Shoot Segments Research Articles

Machine learning based video segmentation of moving scene by motion index using IO detector and shot segmentation

Video segmentation has a major role in several applications like autonomous vehicles, medical image analysis, video surveillance, and augmented reality. Portrait segmentation, a subset of semantic image segmentation, is the key step of preprocessing step in numerous applications and a few among them are entertainment applications, security systems, video conferences, and so on. For the given video, every object exhibiting independent motion in at least a single frame is segmented. This is formulated as a learning problem and designed as an Ensemble Soft Voting Algorithm based on Supervised Machine Learning (ESVA-SML). The motion stream requires an ensemble learning method trained on synthetic videos for segmenting independent objects at motion in the optical flow field. The spatial–temporal features are extracted from each sub-bands which efficiently resembles the human visual system characteristics concerning the feature extract using Gray Level Size Zone Matrix (GLSZM). This method linear combines the previous vectors within a stipulated time interval thereby describing each spatial–temporal feature vector. Based on the prediction errors, shot boundaries of every shot are efficiently identified from which at least a single keyframe is extracted for further analysis. The proposed method is extensively evaluated using SegTrack-v2, DAVIS, and Fusion databases by comparing eight standard methods in various parameters. By analyzing all these three databases, SegTrack-v2 is best in terms of accuracy, precision, and recall. While both DAVIS and Fusion databases produce less MAE. Finally, Fusion produces less RMSE and RAE with minimal response time.

Sports Video Panorama Synthesis Technology Based on Edge Computing and Video Shot Boundary Detection

The development requirements for sports panorama synthesis technology, which rely on modern network technology, abandon traditional basketball training forms, and make effective use of the application and development of video panorama technology in the actual training process, are not only an important response to the current characteristics of students’ physical education learning and physical and mental growth but also an important response to the current characteristics of students’ physical education learning and physical and mental growth. In sports video analysis technology, a sports video panorama is a technical tool that converts an action video into a static action panorama to achieve the effect of action freezing and make overall analysis and mastery of the action easier. Shot segmentation is the foundation of hierarchical video structure, and it necessitates the accurate detection of all types of complex edited shot boundaries, as well as the effective distinction of motion changes in shots, in order to avoid shot boundary recognition being hampered. The synthesis technology for sports video panorama is investigated in this paper using edge computing and video shot boundary detection. After obtaining the boundary feature that describes the video shot, a comparison of this feature with a predetermined threshold value can be used to determine whether there is shot shear.

Use of Biotechnological Methods to Support the Production of New Peach Hybrids

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is among the most demanded fruit crops in the world. Biotechnological methods help to originate new hybrid forms in order to increase the cultivar diversity and create new valuable genotypes. Cross combinations between the cultivars Clyde Wilson, Jerseyglo, Loadel, Summerglo and the promising cultivar ‘Nikitskiy Podarok’ have been done. The embryos of these hybrids germinated and formed plantlets after stratification at 4 °C for 45–60 days. The best regeneration rates in the hybrids ‘Loadel’ × ‘Nikitskiy Podarok’ and ‘Summerglo’ × ‘Nikitskiy Podarok’ (96.30% and 92.59%, respectively) were noted on hormone-free Monnier culture medium supplemented with 400.0 mg L−1 casein hydrolyzate. When the newly formed plantlets had necrosis of the shoot apex or immature roots, nodal shoot segments were used. At the same time, a high regeneration capacity was noted in the hybrids ‘Summerglo’ × ‘Nikitskiy Podarok’ and ‘Loadel’ × ‘Nikitskiy Podarok’ on B5 culture medium with 0.75 mg L−1 6–benzyl–aminopurine (BAP) + 0.1 mg L−1 indole–3–butyric acid (IBA). After the second subculture, the number of new adventitious shoots was 5.18 ± 0.18 and 4.95 ± 0.18 shoots per explant, respectively. The plants obtained from the hybrid embryos in a soil mixture soil: peat: sand (3:1:1) were adapted. The main morphological and anatomical features of the leaf blades in newly originated peach hybrids have been studied: the thickness of their tissues and the distribution of stomatal apparatus, as well as the physiological parameters of the photosystem II activity in regenerants cultured in vitro and during their in vivo acclimatization. The high capacity to post aseptic adaptation in the obtained hybrids has been shown.

Cold hardiness of select apple cider cultivars in Canada

There is increasing interest in growing European origin apple cultivars for the production of hard cider in Canada; however, little is known about their winter hardiness. Eleven promising cider cultivars were evaluated for cold hardiness over two consecutive winters and compared with the winter tender cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Sections of the current season’s dormant shoots were frozen in a series of test temperatures ranging from −20 °C to −40 °C in a programmable freezer. Xylem tissue browning ratings were used to assess injury after thawing. The temperature of incipient damage (TID), the warmest temperature at which 1-yr-old shoot segments begin to show injury, was obtained from tissue browning curves using non-linear regression. TID varied significantly among cultivars and between sampling years. Overall, the cultivars could be classified according to relative winter hardiness as follows: Ashmead’s Kernel, Bramley’s Seedling (very tender) < Calville Blanc d’Hiver, Porter’s Perfection, Bulmer’s Norman (intermediate) < Crimson Crisp, GoldRush, Golden Delicious, Enterprise, Yarlington Mill, Enterprise (hardy) < Golden Russet (hardy). These data indicate nearly a 10 °C range in winter hardiness amongst the 11 cultivars studied, depending on the sampling date. Ashmead’s Kernel and Bramley’s Seedling appear to be particularly winter tender, whereas Bulmer’s Norman, Porter’s Perfection, and Calville Blanc d’Hiver demonstrated less hardiness during three of the four sampling dates. Based upon these findings, it would be prudent to consult long-term climate normals and consider the frequency of extreme weather events for potential susceptibility to winter injury, particularly prior to establishing more injury-prone cultivars.

Use of micropropagation in the vegetative rescue of adult trees of Cedrela odorata L.

The objective of this work was the vegetative rescue of Cedrela odorata L. adult trees from forest areas by micropropagation using shoot regeneration from axillary buds in vitro. Nodal segments (0.5 and 1.0 cm) of shoots formed from cuttings taken from canopy sprouts were used. The explants were successfully established in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 2.22 ?M BAP, 0.49 ?M AIB, 0.28 ?M GA3 and PPM (0 and 8.6 ?M). Shoot multiplication on MS with combinations of GA3 (0.28 and 1.12 ?M) and BAP (2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 6.6, and 8.8 ?M) and shoot rooting on medium with 4.9 ?M AIB, 5.7 ?M AIA or 5.37 ?M ANA were evaluated. The MS medium supplemented with 0.28 ?M GA3 and 8.8 ?M BAP generated 4.16 shoots per explant. The best rooting induction was observed on medium containing 4.9 ?M IBA, resulting in 60% of shoot rooting. The plantlets rooted were acclimatized and showed normal development with 97% survival rate. The use of canopy sprouts as explants is feasible in the rescue of C. odorata and the combination of BAP and GA3 favors in vitro multiplication.

A Deep Multimodal Model for Predicting Affective Responses Evoked by Movies Based on Shot Segmentation

Predicting the emotions evoked in a viewer watching movies is an important research element in affective video content analysis over a wide range of applications. Generally, the emotion of the audience is evoked by the combined effect of the audio-visual messages of the movies. Current research has mainly used rough middle- and high-level audio and visual features to predict experienced emotions, but combining semantic information to refine features to improve emotion prediction results is still not well studied. Therefore, on the premise of considering the time structure and semantic units of a movie, this paper proposes a shot-based audio-visual feature representation method and a long short-term memory (LSTM) model incorporating a temporal attention mechanism for experienced emotion prediction. First, the shot-based audio-visual feature representation defines a method for extracting and combining audio and visual features of each shot clip, and the advanced pretraining models in the related audio-visual tasks are used to extract the audio and visual features with different semantic levels. Then, four components are included in the prediction model: a nonlinear multimodal feature fusion layer, a temporal feature capture layer, a temporal attention layer, and a sentiment prediction layer. This paper focuses on experienced emotion prediction and evaluates the proposed method on the extended COGNIMUSE dataset. The method performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art while significantly reducing the number of calculations, with increases in the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) from 0.46 to 0.62 for arousal and from 0.18 to 0.34 for valence in experienced emotion.

Learning multiscale hierarchical attention for video summarization

In this paper, we propose a multiscale hierarchical attention approach for supervised video summarization. Different from most existing supervised methods which employ bidirectional long short-term memory networks, our method exploits the underlying hierarchical structure of video sequences and learns both the short-range and long-range temporal representations via a intra-block and a inter-block attention. Specifically, we first separate each video sequence into blocks of equal length and employ the intra-block and inter-block attention to learn local and global information, respectively. Then, we integrate the frame-level, block-level, and video-level representations for the frame-level importance score prediction. Next, we conduct shot segmentation and compute shot-level importance scores. Finally, we perform key shot selection to produce video summaries. Moreover, we extend our method into a two-stream framework, where appearance and motion information is leveraged. Experimental results on the SumMe and TVSum datasets validate the effectiveness of our method against state-of-the-art methods.

Hybrid Method of Video Shot Segmentation Based on YCbCr Space Color Model

In this digital world, Video analysis is the most important and useful task. Currently, tremendous tasks have been done in video analysis like compressing the videos, video retrieval process and video database indexing, etc. For all these tasks, one common step is segmenting the video shots, which are referred to as Video Shots Segmentation (VSS). Video shots segmentation is used to segment the input videos into a number of frames sequentially where the scene changes occurred, i.e. called shots. In this article, segmenting the video shots follows a hybrid procedure. Here, we have introduced the moments of colors, distance metrics and threshold techniques. All the videos follow the above mentioned steps for segmenting the video shots. But, before that, the input video is converted into a specific color model i.e. YCbCr. Then, apply the color moments to extract the feature vectors of frames, which are differentiated based on the color features of frames. In every two frames of the video, distance metrics methods are applying to compute the similarity and dissimilarity of frames. And the dissimilarity of the frames can be computed by using the threshold technique to get the shots from the video. In this paper, we are using the adaptive threshold technique to segment the videos into various shots. In this step, we will get a true number of shots. By the experimental results, this proposed methodology can be evaluated with the sequence of videos based on the performance or evaluation metrics.

Bidirectional RNN-based Few Shot Learning for 3D Medical Image Segmentation

Segmentation of organs of interest in 3D medical images is necessary for accurate diagnosis and longitudinal studies. Though recent advances using deep learning have shown success for many segmentation tasks, large datasets are required for high performance and the annotation process is both time consuming and labor intensive. In this paper, we propose a 3D few shot segmentation framework for accurate organ segmentation using limited training samples of the target organ annotation. To achieve this, a U-Net like network is designed to predict segmentation by learning the relationship between 2D slices of support data and a query image, including a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (GRU) that learns consistency of encoded features between adjacent slices. Also, we introduce a transfer learning method to adapt the characteristics of the target image and organ by updating the model before testing with arbitrary support and query data sampled from the support data. We evaluate our proposed model using three 3D CT datasets with annotations of different organs. Our model yielded significantly improved performance over state-of-the-art few shot segmentation models and was comparable to a fully supervised model trained with more target training data.

QuickLook: Movie summarization using scene-based leading characters with psychological cues fusion

Due to recent advances in the film industry, the production of movies has grown exponentially, which has led to challenges in what is referred to as discoverability: given the overwhelming number of choices, choosing which film to watch has become a tedious task for audiences. Movie summarization (MS) could help, as it presents the central theme of the movie in a compact format and makes browsing more efficient for the audience. In this paper, we present an automatic MS framework coined as ‘QuickLook’, which identifies the leading characters and fuses multiple cues extracted from a movie. Firstly, the movie data is preprocessed for its division into scenes, followed by shot segmentation. Secondly, the leading characters in each segmented scene are determined. Next, four visual cues that capture the film's scenic beauty, memorability, informativeness and emotional resonance are extracted from shots containing the leading characters. These extracted features are then intelligently fused based on the assignment of different weights; shots with a fusion score above a certain threshold are selected for the final summary. The proposed MS framework is assessed by comparison with official trailers from ten Hollywood movies, providing a novel baseline for future fair comparison in the MS literature. The proposed framework is shown to outperform other state-of-the-art MS methods in terms of enjoyability and informativeness.

A few shot segmentation method combining global and local similarity

A few shot segmentation method combining global and local similarity

Effect of Growth Regulators In in vitro Propagation of Ixora spp.: An Short Review

Various factors that affect culture establishment, shoot growth, proliferation, and rooting of Ixora were discussed in this article. A stem segment with a node from Ixora coccinea was best suited as an explant. Micropropogation of Ixora involves culturing shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinin. The use of cytokinin alone had a low effect on the shoot morphogenesis of Ixora. The results showed that a lot of calli be induced in MS medium with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l), increased shoots, and a little callus were induced in medium MS with BA (1.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.2 mg/l). It also indicated that axillary buds of Ixora treated with NAA and IBA, using any substrate as support, allowed reaching optimal morphology development, ensuring the survival and rooting of the plants in 100%. The use of NAA encourages the initiation of the root and the number and length of roots after 25 days of culture. The basal application of auxin to the cuttings of treated shoots improves rooting. By sequential reculturing and subculturing, 15-20 usable shoots (more than 1cm length) could be produced from the 2-node shoot segments after 12–15 weeks of culture. Microcuttings taken from In vitro proliferated shoots were rooted on a half-strength MS medium containing NAA, IBA, and IAA (0.1–0.5 mg/l). 90% of the plantlets can be established under the conditions when transferred to a specially made plastic tray containing coco-peat as a potting mix.

Competent callus induction from shoot segments of Sangmon ‘Nuan Rajinee’ bamboo (Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro)

Competent callus induction from shoot segments of Sangmon ‘Nuan Rajinee’ bamboo (<i>Dendrocalamus sericeus</i> Munro)

One Shot Segmentation: Unifying Rigid Detection and Non-Rigid Segmentation Using Elastic Regularization.

This paper proposes a novel approach for the non-rigid segmentation of deformable objects in image sequences, which is based on one-shot segmentation that unifies rigid detection and non-rigid segmentation using elastic regularization. The domain of application is the segmentation of a visual object that temporally undergoes a rigid transformation (e.g., affine transformation) and a non-rigid transformation (i.e., contour deformation). The majority of segmentation approaches to solve this problem are generally based on two steps that run in sequence: a rigid detection, followed by a non-rigid segmentation. In this paper, we propose a new approach, where both the rigid and non-rigid segmentation are performed in a single shot using a sparse low-dimensional manifold that represents the visual object deformations. Given the multi-modality of these deformations, the manifold partitions the training data into several patches, where each patch provides a segmentation proposal during the inference process. These multiple segmentation proposals are merged using the classification results produced by deep belief networks (DBN) that compute the confidence on each segmentation proposal. Thus, an ensemble of DBN classifiers is used for estimating the final segmentation. Compared to current methods proposed in the field, our proposed approach is advantageous in four aspects: (i) it is a unified framework to produce rigid and non-rigid segmentations; (ii) it uses an ensemble classification process, which can help the segmentation robustness; (iii) it provides a significant reduction in terms of the number of dimensions of the rigid and non-rigid segmentations search spaces, compared to current approaches that divide these two problems; and (iv) this lower dimensionality of the search space can also reduce the need for large annotated training sets to be used for estimating the DBN models. Experiments on the problem of left ventricle endocardial segmentation from ultrasound images, and lip segmentation from frontal facial images using the extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) database, demonstrate the potential of the methodology through qualitative and quantitative evaluations, and the ability to reduce the search and training complexities without a significant impact on the segmentation accuracy.

In vitro micropropagation of Basella rubra L. through proliferation of axillary shoots

In vitro micropropagation protocol for Basella rubra regeneration was tried through proliferation of axillary shoots of the potted mature plant. The improved seed germination (70%) was recorded upon 2% urea treatment. The nodal shoot segments from matured potted plant were used to initiate the multiple shoot proliferation. The shoot segments exhibited 70% shoot initiation when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + N6 – Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.25 + 2.0 mg/L) and BAP + Kinetin (Kin) (2.0 + 0.5 mg/L) respectively. Multiple shoots (5–6) were obtained on MS medium supplemented with BAP + Kin and IAA + BAP respectively. When compared with silver nitrate (AgNO3) (2–40 µM) and activated charcoal (AC) (0.1–1.0%), the MS medium devoid of any plant growth regulator showed good number of shoots (5.48 ± 2.42), elongation (15.64 ± 2.42 cm) and root length (14.52 ± 2.78 cm). Upon transferring of regenerated microshoots to MS medium, simultaneous elongation of shoots with more shoot number, shoot length and rooting was achieved during four subcultures that carried out at 6 weeks’ interval. The regenerated in vitro shoots showed 100% rooting in MS medium and also in MS medium supplemented with 0.1–1.0% AC. Hundred percent survival of micropropagated shoots well rooted was established successfully under greenhouse condition and the plants were subsequently acclimatized and transferred to the field conditions wherein 90% success rate was noted. We established a novel, and efficient protocol for in vitro B. rubra shoot cultures further multiplication in MS basal medium without any plant growth regulators with 100% elongation and rooting of microshoots that will overcome the use of synthetic hormones for improved micropropagation.

Multiplication and &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; rooting of &lt;i&gt;Handroanthus impetiginosus&lt;/i&gt; (Mart. Ex DC.) Mattos

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência das citocininas durante o estágio de multiplicação in vitro e a combinação entre carvão ativado com o ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) durante o enraizamento in vitro de Handroanthus impetiginosus. Para a multiplicação in vitro, os segmentos nodais dos brotos obtidos a partir do estabelecimento de plântulas in vitro foram inoculados em meio de cultura Woody Plant Medium (WPM), com e sem as seguintes concentrações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), cinetina (KIN) e tidiazuron (TDZ): 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 µmol L-1. Para o enraizamento in vitro, brotos foram inoculados em meio WPM contendo combinações entre AIB (1,0; 3,0; 6,0 e 9,0 μmol L-1) e carvão ativado (1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 g L‑1), bem como suas ausências no meio de cultura. O maior número de brotos e gemas foi alcançado após usar 8,0 μmol L-1 de TDZ, enquanto que o melhor enraizamento ocorreu após a adição de 2,0 g L-1 de carvão ativado, independente da concentração de AIB. Nossos resultados mostram que usar TDZ em níveis adequados para o estágio de multiplicação in vitro seguido pelo uso de 2,0 g L-1 de carvão ativado para obter brotos bem enraizados é eficiente para a micropropagação de ipê-roxo de maneira rápida e com baixo custo, além de fornecer conhecimento sobre como manter esta espécie ameaçada de extinção em um ambiente in vitro podendo ajudar outros estudos de conservação.

Optimization of the Biomonitoring Technique with the Aquatic Moss Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.: Selection of Shoot Segment Length for Determining Trace Element Concentrations

Bryophytes, including Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw., are widely used for biomonitoring aquatic environments. However, some methodological aspects, such as the fraction of shoot analysed, have not yet been standardized. The main objective of this study was to establish the length of segments of F. antipyretica shoots that should be used for trace element determination in monitoring studies. For this purpose, we determined the concentrations of 12 different trace elements (11 metals and one metalloid) in five successive 1 cm-long segments of the shoots of F. antipyretica collected from four different locations. We found that the concentrations of most elements increased steadily towards the basal part of the shoots without becoming stable. Sometimes, these increasing trends were concealed by another underlying trend of increasing dry/fresh weight ratios, caused by morphological changes (leaf density, shoot thickness) related with shoot development. The concentration trends were due to factors such as the deposition of Mn oxides on the moss surface. This element showed the largest increases in concentration towards the basal part of the shoot and its concentrations were closely correlated with those of most of the other elements. Considering the results obtained, we recommend the use of 3 cm-long apical segments for determining trace element concentrations in F. antipyretica. This recommendation is based on the following: (1) The change in dry weight beyond this length of segment is small; (2) the workload and the quantity of material to collect in the river is acceptable; (3) Most previous studies have used shoot segments of similar lengths.

Production of non-embryogenic synthetic seeds for propagation and germplasm transfer of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig

This study first time depicts a synthetic seed protocol of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig by alginate encapsulation. A non-embryogenic type of propagule i.e. axenic shoot segments excised from in vitro proliferated shoot cultures were used for preparation of synthetic seeds. The production and conversion (one-step plantlet formation) of synthetic seeds was influenced by the concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride (CaCl2) used. The combination of 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2 was optimum encapsulation matrix showing highest conversion rate (90%) of synthetic seeds on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium. The synthetic seeds were stored up to 4 weeks at two different temperatures, one at low temperature (4 °C) and another at culture room condition (25 °C) with one-step conversion rate of 73% and 62% respectively. The clonal fidelity of the plants produced from both freshly prepared synthetic seeds and those synthetic seeds stored for 4 weeks at 4 °C and 25 °C were confirmed using two molecular markers namely randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). This synthetic seed production protocol of H. coronarium could be utilized for its propagation as well as transfer and exchange of germplasm to distance places.

SSET: a dataset for shot segmentation, event detection, player tracking in soccer videos

Soccer video analysis is the focus of sports video research as it receives widespread attention around the world. However, the lack of soccer datasets hinders the rapid development of this field. In this paper, we construct a soccer dataset named Soccer Dataset for Shot, Event, and Tracking (SSET), which can meet the research needs of shot segmentation, soccer event detection and player tracking. So far, we have collected 350 soccer videos, involving a variety of soccer games, for a total of 282 h. The dataset consists of three parts: (1) Shot, including five shot types and two shot transition types; (2) Event/Story, consisting of 11 fine-grained event and 15 coarse-grained story types where the story extends the event types with 4 extra types; (3) Bounding box of players, giving the coordinates, width and length of the bounding box. In addition, we develop an annotation tool called Sports Video Dataset Markup (SVDM) for sports video data annotation and hope that more people join our work. We conduct event detection and player tracking experiments on our dataset, and the results show that the existing works are not completely suitable for solving soccer video analysis tasks. Our dataset is available at http://media.hust.edu.cn/dataset.htm .

Genetic stability analysis using DNA barcoding and molecular markers and foliar micro-morphological analysis of in vitro regenerated and in vivo grown plants of Artemisia vulgaris L.

The current study provides an enhanced and reproducible micropropagation system in Artemisia vulgaris L. using nodal explants of mature plants. The explants were cultured on basal Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium augmented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kin) concentrations individually. Direct regeneration of shoots (7.7 ± 0.36 shoots per explant) from nodal meristems was attained on MS medium combined with 1.5 mg L−1 BAP alone. Sub-culturing of these cultures on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 inddole-3 acetic acid (IAA) helped in further multiplication of shoots (75.8 ± 1.00 shoots per culture vessel). Elongated shoots were transferred to half strength MS medium contained 1.0 mg L−1 IBA for roots formation. Rooting was also stimulated from the sliced ends of the shoots via ex vitro rooting method by pulse treating the shoots with 300 mg L−1 IBA for 5 min. Well rooted plants were shifted into small paper cups having manure: sand: soil in 1: 1: 1 proportion for hardening. The acclimatized plants were shifted to the natural field conditions for complete plant growth. Start codon targeted (SCoT), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and universal DNA barcoding (rbcLa gene primers) were applied to analyze the genetic stability of micropropagated plants with the mother plant. The banding patterns of regenerants were found to be monomorphic in nature, representing the similarity with the mother plant and no somaclonal variations were observed. Similarly, foliar micro-morphological characters like stomata, trichome and vein pattern of leaves were studied from in vitro and acclimatized plants to focus on the developmental adaptation of micropropagated plantlets towards survival in field conditions. This study explores the highly reproducible procedure for A. vulgaris through nodal propagation without any somaclonal variations. It is the first report on foliar micro-morphological analysis at subsequent stages of in vitro propagation and genetic homogeneity of micropropagated plants with the mother plant. The current study paves the way for the development of genetically uniform A. vulgaris plants regenerated from nodal shoot segments and successful survival in field.