles was observed. No significant difference in growth of juveniles fed on R1, R2, R3, or R4, or the control feed, was observed. Similarly, the proximate analyses of the flesh of juveniles did not present significant differences ( p > 0.05). The result of the study indicates that the shrimp head silage could replace fish flour as an ingredient in tilapia feed with economic advantages and without sacrificing the quality of the feed.

Trade Linkages in Shrimp Exports: Japan, Thailand and Vietnam

Considerable attention has been devoted to the social and environmental consequences of shrimp farming in the tropics, but relatively little has been given to the relationships involved in international trade in processed shrimp. Based on extensive field research, this article addresses this gap in the literature by examining the nature of the linkages between Japan, a major importer, and two major exporting countries, Thailand and Vietnam, underlying which are informal agreements rather than formal contractual relationships. It examines the rationale and operation of such informal agreements in the context of a dynamic market characterised by an international division of labour between Thailand (with an advanced food products industry) and Vietnam (just emerging into the world market).

Kajian terhadap Tingkat Kinerja Ekspor Indonesia dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Studi Kasus: Ekspor Udang Beku Indonesia

The is aimed to know the performance level and the Indonesia’s Strategy of frozen shrimp export. The Research is done by using Revealed Comparative Advantage Analysis and SWOT Analysis. The result of this research showed that the level of Indonesia’s frozen shrimp export performance less than Thailand’s. The recommended strategy that can be done to increase the performance frozen shrimp export are: more focus in developing economic in fishery sector, investment, law deregulation in fishery sector

The World Commission on Dams: A fundamental step towards integrated water resources management and poverty reduction? A pilot case in the Lower Zambezi, Mozambique

The Cahora Bassa dam in the Lower Zambezi has undoubtedly brought varied economic benefits (such as hydroelectricity) to Mozambique. There is also, however, evidence of certain negative impacts that have increased the vulnerability of downstream populations. Specifically, current water management practices in the Zambezi have affected people’s livelihoods by the frequent unpredictable releases of water that wash away riverbank crops, impoverish fish stocks and fish habitat, and threaten the valuable shrimp exports. These releases have also worsened the effects of large floods, for example the floods of 2001. The ecosystem of the Zambezi delta, which is a Ramsar site, has also suffered since Cahora Bassa’s regulation. The Mozambican government is proposing to construct a new dam downstream of Cahora Bassa at Mphanda Nkuwa. In the feasibility study, there was no due consideration of rural downstream communities and their livelihoods. This has left many potentially affected people uninformed and vulnerable to the risks associated with the new development. The new dam is likely to worsen the already severe impacts of Cahora Bassa. The World Commission on Dams (WCD) developed seven strategic priorities, designed to inform all decisions related to future dam developments. These priorities follow principles of public participation, social equity, environmental sustainability, economic efficiency and accountability. The WCD proposed best-practice guidelines for both addressing existing dams and for any future ones which are planned. According to the WCD, affected communities have a right to participate in the decision to build a dam, they should be the first to benefit from the project, and the rivers on which their livelihoods are based should be protected. Stakeholder participation is one of the fundamental components of integrated water resources management (IWRM). For effective participation in dam projects, affected people need to be empowered, have access to information and adequate capacity. In this context JA!, a Mozambican environmental NGO, is undertaking a project to share WCD recommendations with affected people along the Zambezi River. JA! has adopted a “bottom-up” approach to ensure that the people’s interests are included in government projects. This approach could give Mozambique the power to safeguard the environment while sustaining peoples’ livelihoods.

Work and labour in the Bangladesh brackish-water shrimp export sector*

This paper 1 argues that discussions about the applicability of labour and environmental policies, standards and codes of conduct in Bangladesh must be based upon an understanding of the diverse local environmental, economic and social conditions under which people work and sustain their livelihoods. In the case of the shrimp export sector, such understanding is limited as no comprehensive study of the sector as whole and the role of labour and environmental issues within it has been carried out. The paper goes 1 The paper arises out of an on-going three year Australia Research Council-funded project (project no: A00105797) entitled: Globalising production and local impacts: business strategies, labour organisation and local environments in the Bangladesh brackish-water shrimp export sector. The authors wish to thank the ARC, the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) and Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) for their financial and logistical support. An earlier version of this paper was presented at a workshop entitled: Globalisation, trade liberalisation and economic growth in Asia: should labour and environmental standards be part of the equation? The case of Bangladesh, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, October 3-5, 2002 some way to filling this gap in our knowledge by drawing on the authors’ continuing research on the shrimp export industry in Southeast Bangladesh and other sources to describe the different forms of work and labour in the industry’s various sub-sectors, paying particular attention to processing plants, shrimp farms, wild fry collection and hatcheries. It shows the great diversity in work and environmental conditions in the sector, illustrates the relationship between work, labour and environment in the fry collecting sub-sector and makes recommendations for further research.