Shot Weight Research Articles

Propellant Free Pressurized Spray System of Etodolac to Manage Acute Pain Conditions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

This study aimed to develop a propellant-free topical spray formulation of Etodolac (BCS-II), a potent NSAID, which could be beneficial in the medical field for the effective treatment of pain and inflammation conditions. The developed novel propellant-free spray formulation is user-friendly, cost-effective, propellant-free, eco-friendly, enhances the penetration of Etodolac through the skin, and has a quick onset of action.Various formulations were developed by adjusting the concentrations of different components, including lecithin, buffering agents, film-forming agents, plasticizers, and permeation enhancers. The prepared propellant-free spray formulations were then extensively characterized and evaluated through various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo parameters. The optimized formulation exhibits an average shot weight of 0.24 ± 0.30ml and an average drug content or content uniformity of 87.3 ± 1.01% per spray. Additionally, the optimized formulation exhibits an evaporation time of 3 ± 0.24min. The skin permeation study demonstrated that the permeability coefficients of the optimized spray formulation were 21.42cm/h for rat skin, 13.64cm/h for mice skin, and 18.97cm/h for the Strat-M membrane. When assessing its potential for drug deposition using rat skin, mice skin, and the Strat-M membrane, the enhancement ratios for the optimized formulation were 1.88, 2.46, and 1.92, respectively against pure drug solution. The findings from our study suggest that the propellant-free Etodolac spray is a reliable and safe topical formulation. It demonstrates enhanced skin deposition, and improved effectiveness, and is free from any skin irritation concerns.

Role of Potential Plant Hormones for Activation and Enhancing Physiological Processes, Growth and Development

Plant hormones are chemicals that are present in small amounts, influence and promote the division, growth, and maturation of cells and tissues. Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone and has a function in growth/development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion absorption, and transport. By interfering with endogenous signals, SA mediates plant defense against pathogens. It strengthens the body's defenses against infections by promoting the production of pathogenesis-related proteins. It affects the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway, wherein a pathogenic assault on one. Water deficiency affects during tillering, head emergence, filling of grain and maturity water deficiency of wheat. Concentration of carotenoids more during drought stress and that produced for drought tolerance enhancement in bread wheat. Water shortage on pigment contents of photosynthesis, relative water amount, shot weight in dried form, flag leaf area specific mass, parameters for gas exchange, physiological parameters and yield. Drought there more significant reduction in tillers/plant, fertile tillers/plant, length of spike, yield/spike and thousand kernel weight of wheat cultivars during drought conditions as compared with normal irrigation conditions. Polyamine exogenously via spray during grain filling condition. The water deficiency spermidine and spermine reduced the inhibition caused by water deficiency when polyamine had applied.

BIO-ORGANIC FERMENTATION IMPROVED THE MORPHOPHENOTYPIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA VAR. RED RAPID)

This study was conducted to determine the effectivity of different organic concoctions for organically grown lettuce in a hydroponic system in one season only from 2020-2021. The organic material includes Fish Amino Acid, Fermented fruit Juice, Fermented Plant Juice, Indigenous Microorganism II, and Fermented Golden Apple Snail. Two tablespoons per liter of each organic concoction were added and applied at biweekly intervals. All treatments were in triplicate arranged in a complete randomized design and statistically analyzed with Duncans Multiple Range Test using STAR. The effect of FAA, FFJ, FPJ, IMO II, OHN, and GAS significantly had higher plant heights and leaf numbers. However, FFJ and GAS markedly higher shot weight, shoot-root ratio, and lesser root-shoot ratio, including the FPJ. Meanwhile, FFJ and GAS consistently had higher above-ground biomass, gross income, yield efficiency, income efficiency, and equilateral efficiency. All organic concoctions showed the potential to produce higher economic yield. However, the application of FFJ and GAS outstands yield and economic indicators compared to other organic concoctions, as reflected in the study.

Effect of Bacterial Inoculation on Morphological and Pomological Characteristics of Three Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Cultivars Under Cadmium Toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the main elements that cause heavy metal pollution, which is one of the important types of environmental pollution. There is a constant quest to reduce or eliminate the effects of Cd pollution. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is one of these possible solutions. PGPRs not only increase plant growth but also protect plants against organic and inorganic stresses. In this study, the effects of three different Pseudomonas strains (MS-7, MS-12, and MS-13) on morphological and pomological characteristics of three different strawberry cultivars (Rubygem, Kabarla, and YFL) exposed to three different Cd doses (0, 100 and 300 mg kg-1) were investigated to determine the effectiveness of PGPR against Cd toxicity in strawberry. To this end, root collar diameter (RCD), root length (RL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), shot fresh weight (SFW), shot dry weight (SDW), leaf area (LA), mean fruit weight (MFW), mean fruit length (MFL), and mean fruit diameter (MFD) were examined. It was observed that the effects of different Pseudomonas strains were cultivar-specific and affected some parameters more. Rubygem MS-7 bacterial strain preserved SDW (3.21 g) and MS-12 bacterial strain preserved RFW (13.01 g) at 300 mg kg-1 Cd dose significantly better against Cd toxicity than other bacterial strains. In Kabarla MS-7 bacterial strain preserved RDW (3.72 g) at 300 mg kg-1 Cd dose and MS-12 bacterial strain preserved SFW (15.27 g) at 100 mg kg-1 Cd dose significantly better against Cd toxicity than other bacterial strains. Likewise, in YFL, MS-13 bacterial strains preserved MFW (7.509 g) and RL (30.00 cm) at 300 mg kg-1 Cd dose, and MS-7 bacterial strain preserved LA (57.87 cm2) at 100 mg kg-1 Cd dose significantly better against Cd toxicity than other bacterial strains. The results of the study showed that formulations containing Pseudomonas sp. can be used as an agricultural improver in areas with heavy metal pollution. As a result of the study, it was observed that PGPR applications were effective in preserving the morphological and pomological characteristics that decreased with the increase in Cd dose.

A Simulation-Data-Based Machine Learning Model for Predicting Basic Parameter Settings of the Plasticizing Process in Injection Molding.

The optimal machine settings in polymer processing are usually the result of time-consuming and expensive trials. We present a workflow that allows the basic machine settings for the plasticizing process in injection molding to be determined with the help of a simulation-driven machine learning model. Given the material, screw geometry, shot weight, and desired plasticizing time, the model is able to predict the back pressure and screw rotational speed required to achieve good melt quality. We show how data sets can be pre-processed in order to obtain a generalized model that performs well. Various supervised machine learning algorithms were compared, and the best approach was evaluated in experiments on a real machine using the predicted basic machine settings and three different materials. The neural network model that we trained generalized well with an overall absolute mean error of 0.27% and a standard deviation of 0.37% on unseen data (the test set). The experiments showed that the mean absolute errors between the real and desired plasticizing times were sufficiently small, and all predicted operating points achieved good melt quality. Our approach can provide the operators of injection molding machines with predictions of suitable initial operating points and, thus, reduce costs in the planning phase. Further, this approach gives insights into the factors that influence melt quality and can, therefore, increase our understanding of complex plasticizing processes.

772-P: Portability of Nasal Glucagon for the Rescue of Severe Hypoglycemia: Stability and Performance Evaluation across a Broad Range of Temperatures

Background and Aims: Nasal glucagon is a ready-to-use, drug-device combination therapy for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia. Portability is key, as nasal glucagon should be carried by persons with diabetes at all times. In designing for portability, the medication must allow for exposure to a broad range of temperatures without significant adverse effect on product quality/performance. In this study, we evaluated the stability and performance of nasal glucagon at temperatures ranging from -20 to +30 °C (-4 to +86 °F) in order to mimic real world situations. Methods: Testing focused on characterization of drug product (glucagon amount) and combination product performance (consistent delivery to nasal cavity). Critical quality elements, including chemical purity and content, particle size, actuation force, delivered dose, shot weight, spray pattern and plume geometry, were evaluated after being exposed to temperatures from -20 and +30 °C, a range broader than a typically controlled room temperature product [i.e., Store at Controlled Room Temperature, 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F)], such as glucagon for injection. Results: All testing demonstrated that 100% of critical quality elements were satisfied. Nasal glucagon could be exposed to frozen (-20 °C), refrigerated (2 to 8°C), and up to 30 °C conditions for the 2-year shelf life. The degradation of glucagon followed Arrhenius kinetics (i.e., slower degradation rates at lower temperatures). Temperature cycling studies showed no significant changes in the chemical/product performance attributes. Conclusions: These analyses indicate no adverse impact to nasal glucagon from the chemical and physical perspective when exposed to frozen, refrigerated, and up to 30 °C conditions. The stability across a broad range of temperatures facilitates the portability of nasal glucagon as a rescue medication for severe hypoglycemia. Disclosure B. W. Pack: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. J. Melnick: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Employee; Spouse/Partner; Eli Lilly and Company. C. Breen: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. R. Allen: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Funding Eli Lilly and Company

Morphology and mechanical properties of micro injection molded polyoxymethylene tensile rods

Micro injection molding is a key process in the high-volume production of systems with small-scale parts, as it enables the production of consistent high-quality parts. Depending on the materials used, however, the properties of the parts may be strongly dependent on the processing conditions. Semi-crystalline materials, in particular, exhibit process-dependent structural evolution. To evaluate the impact of processing conditions on the morphology of polyoxymethylene (POM), thin sections of micro-injection-molded tensile rods with total shot weights of around 0.04 g were examined for samples with and without weld lines. Production was set according to an experimental design (DoE), varying injection flow rate, mold temperature, and melt temperature. For the measurement of the crystallinity a DSC analysis was performed. To supplement these results and to improve the understanding of the process-property relationship, tensile tests were performed under light microscopy and a fractographic analysis was done using electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical behavior of the samples without weld lines was improved by lowering the melt temperature and the injection velocity, which resulted in a thicker skin layer. The elongation at break of the weld line samples was increased by processing at higher mold temperatures, which also resulted in changes to the morphological structure of the samples.

Effects of Root Pruning on Cucumber Seedling Growth

Plant growth regulator as chemical stopper application which is the most common practice in nurseries is practical in order to regulate height control and development on seedlings. However, the problems experienced after application of chemicals and the fact that the application is not organic brought up alternative control methods. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different types of root pruning and chemical regulator application on cucumber (cv. Murat F1) seedling quality. Cucumber seeds were sown on 25.07.2017 in peat (vermiculite was used as only the cover) in styrofoam tray with 128 holes at a commercial seedling company under polyethylene covered greenhouse. After the germination room, seedlings were put in the seedling adaptation greenhouse and growth there until transplanting. When the seedlings reached 1-2 true leaves, applications were performed. In the experiment (1) 1/3 of the root was pruned from bottom, (2) 1/3 of root was pruned from side and they were compared with (3) the chemical regulator with paclobutrazol active ingredient (Cultar, Sygenta) which used very common by commercial seedling companies. Seedlings with (4) no application were tested as control. For each treatment, 3 styrofoam trays were used, and each tray was considered as 1 repetition. 16 days after the seed sowing, when seedlings were ready for transplanting stem and root length, leaf numbers, stem diameter, leaf color, fresh and dry weight of root and shot were measured. Obtained results show that the number of leaves, L, a*/b* and h° values did not changed with treatments, however, compared with chemical regulator, root pruning decreased root length, stem diameter, root and shoot fresh and dry weights. Chemical regulator application thickened the stem and increased plant biomass. It can be concluded that root pruning can be an alternative to the use of chemical regulator, the root pruning from side part can be used as a regulator because it creates a lower seedling biomass but the root pruning from bottom can be used because of its ease of application. Keywords : Cucumis sativus, Plant Growth Regulator, Paclobutrazol, Root Pruning. DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-5-05

Microstructure and ballistic performance of hot pressed & reaction bonded boron carbides against an armour piercing projectile

ABSTRACTA comparative study on ballistic performance of hot pressed boron carbide (HPBC) and reaction bonded boron carbide (RBBC) tiles were performed using depth of penetration (DOP) configuration against 7.62 mm AP ammunition. Both HPBC and RBBC tiles were characterised for their phase contents and properties. Ballistic efficiency was calculated using the newly developed normalised ballistic efficiencies, normalised differential efficiency factor & normalised ballistic efficiency, in order to eliminate the influence of backing material on ballistic efficiency. It was found that for similar tile thickness, the residual shot weight and residual DOP of HPBC tiles were lesser than that of RBBC tiles. Normalised ballistic efficiencies, for both HPBC and RBBC ceramics, showed a higher ballistic performance for HPBC than RBBC tiles.

In-vitro and in-vivo respiratory deposition of a developed metered dose inhaler formulation of an anti-migraine drug

Enhancement of zolmitriptan bioavailability through development of micronized zolmitriptan pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI) as an alternative to its traditional drug delivery systems. A reversed phase HPLC method for zolmitriptan determination was developed and evaluated. Micronized zolmitriptan MDI formulations were prepared using two different propellants. The prepared formulations were evaluated for mean shot weight, drug content, and leakage rate in addition to in-vitro deposition using next generation impactor where mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD), fine particle dose, fine particle fraction (FPF), emitted dose (ED), and dispersibility were determined. The selected formulation was evaluated for in-vivo bronchial absorption in rats. The physicochemical characters of the prepared formulations were found to be dependent mainly on the vapor pressure of the used propellant. MDI formulation prepared with HFA 134a propellant was found to have the lowest MMAD (3.47 ± 0.65) with GSD of 2.3 ± 0.4. It also had the highest FPF (41.9), ED (89.26 ± 2.35) with dispersibility of 46.9%. This formulation, when applied to rats, resulted in faster Tmax (27 ± 5 min) with higher Cmax (1236 ± 116 ng/mL) and AUC(0-12) (3375 ± 482 ng/mL·h) over the oral tablet. Its relative bioavailability was 72.7% which was 1.25 times higher than the oral tablet relative bioavailability. Zolmitriptan MDI formulation was developed using micronized zolmitriptan powder without further modification or particle engineering. The developed formulation using HFA 134a propellant could be favorable alternative, with enhanced bioavailability, to zolmitriptan oral tablet for acute migraine treatment.

New large-scale production method for C/C-SiC ceramics: Investigating the influence of chopped and nonwoven CF

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites are a commercially produced using the liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) process. In comparison to the state of the art LSI process, the first production step—the shaping of the carbon fibre reinforced plastic green body—is realised through thermoset injection moulding. Using this method, the complete process can be automated. Simultaneously, the injection moulding technology allows complex geometries with near net shape in short cycle times of about two to five minutes. Thereby, this large-scale process offers a wide range of shot weights from a few mg up to 100 kg, also in multi-component technology. Also, several manufacturing steps can be omitted. This improves the reproducibility, and working in closed environments improves the employees’ health protection. Further process steps, like pyrolysis and silicon infiltration follow the state of the art. Although, this promising approach significantly shortens the fibres, the defined plastic processing is highly reproducible and generates similar mechanical properties like manual processes, due to the better fibre/matrix interaction in the plastic composite. In addition, continuous fibre preforms can be inserted to fulfil higher requirements.

Optimalisasi Parameter Proses Injeksi Menggunakan Simulasi Moldflow untuk Meminimalkan Cycle Time dan Eliminasi Short Shot pada Produk Tempat

Plastic materials in the manufacture of food and household appliances have been widely used by the public. Various forms and functions have been made, one of which is using an injection molding machine. With an injection molding machine a packaging design or a fairly complex household appliance can be produced. One of the products that the market is interested in is a traditional rice container. This traditional rice container product uses polypropylene material. In this rice container production process there are several problems, namely the cycle time that is too long and the occurrence of short shots on the product. Of these problems, simulations and optimizations that have been carried out provide better results. Optimization carried out in this study is the process parameters using moldflow simulation. Confirmation based on S / N Ratio analysis, ANOVA on the best parameters, after the optimization simulation is obtained from the previous time 172.59 seconds to 23.88 seconds. Short shot and cavity weight obtained increased from 96.99 grams to 99.36 grams.

Respons pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) terhadap pemberian fungi mikoriza arbuskular dan cekaman air

The objective of this study was to determine ther response of oil palm seedling to the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) subjected to water stress. The treatment design used was a factorial design 2 x 5 arranged in completely rando-mized design. The first factor was application of AMF i.e. without AMF (control) and inoculation with AMF (mixture of Glomus sp., Entropospora sp., and Gigaspora sp.). The second factor was water stress i.e. no watering for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days at the end of experiment. Data obtained were subjected to Bartlett test to examine the treatment variance, and Tukey tests to examine additiveness of the data, and continued by analysis of variance. The results showed that application of AMF increased oil palm seedling growth through the increase in plant height, number of leave, number of primary root, shoot fresh and dry weight, and percent of root infection. Duration of water stress significantly affected oil palm seedling growth by decreasing plant height, number of leave, number of primary root, shot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight. However, at any level of water stress, the AMF inoculated seedling had better growth when compared to the control palm.

Elucidation of Formulation and Delivery Device-Related Effects on In Vitro Performance of Nasal Spray with Implication to Rational Product Specification Identification.

The aim of this work is to use an experimental design approach to identify and study influential formulation and delivery device properties, which can be controlled by final product manufacturer, to establish design space, within which desired in vitro performance can be reached. Combining three factors, viscosity of suspension, nozzle orifice diameter (OD), and shot weight (SW), at three levels resulted in D-optimal experimental design with 20 runs. Responses within this study were droplet size distribution (DSD) and spray pattern (SP) in vitro tests. In addition, the amount of mechanical work needed for actuation was integrated from force profiles and used as a response. Results were fit to quadratic model by regression, which allowed also for determination of second-order and interaction effects between factors. Models were further optimized by keeping significant terms only. Optimized models were used to create response surfaces and design space with confidence levels. Viscosity has a dominant effect on DSD and modest effect on SP, with lower viscosities related to generation of smaller DSD and larger SP. Orifice diameter was found to have the highest impact on SP, with larger diameter resulting in larger SP. This effect was additionally confirmed by results of Plume Geometry in vitro test. Shot weight factor exerts significant influence on all tested metrics. Work, however, did not vary greatly with suspension viscosity or orifice diameter. Shot weight is the most dominant factor for work and important for DSD having a positive effect on both responses. In the case of SP, its relationship with shot weight is described by second-order polynomial fit. Inspection of raw data revealed that density of droplets within SP area is different for different shot weights. Presented study elucidated an inherent relationship between factors and responses and established mathematical models (response surfaces) for predictive purposes to target specific in vitro performance of nasal sprays by appropriate specification of factors, taking into account control space with included risk and uncertainty analysis.

Optimization of Various Design Parameters for EN45A Flat Leaf Spring

Leaf springs are widely used as suspension system in automotive vehicles. In the present work, optimization of design parameters of flat leaf springs have been carried out: keeping into account the effect of shot peening intensity, reduction in the weight of components and increase in fatigue life at wide range of operating conditions. A computer program using Visual Basics has been prepared to predict the fatigue life, thickness and weight of shot peened EN45A spring steel leaf springs, based on stress approach. The results obtained from simulation are found in accordance with the experimental results. The developed program for flat leaf springs may be useful for fast and reliable optimization of various parameters of leaf springs in automotive vehicles.Consequently, there will be tremendous saving in material in leaf springs manufacturing industries as a result of optimization.

Exploring the impact of formulation and temperature shock on metered dose inhaler priming

ABSTRACTThe interplay between canister, valve design, formulation, and environmental temperature is crucial to dose retention in metered dose inhalers (MDIs). Previous studies that have utilized MDIs with polymeric capillary retention valves, have shown that exposure to environmental changes can create a temporary temperature gradient between the formulation retained in the metering chamber and the formulation reservoir in the metal canister, which can cause inconsistencies in the dose delivered to the patient. The purpose of this study was to more fully quantify these effects. This was achieved by deliberately varying the temperature difference between inhalers and environment within ranges representative of routine usage, and assessing the resulting loss of prime effect via shot weight and delivered dose testing.The shot weights delivered by three fixed-dose commercial MDIs—Foster®, flutiform® and Seretide®, were investigated under different experimental conditions. Exposure to temperature changes of up...

Spatial and temporal scoring for egocentric video summarization

We present a summarization approach for egocentric video. Given hours of video, the proposed method produces a compact storyboard summary of the camera wearer's day. In contrast to traditional keyframe selection techniques, the resulting summary focuses on the most important video shots which reflect high stable salience, discrimination and representativeness. To accomplish this, we utilize egocentric salience cues, motion cues and a selection model to capture stable salience weight, discriminative weight and representative weight of a video shot respectively. We further combine these weights in a unified framework to predict the importance score of a shot, based on which, important shots are selected for the storyboard. Critically, the approach is neither camera-wearer-specific nor object-specific; that means the learned importance metric need not be trained for a given user or context, and it can predict the importance of shots that have never been seen previously. Experimental results on three video datasets across various genres demonstrate that our proposed approach clearly outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.

New plasticising process for increased precision and reduced residence times in injection moulding of micro parts

Plastic components for current applications in microsystems technology are becoming increasingly complex. At the same time the dimensions of these components decrease. A precise process control is essential for a constant high quality in injection moulding of these components.Since especially small shot weights can be difficult to realise with standard injection moulding, a series of special machines have been developed in the course of recent decades, which allow the processing of even the smallest amounts of melt in the milligram range.This paper describes the design, development and commissioning of an alternative plasticising unit for micro injection moulding. In the first step, the geometry of the so-called Inverse screw is designed and a test rig for plasticising trials is developed. After optimising the geometry based on experimental tests different concepts for non-return valves are designed and tested for their closing performance. Finally, the concept is transferred to a micro injection moulding machine and the applicability in practical investigations is demonstrated.

English

A study was carried out to compare the ballistic performance of high purity alumina and zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) using depth of penetration (DoP) test configuration against 7.62 mm armour piercing (AP) ammunition. The effect of tile thickness on the differential efficiency factor (DEF) was studied for tile thickness in the range of 3 mm to 6 mm for alumina tiles and 3 mm to 5 mm for ZTA tiles. The DEF is found to increase as tile thickness increases. An analysis on the failed shots showed that the residual shot weight does not follow a single linear relationship with ceramic tile thickness unlike the residual DoP for all thicknesses of tiles. Post-ballistic analysis on ceramic powder for particle size distribution was carried out and the results are presented. Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 5, September 2014, pp.477-483, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.6745

The Effect of Altitude on Inhaler Performance

The purpose of the study is to understand the effect of altitude on the performance of selected pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). A testing apparatus that created consistent breath profiles through the Alberta Idealized Throat was designed to test five pMDIs and two DPIs at altitudes of 670, 2450, 3260, and 4300 m. Both gravimetric and chemical assays were conducted to determine the in vitro lung dose. Additionally, spray duration and shot weight for pMDIs and device resistance for DPI were measured. There was no significant change in in vitro lung dose for any of the pMDIs tested. Shot weight and spray duration were unaffected. The device resistance of the DPIs decreased with increasing altitude and was successfully modeled as a function of ambient pressure. The in vitro lung dose of both DPIs showed no significant change when operated with an inhaler pressure drop of 4 kPa, but for the Bricanyl(®) Turbuhaler(®), a significant decrease occurred when matching the volumetric inspiratory flow rate to that of the baseline altitude.