Short-circuit Research Articles

Modification in the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by H ions implantation on TiO2 photoanode

The sol-gel approach was utilized to synthesize the pure TiO2 films. Hydrogen ions are irradiated on these synthesized films with a flow rate of 2x1013, 2x1014 and 2x1015 ionscm-2, and the beams are accelerated at 700 KeV. The XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal structure of TiO2. The high grain size is observed at 2x1014 ions/cm2 . UVvisible spectroscopy showed that films are highly transparent to visible light and hydrogen ions produces a red shift in the absorbance peak. The low value of Eg is observed at 2x1014 ions/cm2 . The calculated value of conduction band edges gave suitable information of the behavior of free charge carriers in the solar cells. PL analysis showed that the recombination rate reduced, which will enhance the dye-sensitized solar cells' efficiency. DSSCs have been prepared with these films. The EIS results indicate the resistance in the transportation of charges across the interfaces reduces. Via current voltage J-V analysis, open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc and fill factor FF were improved with the H-irradiation process at 2x1014 ions/cm2 fluence rate, resulting in maximum photoconversion efficiency of 4.05%.

Standardised activities in wheelchair rugby, comparison between athletes with coordination impairment and athletes with other impairments.

To determine if athletes with coordination impairment (CI) can continue playing wheelchair rugby (WR), while an evidence-based classification system, including impairment tests for CI is not yet available. This is a defensible practise if they show similar activity limitations as athletes with other eligible impairment types (OI) within the same sports class. Standardised activities were measured in 58 elite WR athletes; 14 with CI and 44 with OI. Wheelchair activities consisted of 20-meter sprint, 12-meter sprint with full stop, intermittent sprint (3-meter sprint, stop, 3-meter sprint, stop, 6-meter sprint with full stop), sprint-curve-slalom-curve, turn on the spot 180°, turn on the spot 90°, stop, turn 90°in the same direction, X-test (short circuit with sharp turns) without the ball. Ball activities consisted of maximal throwing distance, precision throwing short (25% of maximum throw) and long (75% of maximal throw) distance and X-test with the ball (pick-up the ball and dribble whilst pushing). Descriptive statistics were used and Spearman's Rank correlation was assessed for athletes with CI and OI for each outcome measure. Differences between athletes with CI and OI were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test. Most activities showed a high correlation with the athlete class in both athletes with CI and athletes with OI. Furthermore, outcome measures of athletes with CI overlapped with athletes with OI in the same sports class for all activities. There was a trend for worse performance in athletes with CI in turn on the spot 90°, stop, turn 90°in the same direction, the short distance one handed precision throw (P 0.11)and in the X-test with the ball (P 0.10). Despite the current lack of evidence based impairment tests for CI, it is a defensible practise to not exclude athletes with CI from WR with the current classification system. The trends for differences in performance that were found can support athletes and coaches in optimising performance of athletes with CI.

Modeling of electromagnetic effects of six-phase power lines on pipelines

THE PURPOSE. Development of digital models for calculating induced voltages on a pipeline created by a six-phase power transmission line in normal and emergency operating modes. METHODS. The studies were conducted on a computer model of an electrical network that includes a line of this type. Its formation involved an approach based on the use of phase coordinates. The modeling was carried out using the Fazonord software package, version 5.3.5.3-2024. RESULTS. The following operating modes of a 220 kV multiphase power transmission line were considered: symmetrical and open-phase with loads at the receiving end of 100 + j50 MVA per phase; single-phase, two-phase short circuits, as well as a two-phase ground fault. For comparison, the modes of a two-circuit three-phase power transmission line were modeled. The obtained results allowed us to draw the following conclusions: in a symmetrical load mode, a six-phase line creates induced voltages at certain points of the pipe that are more than three times greater than similar parameters for a three-phase power transmission line; however, the values of induced potentials do not exceed the permissible level of 60 V; in short-circuit modes, the maximum induced voltages in the transmission lines under consideration differ insignificantly; when one phase is disconnected, the induced voltages in a six-phase power transmission line go beyond the permissible limit, and in a three-phase line they do not exceed 60 V. CONCLUSION. The applied approach is distinguished by its universality and can be used to determine modes in networks of various configurations; the developed models can be used in the practice of designing sections of joint passage of promising six-phase power transmission lines and pipelines when developing measures to ensure the safe operation of service personnel.

Transforming Detrimental Crystalline Zinc Hydroxide Sulfate to Homogeneous Fluorinated Amorphous Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Zinc Anode.

The formation of non-ion conducting byproducts on zinc anode is notoriously detrimental to aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, we successfully transform a representative detrimental byproduct, crystalline zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS) to fast-ion conducting solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) via amorphization and fluorination induced by suspending CaF2 nanoparticles in dilute sulfate electrolytes. Distinct from widely reported nonhomogeneous organic-inorganic hybrid SEIs that exhibit structural and chemical instability, the designed single-phase SEI is homogeneous, mechanically robust, and chemically stable. These characteristics of the SEI facilitate the prevention of zinc dendrite growth and reduction of capacity loss during long-term cycling. Importantly, AZIB full cells based on this SEI-forming electrolyte exhibit exceptional stability over 20,000 cycles at 3 A/g with a charging voltage of 2.2 V without short circuits and electrolyte dry-out. This work suggests avenues for designing SEIs on a metal anode and provides insights into associated SEI chemistry.

Ternary Organic Solar Cells Based on S, N‐Heteroacene Non‐Fullerene Acceptors with Unfused Architecture A‐D‐D‐A‐Type

In this study, two distinct unfused non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are synthesized by arranging them in an A‐D‐D‐A pattern, both containing same D‐D central S, N‐heteroacene but different terminal acceptors, namely BTA (NFA‐2) and IC (NFA‐3). Their optical and electrochemical properties are investigated. Both NFA‐2 and NFA‐3 display the high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level, leading to an increased open circuit voltage in the organic solar cells. PBDB‐T is chosen as polymer donor, showing spectral absorption that complements both NFAs. The optimized organic solar cells, based on PBDB‐T:NFA‐2 and PBDB‐T:NFA‐3 attained power conversion efficiency of 9.24% and 13.50%, respectively. Since the absorption characteristics of NFA‐2 and NFA‐3 are complementary, a small amount of NFA‐2 is added into PBDB‐T:NFA‐3 binary blend, the ternary organic solar cells attained a power conversion efficiency of 15.24%. The rise in power conversion efficiency is linked to the higher values of both short circuit current and fill factor. The increased short circuit current value in ternary organic solar cells is linked to the efficient use of excitons produced in NFA‐2 by transferring energy from NFA‐2 to NFA‐3 and effective exciton dissociation, faster charge extraction, decreased bimolecular and trap‐assisted recombination. The enhanced value of FF is also linked to the processes mentioned earlier. This investigation shows that it is advantageous to use separate non‐fused NFAs with absorption spectra that complement each other and have overlapped PL spectra of a medium bandgap acceptor along with the absorption spectra of a narrow bandgap NFA in ternary organic solar cells.

Influence of SiC MOSFET Drive Control Parameters on Short Circuit Characteristics

This paper focuses on the short-circuit characteristics of SiC MOSFETs. The SiC MOSFET, categorized as a third-generation wide bandgap power semiconductor, shows significant promise for use in high-voltage applications. Short-circuit faults are categorized into hard-switch short circuits and load short circuits. The drive parameters, including Gate Resistance, Gate-Source Voltage, and DC Bus Voltage, significantly affect the short-circuit characteristics. Increasing Gate Resistance can slow down the rise rate and peak value of short-circuit current, reducing the risk of device damage, although too much Gate Resistance will slow down the switching speed. Raising the Gate-Source Voltage increases the short-circuit current peak and accelerates the rise time, but too high a Gate-Source Voltage increases the risk of device damage. The DC Bus Voltage does not have a significant effect on the short-circuit current but primarily influences the Gate-Source Voltage. Studying the influence of drive parameters on short-circuit characteristics is crucial for optimizing design and improving system stability

A self-sustained moist-electric generator with enhanced energy density and longevity through a bilayer approach.

Although MEG is being developed as a green renewable energy technology, there remains significant room for improvement in self-sustained power supply, generation duration, and energy density. In this study, we present a self-sustained, high-performance MEG device with a bilayer structure. The lower hydrogel layer incorporates graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the active materials, whereas the upper aerogel layer is comprised of pyrrole-modified graphene oxide (PGO). This design generates a dual-gradient structure (ion density gradient and relative humidity gradient), enabling continuous power generation from the intrinsic moisture in the hydrogel. The device can operate for up to 16 days without external water and extend its operation to 45 days with added moisture. Remarkably, encapsulating this MEG maintains its high performance output even after nearly three months. The short-circuit current of MEG reaches 1695 μA, with an energy density of 809.2 μW h cm-2, which is considerably higher than those reported in previous studies on MEG. This work highlights a promising approach for long-term, self-sustained power generation, with potential applications in environmental sensing and low-power devices.

Enhanced Light Transmittance of Electron Transport Layer through Bilayer SnO2 for High-Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells.

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs) for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) face the challenge of achieving high efficiency due to significant light loss. The SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL), utilized in n-i-p PSCs and prepared via the sol-gel method, is susceptible to aggregation on substrate, resulting in light scattering that diminishes absorption of the perovskite layer. In this study, we propose a strategy that combines atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sol-gel solution to deposit a bilayer SnO2 structure to address these issues. The compact ALD SnO2 layer enhances subsequent deposition of the sol-gel SnO2 layer, mitigating aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, ALD SnO2 exhibits a lower refractive index compared to the sol-gel SnO2 film due to its lower ratio of Sn4+/Sn2+, creating a refractive index gradient that improves light transmittance. Consequently, the bilayer SnO2 increases the short-circuit current of wide-bandgap ST-PSCs with an energy gap of 1.66 eV up to 21.27 mA/cm2 and boosts efficiency up to a certified value of 20.22%. Furthermore, the device demonstrates an 81.4% bifaciality and maintains 91.47% of its initial efficiency after exposure to 1000 hours under 1-sun white LED illumination.

FIRE PREVENTION AND HANDLING TRAINING FOR RESIDENTS OF BATU MERAH VILLAGE, SIRIMAU DISTRICT, AMBON CITY

Fires can occur unexpectedly, even if you have been careful to use appliances that produce fires in the house, some of the sources of fire are electrical short circuits, gas stoves, burning garbage, cigarette butts and candles when the lights go out. The purpose of the training in community service is to provide knowledge about the causes of fires and their preventive measures. Participants involved in the training included students of the Public Health Department of STIKes Maluku Husada, Instructors from the Ambon City Fire Service Tribe and residents of Batu Merah Village, Sirimau District, Ambon City. Training techniques with material presentation, practice and review of results. The implementation method is by identifying problems that occur in objects, determining the priority scale of improvement and providing problem solving and feedback in the form of result evaluation. The implementation of training can provide knowledge about the factors that cause fires at home, so that it can encourage public awareness of the importance of preventive measures to avoid fires. The conclusion of the training in community service is that it can provide knowledge about the factors that cause fires and know preventive measures to minimize the occurrence of fires and can encourage concern in fire prevention in the community.

A metasurface light-trapping structure for solar cell applications.

Light trapping structures can enhance the absorption and reduce the thickness and costs of solar cells. Among light trapping structures, the metasurface structure utilizes Mie scattering to make light enter the solar active layer better, thus improving the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cells. Herein, we simulated and optimized a metasurface light-trapping structure for solar cells and implemented this structure on solar cells. Simulation results of thin-film silicon-based solar cells show that the maximum short-circuit current can be increased to 24.46 mA/cm2 using a metasurface light-trapping structure, which is an increase of 40.49% compared to the reference bare cell. In addition, when this metasurface structure is integrated into a crystalline silicon solar cell, we find that the maximum short-circuits current reaches 29.09 mA/cm2, which is an even more significant improvement of 54.6% compared to the reference bare cell, and the power conversion efficiency increases by 7.14%. This study verifies the effect of a metasurface light-trapping structure on the light absorption of silicon-based solar cells.

Enhanced evaporation-induced electricity generation of reduced graphene oxide membrane via graphene quantum dots

Evaporation-induced electricity generation (EIEG) presents a promising alternative to conventional energy conversion technologies by enabling the harvesting of green energy from water. In this study, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were employed to enhance the performance of EIEG in two-dimensional (2D) reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membranes. The GQDs rich in oxygen-containing functional group enhanced the hydrophilicity of the RGO matrix and modified the laminar structure of the RGO membrane, thereby facilitating the transport of water molecules. Moreover, GQDs with a high surface charge reduced the internal resistance of the composite membrane, resulting in an increased open-circuit voltage of 0.12 V and a short-circuit current of 1.11 μA, compared to the pristine RGO. Additionally, the effects of GQDs content, ambient humidity, and evaporating solvent on the performance of EIEG in GQDs/RGO (G-RGO) membrane were investigated. This study demonstrates the key role of GQDs in enhancing the performance of EIEG in graphene-based materials, providing crucial insights for material design.

High-Performance Thermoelectric Composite of Bi2Te3 Nanosheets and Carbon Aerogel for Harvesting of Environmental Electromagnetic Energy.

Intensifying the severity of electromagnetic (EM) pollution in the environment represents a significant threat to human health and results in considerable energy wastage. Here, we provide a strategy for electricity generation from heat generated by electromagnetic wave radiation captured from the surrounding environment that can reduce the level of electromagnetic pollution while alleviating the energy crisis. We prepared a porous, elastomeric, and lightweight Bi2Te3/carbon aerogel (CN@Bi2Te3) by a simple strategy of induced in situ growth of Bi2Te3 nanosheets with three-dimensional (3D) carbon structure, realizing the coupling of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) and thermoelectric (TE) properties. With ultra-low thermal conductivity (0.07 W m-1 K-1), the CN@Bi2Te3 composites achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL) of 51.30 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.20 GHz at an optimal thickness of 2.8 mm. Additionally, under a temperature gradient of 80 K, the flexible thermoelectric generator (FTEG) system generates a maximum output power of 42.2 μW. By absorbing 2.45 GHz microwaves to build the temperature difference, the EMA-TE-coupled device achieves an optimal Uoc of 38.4 mV, a short-circuit current of 1.03 mA, and an output power of 9.87 μW upon a radiation time of 50 s. This work establishes a potential pathway for further recycling electromagnetic energy in the environment, which is also promising for the preparation of large-area flexible EM to electrical energy conversion devices.

Optimizing solar performance of CFTSe-based solar cells using MoSe2 as an innovative buffer layers

In this study, we explore the photovoltaic performance of an innovative high efficiency heterostructure utilizing the quaternary semiconductor Cu2FeSnSe4 (CFTSe). This material features a kesterite symmetrical structure and is distinguished by its non-toxic nature and abundant presence in the earth’s crust. Utilizing the SCAPS simulator, we explore various electrical specifications such as short circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), the fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were explored at a large range of thicknesses, and the acceptor carrier concentration doping (NA). Our results demonstrate that optimized parameters yield a remarkable PCE of 26.47%, accompanied by a Voc of 1.194 V, Jsc of 35.37 mA/cm2, and FF of 62.65% at a CFTSe absorber thickness of 0.5 μm. Furthermore, the performance of the photovoltaic cell is assessed for the defect levels in the CFTSe absorber and MoSe2 buffer layers. Results indicate that deep defect levels above 1 × 1017 cm− 3 lead to a decrease in Jsc. The study also investigates the effect of operating temperature on cell performance within the 300–500 K range. A notable decline in Voc is observed, likely due to an increase in saturation current, suggesting an interaction between temperature and cell behavior. In this work, we propose a practical CFTSe-based structure that replaces conventional buffer layers, such as CdS, with MoSe2 TMDC as a promising alternative buffer layer, paving the way for more sustainable solar technology.

Effects of Different Connection Modes of Electroacupuncture on Electrocardiogram and Nerve Discharge in Rats.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is one of the most commonly used methods in acupuncture and has a good effect on pain, depression, sensory movement disorders, and other diseases. The effectiveness of EA is influenced by many factors, such as the accuracy of acupoint selection, the duration and course of EA treatment, and EA parameters. However, it has rarely been discussed whether the positive and negative electrodes of the EA instrument with acupoints at different locations and distances have an effect on the curative effect. In this experiment, we observed the effects of connecting the EA instrument to acupoints at different positions and distances on ECG and vague nerve discharge in rats and preliminarily explained whether the electric field formed by different modes of EA connection has an effect on the function of the body. The connection modes of EA in this experiment included the same acupoints on both sides of the body, the same meridian or different meridian acupoints on the same side of the body, and two needles in the same acupoint area. The results showed that when the positive and negative poles were connected to the acupoints on both sides of the body, the recording of ECG and vagal nerve activity was disturbed (the same fore and hind limbs); when the acupoints were connected on the same side of the body, the smaller the distance between the two needles, the smaller the effect on ECG and vagal nerve activity recording, and the effect increased with increasing current; when the acupoints were in the same acupoint area, the recording of ECG and vagal nerve activity was not disturbed if the two needles did not form a short circuit.

A centrifugal spring mechanism empowers self-adjusting in piezoelectric wind energy harvesting

Piezoelectric wind energy harvesters (PWEHs) offer promises in sustainable green energy supply for micropower electronics. However, traditional PWEHs encounter challenges in terms of high start-up wind speeds, subpar output performance, and narrow bandwidth, hampering their widespread adoption. To enhance the energy capture efficiency, a novel self-adjusting PWEH integrating a centrifugal spring mechanism (CSM) is presented. The CSM consists of a sliding rod, a 304 stainless steel spring, an exciting magnet, and a mass block. Additionally, the PWEH employs a vertical-axis blade design, allowing it to capture wind from different directions. Via theoretical analyses, finite element simulations, and experiments, key parameters of the PWEH are optimized including the CSM additional mass, spring wire diameter, and the configuration of multi-frequency piezoelectric transducers. Results demonstrate that the optimized PWEH works at 1.5m/s and generates 0.45mW, 2.742mW, and 5.973mW at wind speeds of 2m/s, 3.3m/s, and 4.75m/s, respectively. Compared to the unoptimized PWEH, the introduction of the CSM results in an 80.7% enhancement in open-circuit voltage and a 90.9% increase in short-circuit current. Additionally, by utilizing four pairs of piezo-transducers with different resonance frequencies (6.83Hz, 9.38Hz, 12.1Hz, and 14.8Hz), the resonance bandwidth of the PWEH is expanded to 1.5~5.5m/s. The feasibility of PWEH for powering signage, electronic screens, and Bluetooth thermohygrometer is demonstrated. The potential of PWEH in constructing high-precision intelligent wind speed monitoring systems is tested via convolutional neural networks. The study offers a strategy for designing the PWEH for both powering of the microelectronic devices, and intelligent sensing and monitoring of wind.

Fault diagnosis of turn-to-turn short circuit in field winding of aircraft brushless exciter

Fault diagnosis of turn-to-turn short circuit in field winding of aircraft brushless exciter

An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Safety: Existing Problems and Potential Solutions

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are extensively utilised in the energy sector owing to their superior performance. In this paper, thermal runaway (TR) is introduced as one of the safety dangers, analysed the mechanism and characteristics of it. This paper focuses on the optimization of Lib, which can reduce the TR caused by mechanical, electrical and TR. The study suggests improvements in three crucial areas: electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators, aiming to reduce the dangers of TR in LiBs. Through doping, coating, nanoparticle design, and metal atom replacement, electrode materials can be improved to increase cathode safety, LiF coatings on NCM811 cathodes are one prominent example. By adding chemicals like flame retardants and creating solid-state electrolytes, electrolyte optimization greatly increases battery safety. Furthermore, improving separator stability by applying ceramic coatings, high-temperature-resistant polymers, and surface modifications fortifies mechanical and thermal endurance, lowering the risk of TR and short circuits. When combined, these methods make the LiB system safer and more dependable.

A Review of Research on Potential Solutions for Dendrite Growth in Solid State Cells

The formation of lithium dendrites can lead to irreversible capacity loss and pose safety risks in lithium batteries. One proposed model suggests that when the current density is too high, a depletion layer of lithium ions forms near the anode, promoting dendrite growth. Lithium dendrites may puncture the membrane of the battery and reach the positive electrode, causing the battery to short circuit, causing the battery to overheat and possibly explode. This growth can result in short circuits in conventional lithium batteries. Several strategies can be employed to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. These include coating the lithium metal surface with durable layers or alloy compounds, micro-modulating the solid-state electrolyte to reduce dendrite nucleation, and managing nano-cracks in the electrolyte. These approaches have shown promising results in enhancing the stability and cycling performance of lithium metal anodes. However, technological constraints still limit the widespread implementation of these strategies, and more advanced characterization techniques are needed to better understand and address the issue of dendrite growth in solid-state batteries.

CFD study on the effect of the baffles geometry in sedimentation efficiency in wastewater treatments through Large Eddy Simulations

Sedimentation tanks represent one of the most important components of any water and wastewater treatment plants. The lack of knowledge of hydraulics in sedimentation tank leads to unnecessary capital and operating costs as well as water pollution in the form of excessive sludge. Improper and inadequate design cause overloading of filters, and lead to frequent backwashing, which in turn waste a significant percentage of treated water. Sedimentation tanks require a uniform flow field to ensure the correct operating conditions. Unfortunately, the development of circulation zones causes deep deviation from the uniformity, bringing negative effects on the efficiency of the tank. The focus of this study is to apply Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to study and to improve the sedimentation efficiency through the optimization of the hydrodynamics inside settling tanks. In the present analysis, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to simulate three-dimensional turbulent flow and scalar tracer transport in different settlers using a structured finite-volume discretization. The results show how the baffles’ geometry, as well as the inlet design, influences the retention time distribution of the tank, varying the sedimentation efficiency. In particular, the increase of baffles inside the tank reduces the free space and allows a more uniform distribution of velocity vectors. This reduces both short circuits and recirculation zones bringing the flow closer to the ideal condition. On the other hand, the inlet position influences the velocity on the tank’s bottom, with possible particles re-suspension effects.

Synergistic Effects of Size-Confined MXene Nanosheets in Self-Powered Sustainable Smart Textiles for Environmental Remediation

Green renewable technologies have become a focus of energy research due to the adverse impacts of fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, climate change, global warming, and battery short life. A new generation of biomaterials with spontaneous piezoelectric properties is highly emerging for generating electricity from ubiquitous mechanical energy. Recent years, there has been a concerted effort to engineer robust 1D functional materials for nanogenerators, leveraging cellulose as the foundational material. This research work produced nanofiber composite of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and MXene (Ti3C2) nanosheets incorporated into cellulose acetate (CA) polymer through electrospinning process forms the basis for ecofriendly highly durable smart textile fabrication. Formation of MXene nanosheets heterostructures significantly promoted the low conversion efficiency of conventional ZnO to highest output voltage of ⁓35V, and a short circuit current of ⁓3.34µA. Synergistic contribution of the piezo-enhanced photocatalytic activity of MXene/ZnO hetero-structured smart nanofibers offers greater environmental remediation of water resources from the contamination of methyl orange (MO) dye with a rate constant (k) of 66.14×10-3min-1. In addition, intelligent dual mechanistic membranes support sustainable operations (20000 cycles) with strong morphological and performance retention (⁓92%), showing good chemical and mechanical stability even under harsh operating conditions.