Shortage Of Trained Manpower Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COBAS 6800, RT-PCR, AND TRUENAT SARS-COV-2 IN ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS OF COVID19.

Introduction - In December 2019, a group of patients of unknown aetiology with atypical pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China [1]. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS CoV-2), a novel beta-coronavirus was identied as the cause of these cases [2]. RTPCR testing leads to delay in diagnosis in cases where early and rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 is warranted which leads to tension and anxiety both among patient and treating health care workers. Material And Methods- This retrospective observational study was designed and conducted at the Department of Microbiology; Moti Lal Nehru Medical College (MLNMC), Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). All study data was retrieved from Hospital Information System of medical college. Result - Among 200 patients, sample for Truenat, RT-PCR and Cobas 6800 testing were collected during study period. Out of 200 samples 57(28.5%) samples were positive by Cobas 6800 with 15(7.5%) invalid results and 128(64%) negative results. In RT-PCR 71(35.5%) samples were positive and 129(64.5%) samples were negative with no invalid results. 200 positive samples were then selected from the RTPCR and COBAS 6800 positive samples for Truenat testing. Out of these 200 positive samples results of 60(30%) samples were presumptive positive and 128(64%) were negative invalid results 12(6%). Conclusion- we have concluded that RT-PCR is the best diagnostic method for the detection of COVID-19 in a country like India, where there is shortage of trained man power, well equipped labs and poor infrastructure. It also reduces the nancial burden in the era of pandemics, where whole population needs to be catered.

Constraints of Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia has huge potential for beekeeping production and 1st in honey production in Africa because of its endowment with diversity in climate and vegetation resources offering potentially favorable conditions for beekeeping. It is important for sources of food and beverages, medication, income generation, creating employment opportunities, environmental balance through pollination. Even though it has a higher contribution, the sector is yet not potentially utilized due to various constraints. Therefore the objectives of this paper are to review the production constraints of honey in Ethiopia and to review the marketing constraints of honey in Ethiopia. Pests, Disease and Predators; weather problem; Shortage of bee forage; Absconding; shortage of trained manpower; shortage of equipment; poor management practices; chemicals; weak research and extension; poor infrastructures and etc. are constraints of honey production in Ethiopia. While linkages problem; lack of market center; lack of market information; price fluctuation; low awareness of post-harvest handling; lack of technology; poor market infrastructure, lack basic business concepts; and etc. are constraints honey marketing in Ethiopia. To overcome such constraints:- Adopting effective honeybee pests, disease and predators controlling methods; Introducing and expanding of full package improved beekeeping technologies with adequate practical skill; strengthen full package extension services; Support farmers for beekeeping business through credit availability, improving the barging power of beekeepers, strengthen linkage among different concerned institutions, cooperative formation, input supply, market facilitation and infrastructures as a whole; Giving attention on research and human resources development ; Expanding coverage of flowering plants especially economically important ones like horticultural crops and reducing the impact of agrochemicals and others are suggested recommendations.

Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Resource Constrained Environments: Understanding and Addressing the Need of the Systems.

World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the top 10 threats to public health. The agency has formulated a global action plan to tackle antimicrobial resistance by reducing incidence of infectious diseases, increasing knowledge and awareness and promoting rational use of antimicrobials amongst other measures. While the core elements of successful antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are much publicized, there application in resource limited settings is fraught with several challenges. The key limiting factors include lack of clear political commitment, inadequate funding, overcrowded healthcare systems, lax legal and regulatory frameworks, non-uniform access to diagnostics, absence of electronic health record systems, limited knowledge and awareness especially with existence of multiple systems of medicines, issues with access to quality assured medicines, in-house pharmacies, and shortage of trained manpower. Since these implementation-impeding issues may differ considerably from those experienced in developed economies, intervention efforts in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) need to address the context and focus on the root causes prevailing locally. In this article, we review the evidence highlighting the magnitude of these challenges and suggest feasible models with effective application. We also share the evidence from our center where we have contextualized the core elements to resource constrained settings. These domains include delivering prospective audit and feedback, prescriber education, development of evidence-based and implementable guidelines, and optimization of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. However, there is a tremendous need for scaling up, extending outreach and honing these models while at the same time, addressing the existing strategic challenges that curtail the full potential of global antimicrobial stewardship.

Economic Analysis of Cut Flower (Rose and Gerbera) Production under Polyhouse in Jabalpur District of Madhya Pradesh, India

Flowers are crowning beauty of God's creation. They are inseparable part of human joy and sorrows. It is said that man is born with flowers, lives with flowers and finally dies with flowers.The main objective of the present study was to analyze the cost of production of selected cut flower i.e. rose, gerbera grown under polyhouses in Jabalpur district. From the selected blocks a list of polyhouse cut flower growers were collected with the help of officials of the Joint Director of Horticulture, Jabalpur There are eight cut flowers polyhouse established in the district during last year. The primary data required for the study were collected by personal interview of the respondents. The information on cost and return in production of cut flower were collected personally by the use of well structured interview schedule. The data were collected through selected farmers. This paper examined the cost and return and benefit cost ratio of cut flower cultivation under protected condition. The study revealed that total cost in gerbera and rose production grown on an average 1200 m2 were Rs 909206 and Rs. 882517, respectively. The annual gerbera and rose production on sample polyhouse 409288 nos and 342000 nos flowers respectively which is 108 and 76% higher than the break- even level, Net profit was to the extent of Rs 529868 and Rs 345288 and benefit- cost ratio was 1:85 and 1:61 respectively. Thus, existing production technology yield sufficient profit to the cut flowers growers. huge investment requirement, shortage of trained manpower, price fluctuation, lack of scientific knowledge & training, attack by pest & disease, lack of extension work came out as major financial and technical problems (Wani NI, 2017). There is a need to establish a research and development wing in order to develop better methods of cultivation and optimum use of recommended inputs in floriculture.

Evaluation of a Master of Science in Integrated Clinical and Community Mental Health (MSc ICCMH) program in Ethiopia.

Introduction: The shortage of trained manpower in the field of mental health remains a significant obstacle to the treatment of people with mental illnesses in low and middle-income countries. In 2010, a new Master of Science in Integrated Clinical and Community Mental Health (MSc ICCMH) program for non-physician clinicians was established at Jimma University to address this shortage in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the competency, satisfaction, and involvement level of graduates of the program.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the graduates of the program. Data were collected with a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire that was developed for the study. Responses were recorded on a Likert scale to assess graduates’ competency and satisfaction level. The quantitative data were summarized by descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and frequencies. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed thematically.Result: Until June 2015, 32 trainees had graduated from the MSc ICCMH program; 87.5% (n=28) of these graduates participated in the study. Almost all (96.4%, n=27) graduates were working in public institutions. The majority (75%, n=21) were directly engaged in the clinical care of patients. Also, two-thirds of the graduates (67.9%, n=19) were involved in mental health research. All of the graduates felt confident in conducting psychiatric assessments of adults and identifying and managing common mental disorders (100%, n=28). Similarly, 100% (n=28) of the graduates reported that they felt confident in identifying and managing severe mental illnesses.Conclusions: The outcome of the program is a considerable workforce of skilled mental health professionals. The majority of graduates were retained within the public mental health service. Brain drain does not appear to be a challenge among non-physician mental health specialists. The findings on the self-perceived competencies mirror the amount of clinical exposure during the training. With a minimal revision of the curriculum, the level of satisfaction and competencies can be enhanced.

A study on teachers’ perception on the effect of AICTE recommended curriculum on the development of competencies of hotel management Students

There has been a drastic change in the economic environment specially when tourism activity has increased and countries have started focusing on hotel & catering activity along with hotel management learning. Most hoteliers feel there is shortage of trained man-power and there should be revision in the curriculum for hotel management education. Identifying competencies (knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes) sets have assisted recruiting managers in the selecting the right candidate, it has helped in training and developing programs for future personnel, It has helped to retain employees and motivate them, and in helping hotel employees in their career. The teachers play an important role in developing the competencies required among the students. This article is on their perception on the effect of the curriculum recommended by the Government who certifies whether the students have completed the course satisfactorily.

Mental Health Services in New Nepal – Observations, Objections and Outlooks for the Future

It has been over a decade since the government of Nepal adopted the National Mental Health Policy (NMHP) in 1997. This article analyses the current provision of fragmented mental health services in Nepal through case scenarios from Jumla in northwest and Janakpur in southeast Nepal, criticises the proposed mental health Act, discusses the reasons why the NMHP has not been implemented and suggests future models of delivering mental health services in the wider community. Absence of a mental health section within the department of health, insufficient budget, chronic shortage of trained manpower, and unplanned growth of private medical institutions appear to be the issues deserving urgent attention. Setting up specialist psychiatric facilities in all developmental regions or future states, developing community mental health programmes and integration of mental health into general health care are the ways forward to meet the needs and expectations of the new federal Nepal.

Challenges and remedies in delivering forensic pathology services – an Indian view point

India is the second most populous country in the world boasting a population of about 1.13 billion at present and ready to take over the top-most position by year 2025 with the present rate of growth. The National Crime Records Bureau in a recent report found a 231% increase in the crime rate during the last 50 year period. If we talk about cases of homicides only in 2007–2008, around 32719 cases were recorded, which ranks highest in the world, the next being South Africa. According to a rough estimate, about one million unnatural deaths are reported in per year in India. As a result, numbers of medico-legal autopsies performed in India are the highest in the world. For tackling this enormous workload, about 90% of cases are dealt with by plain medical graduates, the quality of which remains debatable, and only 10% of cases are done by forensic experts. Although there is a worldwide shortage of trained forensic pathologists which is seriously hampering the delivery of forensic services, the situation in India has gone from bad to worse. Also there is a gross lack of infrastructure, absolute shortage of trained manpower and severe crunch of ancillary laboratory services. This poster discusses various aspects of medico-legal functioning in India and suggests the remedial measures which can be taken for overall improvement in delivery of forensic services.

Breeding approaches in simultaneous selection for multiple stress tolerance of maize in tropical environments

Maize is the principal crop and major staple food in the most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, due to the influence of abiotic and biotic stress factors, maize production faces serious constraints. Among the agro-ecological conditions, the main constraints are: lack and poor distribution of rainfall; low soil fertility; diseases (maize streak virus, downy mildew, leaf blights, rusts, gray leaf spot, stem/cob rots) and pests (borers and storage pests). Among the socio-economic production constraints are: poor economy, serious shortage of trained manpower; insufficient management expertise, lack of use of improved varieties and poor cultivation practices. To develop desirable varieties, and thus consequently alleviate some of these constraints, appropriate breeding approaches and field-based methodologies in selection for multiple stress tolerance, were implemented. These approaches are mainly based on: a) Crossing selected genotypes with more desirable stress tolerant and other agronomic traits; b) Using the disease/pest spreader row method, combined with testing and selection of created progenies under strong to intermediate pressure of drought and low soil fertility in nurseries; and c) Evaluation of the varieties developed in multi-location trials under low and "normal" inputs. These approaches provide testing and selection of large number of progenies, which is required for simultaneous selection for multiple stress tolerance. Data obtained revealed that remarkable improvement of the traits under selection was achieved. Biggest progress was obtained in selection for maize streak virus and downy mildew resistance, flintiness and earliness. In the case of drought stress, statistical analyses revealed significant negative correlation between yield and anthesis-silking interval, and between yield and days to silk, but positive correlation between yield and grain weight per ear.

Undergraduate training in Psychiatry: World perspective

Byline: R. Murthy, S. Khandelwal Historical Development of Mental Health Services During the last three centuries, there has been major shifts in the way mentally ill are viewed and cared for all over the world. The changes during the last 50 years are most significant. From a situation of considering the "mad" as "bad" and incarceration in jails and asylums, there is now recognition of the human rights of the mentally ill. From jails and asylums, the care of the mentally ill persons has moved to the community. Another important development is the care providers. Current approach to care in the community includes, besides psychiatrists, other mental-health professionals, primary-care doctors, family members, volunteers and the ill persons. The driving forces towards these changes have been many: the recognition of the wide range of mental disorders, the high prevalence of mental disorders in the community, the availability of a variety of interventions (pharmacological and nonpharmacological), the demonstration of the effectiveness. Human Resources for Health Care There is an international focus on human resources for health care. The theme of the World Health Report 2006 (WHR 2006) was Working Together for Health. The WHR 2006 begins with the following observation: "In this decade of the 21[sup] st century, immense advances in human well-being coexist with extreme deprivation. In global health we are witnessing the benefits of new medicines and technologies. But there are unprecedented reversals. Life expectancies have collapsed in some of the poorest countries to half the level of the richest - attributable to the ravages of HIV/AIDS in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and to more than a dozen "failed states". These setbacks have been accompanied by growing fears, in rich and poor countries alike, of new infectious threats such as SARS and avian influenza and "hidden" behavioural conditions such as mental disorders (emphasis added) and domestic violence ."(xv) (emphasis added). Further, the report states The ultimate goal of health workforce strategies is a delivery system that can guarantee universal access to health care and social protection to all citizens in every country. There is no global blueprint that describes how to get there - each nation must devise its own plan. Effective workforce strategies must be matched to a country's unique situation and based on social consensus (emphasis added). (p.119) The human resources for mental health care are grossly inadequate in the developing countries, as presented by the WHO Atlas document in 2005. In the Indian context, the development of appropriate human resources for health in general is receiving serious attention. For example, the setting up of the Public Health Foundation of India in 2006 is a good example of this concern. Both authors come from a background of community mental health and experience of training and working with primary health-care doctors. The effort is to present the "world" perspective (from the World Health Report, the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) guidelines, experiences of different countries) and identify some issues relevant to undergraduate education in India. World Health Report 2001 The World Health Report 2001 makes 10 overall recommendations. The first of this is "Provide treatment in primary care." The management and treatment of mental disorders in primary care is a fundamental step which enables the largest number of people to get easier and faster access to services. It is to be recognized that many are already seeking help at this level. This not only gives better care but also cuts wastage resulting from unnecessary investigations and inappropriate and nonspecific treatments. For this to happen, however, general health personnel need to be trained in the essential skills of mental health care. Such training ensures the best use of the available knowledge for the largest number of people and makes possible the immediate application of interventions. …

The Evolution of Gondar's Public Health College and Training Center: Che-Che-la from an Italian Consular Office to a Medical College

Gondar's Public Health College and Training Center (PHC&TC), as it was originally named, has also been known since 1961 as Gondar Medical College, or by the local townsfolk interchangeably as Asbadale or Che-Che-la. PHC&TC was established in 1954, when the city's population was less than 20,000. Today, Gondar has more than 200,000 people, yet PHC&TC continues as the only medical establishment in the city and province despite a complex set of health concerns, including the pandemic HIV-AIDS, that beset the city, the region, and Ethiopia at large. This paper reviews the founding and development of PHC&TC, and thus the progress of modern higher education in Gondar. It also explores the impact of the medical college on the city; the challenges it faced from both government officials and the townspeople during the reign of Haile Sellassie (1930–1974); the changes it underwent under the Marxist regime of Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam (1974–1991); and its current state as it deals with financial constraints, lack of infrastructural development, and a shortage of trained manpower.

The Law as Gamekeeper? Skills Poaching and Training in the UK

Employers and government are becoming increasingly concerned at the shortage of trained manpower. In some sectors, employers are reacting to this problem by “poaching” skilled staff, using “headhunters” and attractive remuneration packages to entice individuals to quit their current employment. In the face of this, some employers have argued that their incentive to provide and finance training is being reduced, since staff turnover denies them a return on their training investment. To the extent that this is true, such developments threaten to undermine any attempt to increase the level of training in the UK.

Research training in the biomedical aspects of human reproduction and family planning in developing countries

Family planning represents a major concern for many countries. Programmes are, however, encountering major obstacles, some of which can only be resolved through research, and frequently through research at the local level. Shortage of trained manpower has held back such research in developing countries. The paper describes trends over the past two decades in training for research in human reproduction and family planning. It addresses itself primarily to the needs of developing countries for such research training and the extent to which these needs have been met.

The National Laboratory Crisis

As the number of clinical diagnostic tests performed annually in the U.S. climbs toward the billion mark, the nation's laboratories are beset by the dual problem of shortage of trained manpower and inaccuracy of performance. Higher educational standards and greater economic rewards for skilled laboratory workers offer the only solution to this problem, says Dr. Bauer.

Ethiopia's Use of National University Students in a Year of Rural Service

In September, 1964, Ethiopia's Haile Sellassie I University inaugurated a novel program to aid the country's development. The program, named the Ethiopian University Service (E.U.S.), called upon students to interrupt their university studies to serve their country for one year. The 1964-65 program included 134 university students serving primarily as teachers in the rural areas of Ethiopia. The program is now in its second year with 194 students serving. In Ethiopia, as in most developing countries, a grave shortage of trained manpower exists. In the rural areas which have few

RESEARCH IN FAMILY PLANNING

This article illustrates the main trends of the activities of the World Health Organization's Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction during the years 1980-81. In 1981, 80 countries, including 54 developing countries, were involved in the program. The Special Programme explores how to involve the community in family planning. 2 factors which clearly emerged from some of the studies were the conflict between the high esteem in which fertility is held, and the realization of the economic constraint of a large family; another factor is the widespread acceptance in many developing countries of extramarital or relatives' children within a family. Obviously, the community, rather than the family or the individual, should be the target for education and information. Protocols for studies, training manuals, mechanics for supervision and evaluation were prepared by the program. The very good results of 2 pilot studies, in Thailand and in Turkey, training midwives and nurses to provide medical services, have prompted the extension of these services at a national level with highly satisfactory results. Projects to integrate fertility regulation services into the primary health care system of a country have been developed in several countries; the most advanced of these projects, tested in Sri Lanka, was so successful that its inclusion on a national scale was recommended. Studies on the cost of illegally induced abortion on national health services have prompted changes in family planning legislation in many countries. Other studies have shown the effects on maternal and child health of the timing, spacing, and number of pregnancies. Shortage of trained manpower is still a great constraint on the development of services and research in family planning.