Capacity Shortage Research Articles

MITIGATION OF POWER WASTAGE IN THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Electricity power supply in Nigeria is grossly inadequate due to shortage in production capacity and consequent shortage in the transmitted and distributed networks of the sector. This has greatly hampered the standard of living of the citizenry. The wastage of the scarce distributed power due to negligence of the electricity consumers by leaving on the lighting systems around the homes in broad day light has been a concern in the research industry. This paper focuses on the way to curb this menace among the electricity consumers. A device to mitigate power wastage among shortage of same was constructed. This device when applied at the distribution network will automatically control the lighting system of the environment when it senses radiation from sunlight indicating daylight or darkness indicating dark hour of the day thereby curbing the incessant power wastage through lighting in broad day light and reserves the available distributed power to meaningful use by the consumers.

Techno-Commercial Study of a Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy Generator With an Initial Sizing Strategy

Abstract Solar energy-based hybrid renewable energy generators are techno-economically designed for various standalone uses such as far-distance area electrification, commerical building electrification, polygeneration, and industrial application. This article attempts to address the problem of high cost of energy of such generators, which needs to be optimized. The research gap is that there is hardly any work on techno-economic optimization of such generators using an initial sizing technique, thereby resulting in a design with higher cost of energy. In this work, a hybrid renewable energy generator comprising solar photovoltaic-biogas-battery storage is techno-economically optimized with the aim of minimizing its cost of energy for electrification of a radio-broadcasting station in India by using simulation software called hybrid optimization model for electric renewables. An initial sizing strategy has been proposed in the modeling of the hybrid system. Optimal designs are obtained under different scenarios like in the standalone mode with and without capacity shortage fraction and in grid-connected mode with scheduled and random outages. The results show that during initial sizing in the standalone mode, consideration of larger size (25 kW) of the component with lower unit capacity cost (biogas unit) and higher load sharing by it (102,625 kWh/year) in the energy management of the hybrid design with a small capacity shortage (5%) reduces the levelized cost of energy to 0.0956 $/kWh compared to some of the literature designs. Of all the optimal designs, the grid-connected system has the lowest levelized cost of energy of 0.0873 $/kWh with a renewable fraction of 0.821. The present work contributes to the component size planning of hybrid renewable energy generator to generate lower levelized cost of energy. The novelty of the present work is that in the component size planning in the standalone mode, following the initial sizing strategy, if the component with lower unit capacity cost shares majority of the load, then the levelized cost of energy with or without grid-connected mode can be further reduced compared to some existing designs, which can be verified from the simulation results. Therefore, the present results will be useful for component planning and sizing of hybrid renewable generators so as to preset the size of its components as per their unit capacity cost to result in a lower cost of energy.

10.K. Workshop: How to upscale in capacity in different aspects of preparedness and response

Abstract The magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that the international community was not ready for a public health emergency of this scale. Countries around the world with varying demographic and economic situations struggle to deal with the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalisations. There has been a scramble for all types of resources, ranging from personal protective equipment, to testing capacity, to vaccines. During this workshop, we will present scientific research which focuses on how European countries have attempted to deal with these capacity shortages in the period of the first SARS-CoV-2 pandemic wave in European countries as well as the subsequent period. Each presentation will focus on a specific capacity or domain of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, they will also all provide information on what went well and what did not go well in the attempt to increase capacity. The objective of the workshop is twofold. Firstly, it is to provide the audience with scientific research which aims to have a better understanding of both the capacity issues which have been identified in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the (potential) solutions to increase capacity during inter-pandemic times and future pandemics. Secondly, it is to provide the opportunity for audience to discuss about the findings and interact with the authors. The structure of the workshop will be as follows: The session starts with two thought-provoking statements related to the first two presentations. The audience will be given the opportunity to react to these thoughts using a voting tool and via the chat. This will prime the audience for the upcoming presentations and invite them to participate interactively during the workshop. In the next 15 minutes, the first two presentations will take place. The presenters will end once again with the aforementioned statements. The audience will be given the opportunity to react by asking clarifying questions, respond to, or challenge the statements. After this discussion ends, the same process will take place for the next two presentations. Key messages During preparedness, more attention should be paid to the estimated capacity needs during response. The mobilization of existing resource capacity, and of mechanisms to upscale capacity when shortages are likely to occur, require more structured approaches.

3.I. Workshop: Getting real with future shocks: How to test health system resilience?

Resilient health systems should be able to both respond to sudden shocks and adapt to structural changes. Structural fragilities in the health systems of EU countries were present before the COVID-19 pandemic and the crisis has just exacerbated these weaknesses, along with creating acute response capacity shortages. It became clear that health systems were largely unprepared for a shock of this magnitude. In order to be better prepared and able to respond more effectively towards the next health emergency, it is important to have robust tools and methods to measure the level of resilience in health systems. The workshop will present a new concept to carry out resilience testing of health systems against potential future shocks and adverse scenarios based on the opinion of the European Commission's Expert Panel on effective ways of investing in health. This will be followed by a discussion with experts on the practical development and implementation of this methodology.Format of the workshop: Pitch on the resilience testing concept by a member of the Expert Panel on effective ways of investing in health (10 minutes)Responses by experts from three EU Member States and discussion (40 minutes)Concluding remarks by the OECD and the Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (10 minutes) Speakers/Panelists Heather L. Rogers Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain Lenka Poliaková Health Insurance Supervision Department, Ministry of Health, Czechia Judith de Jong NIVEL, Utrecht, Netherlands Sabrina Montante National Institute of Health of Italy, Brussels Office, Brussels, Belgium Gaetan Lafortune OECD, Paris, France

Constriction Factor Particle Swarm Optimization based load balancing and cell association for 5G heterogeneous networks

With the rapidly growing traffic demand, the cellular industry is moving toward heterogeneity to fulfill the heavy traffic requirement. The existing heterogeneous networks are comprised of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), and other compatible access technologies. It has been identified that due to the shortage of capacity, cell performance can deteriorate. To deal with users’ requirements, the 5G heterogeneous network architectures comprising LTE-advanced access technology with the combination of comparatively low configured small base stations, and macro eNodeBs (MeNB) have been extended as a solution. Therefore, operators have introduced the 5G with the existing LTE Advanced Heterogeneous Network (5GLHN) where small cells such as Home eNodeBs (HeNBs) are deployed overlapping with the conventional macro eNodeB (MeNB). However, in highly dense and closely compacted 5GLHNs, the cell capacity can still be lower than what is on-demand, thus affecting the system throughput. This article proposes a framework to maximize the throughput in 5GLHNs through a Constriction Factor Particle Swarm Optimization (CFPSO) technique of cell association and load-balancing algorithm to enhance the throughput of the 5GLHN. The proposed approach is designed to offload the traffic of MeNB Users (MUEs) to the small cells (HeNBs). The convergence, cumulative distribution function of the UEs rate, average throughput, and allocation time are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed CFPSO approach. Simulation results reveal that the throughput of the proposed approach is improved by up to 44.08% of the existing index-based approach and by 94.20 \\% of the existing Matching with Minimum Quota (MMQ) approach.

Key performance indicators for a sustainable recovery strategy in health-care supply chains: COVID-19 pandemic perspective

PurposeSupply chains’ (SCs’) sustainability practices and recovery strategies are attaining popularity in academia and industries to improve the resilience of the SCs and to manage large-scale disruptions. The global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 has raised the question of the sustainability of essential health-care products’ SCs of Bangladesh. It is an essential avenue for making the life of people safe and secure. Despite its importance, most of the health-care SCs in Bangladesh are struggling to meet the demand of its nation due to capacity shortage, technological backwardness of the manufacturers, delivery capacity shortages and less advanced forecasting capabilities. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the key performance indicators (KPIs) of a sustainable recovery strategy in the context of health-care SCs considering the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a dynamic method named graph theory and matrix approach to evaluate the most critical KPIs of a sustainable recovery strategy in the context of Bangladeshi health-care SCs.FindingsThe result revealed that dynamic forecasting and planning with a smooth delivery and distribution support system, production capacity diversification and having alternative or multiple suppliers during extraordinary disruptions may aid in the sustainability of the health-care SCs in Bangladesh.Originality/valueThis study is unique as no previous study has identified and examined the sustainable recovery strategy perspective KPIs considering the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Bangladeshi health-care SCs. This study will also add value by guiding decision-makers of the health-care SCs of Bangladesh to adopt strategies toward the sustainability of SCs.

Solar energy for air conditioning of an office building in a case study: Techno-economic feasibility assessment

Global electricity consumption is continuing to grow at a faster pace over the past few years. Electricity is used most often in buildings and in the growing demand for appliances and air conditioners. Basic strategies to minimize energy consumption include implementing energy efficiency measures and adopting renewable energy. Photovoltaics in particular has received considerable attention. Thus, this paper presents the detailed techno-economic feasibility analysis and environmental utility of a solar PV powered air conditioner system for an office building. The design, simulation and optimization of the system were performed using HOMER software. The system performance analysis was performed using various criteria such as Total Net Present Cost (TNPC), Cost of Energy (CoE), Renewable Fraction (RF) and CO2 emission analysis as objective functions. Energy purchased from the grid, energy sales, net energy purchases, and grid interactions were also analyzed. The simulation results reveal that the values of TNPC, CoE and RF are 2277.61 $, 0.0655 $/kWh and 79.2%, respectively. The total system generation is estimated to be 2875 kWh, of which 80.5% (2315 kWh) comes from PV and 19.5% from the grid. The system reports a grid energy purchase, energy sales and net energy purchase of 559 kWh, 1094 kWh and −534.11 kWh, respectively. The air conditioner's energy demand is fully met at 100%, records 0% unmet load and capacity shortage, and an excess energy of 73.5 kWh. The total annual CO2 emission mitigated is 1459.548 kg, a savings of 36488.7 kg (40.22 tons) is achieved over the system project lifetime.

Feasibility study of a smart hybrid renewable energy system to supply the electricity and heat demand of Eram Campus, Shiraz University; simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analysis

Supplying the ever-increasing energy demand both economically viable and environmentally friendly is among the primary challenges of the present century. In this regard, the current research suggests a resilient smart hybrid renewable energy system to supply the electricity and heat demand of Eram Campus, Shiraz University. Pre-assessments are carried out to realize the energy demand, primary energy potentials, and geographical constraints of the Campus. In the present work, simulations, optimizations, and sensitivity analyses are performed to explore the feasibility of utilizing a unique integrated energy system to meet the load demand of the case study. The results indicate that the suggested energy system consists of a micro gas turbine with combined heat and power module, thermal boilers, converters, photovoltaic panels, pumped hydro storage units, and a predictive controller. To make use of the proposed power plant, $15 M is needed for initial capital cost. Levelized cost of electricity and net present cost of the system are 0.09$/kWh and $42.5 M, respectively. Based on the findings, using the suggested energy system reduces the annual carbon dioxide production of the Campus by 8000 megatonnes compared when using the national energy grid. Furthermore, the calculations reflected that the impacts of variations in financial parameters, carbon penalty, energy demand increase, and allowable capacity shortage on the characteristics of the energy system are considerable. In the most economical strategy, the capacities of the gas turbine, thermal boiler, photovoltaic panel, converter, and pumped hydro storage should be 2650 kW, 17 MW, 13754 kW, 4995 kW, and 70 units, respectively, to meet the increase of 50% in energy demand. By reducing the energy consumption in specific time steps by 1% of the total load, the net present cost and levelized cost of electricity significantly decline by 6% and 15%, respectively. The results of this study concern whatever the policymakers need to ensure the feasibility of implementing a smart integrated energy system to reach the first renewable-powered University Campus in Iran.

Public governance of private munitions businesses in regional Britain, the case of Wales, 1938 to 1945

This article analyses the public governance of the private British munitions industry from 1938 to 1945. It uses a case study of Wales to make two arguments. One is that public regional governance was contested and slow to emerge, although ultimately successful. Governance was initially centralised and uncoordinated as three supply ministries competed to source munitions. Floorspace controls were introduced in 1941 but ministries rebuffed other attempts to co-ordinate regional procurement. However, capacity problems throughout Britain incentivised co-operation from 1942, when a new Ministry of Production created effective regional structures. The other argument is that business activity in Wales intensified as structures emerged. Mobilisation focussed initially on concentrations of secondary manufacturing, but Wales was dominated by primary industries and few businesses were producing munitions by mid-1940. Nevertheless, air raids and capacity shortages elsewhere prompted an influx controlled increasingly by regional structures that governed a munitions industry dominated by private businesses.

Effectiveness of Chinese Regulatory Planning in Mitigating and Adapting to Climate Change: Comparative Analysis Based on Q Methodology

With cities considered the main source of carbon emissions, urban planning could mitigate and help adapt to climate change, given the allocation and regulation of public policies of urban spatial resources. China’s regulatory planning remains the basis for building permission in the original urban and rural planning, and the new territorial spatial planning systems, determining the quality of urban plan implementation. Comprehensive regulatory plans effectively reduce carbon emissions. This study employs Q methodology to compare and analyze urban planners’ and practitioners’ perceptions of China’s regulatory planning in climate change mitigation and adaptation. The findings show that while regulatory planning is key, potential deficiencies include the gaps between regulatory from master plans, capacity shortages of designations and indicators, and unequal rights and responsibilities of local governments. However, mandatory indicators in regulatory planning, especially “greening rate,” “building density,” “land use type,” and “application of renewable energy technologies to the development of municipal infrastructure” could effectively mitigate climate change. “Greening rate” is the core indicator in regulatory planning since it provides empirical evidence for the “green space effect”. This study indicates that local customization of combined regulation of greening rate and green spaces could help mitigate and help China adapt to climate change.

Restricted access to the NHS during the COVID-19 pandemic: Is it time to move away from the rationed clinical response?

Recently a Lancet Commission examined the future prospects of the NHS in the wake of COVID-19. The report cites poor healthcare capacity and chronic staff shortages as key contributing factors to the UK's inadequate pandemic response. Notable strengths included universal access, the goodwill of staff, and the ability to generate innovative solutions - qualities that are likely to have averted an even deeper national crisis [1]. The prosperity of the NHS is intrinsically connected to the prosperity of the nation. Access to healthcare influences morbidity, mortality, economic activity, and whether or not social restrictions are necessary [2,3]. Public health measures such as timely implementation of social distancing are also important to limit mortality, but going forward it is the capacity to respond in a clinically effective and decisive manner that is vital to diminish the threat associated with the virus [4]. The importance of examining the national clinical response to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be overstated. Arguably the greatest mistake of this pandemic would be failing to prepare for the next. There are also the looming unknowns of SARS-CoV-2 variants [5], the higher rates of Long COVID following more severe disease [6], and the increased healthcare demands associated with delayed presentation of COVID-19 pneumonia [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Improving the tolerance of society to background levels of SARS-CoV-2 will require an improved clinical response. With this in mind, we examine one aspect of the UK's clinical response that remains in place today: restricted access to healthcare.

Small scale standalone solar and tidal hybrid power system in isolated area

The source of electricity supply in isolated areas is commonly from diesel or other fossil fuel-based generation systems. However, the increasing cost and harmful emissions of these fuels have led researchers to seek alternative solutions in providing electricity. Hence, harnessing renewable resources can be a favourable solution in lowering the dependency on fossil fuels. The Strait of Malacca is blessed with tidal current energy, a research was conducted to design a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that consists of tidal current and solar energy as its sources along with backup power such as generators to support the electrical demand of a lighthouse. A simulation method is used to determine and compare the optimal configuration of the HRES with the diesel generator-based system. An evaluation of all possible scenarios of standalone systems was carried out by considering the amount of fuel consumption and pollutant emittance, capacity shortage, excess electricity production, unmet energy and renewable fraction parameters of each system scenario. From the findings, the hybrid energy system of Scenario A that consists of tidal turbines, PVs, generator, battery, and converter produces better results where the diesel fuel consumption can be reduced up to 84% in comparison with the standalone generator-based system.

Public Psychosocial and Behavioral Responses in the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large Survey in China.

Background: The COVID-19 has grown into a global pandemic. This study investigated the public psychosocial and behavioral responses through different time periods of the pandemic, and assessed whether these changes are different in age, gender, and region.Methods: A three-phase survey was conducted through the DaDui Social Q&A Software for COVID-19. A total of 13,214 effective responses of COVID-19 were collected. Statistical analysis was performed based on their basic information and psychosocial responses.Results: The degree of attention, understanding, and cooperation with preventive and control measures of the disease increased and then decreased. The panic level gradually increased with the epidemic process. The degree of satisfaction with management measures and of confidence in defeating COVID-19 increased throughout the survey. Compared with residents in other areas, respondents from the COVID-19 epicenter (Wuhan) reported a higher degree of self-protection during the outbreak and a significantly lower degree of satisfaction with respect to government prevention and control measures during all phases. Shortages of medical supplies and low testing capacity were reported as the biggest shortcoming in the prevention and control strategies during COVID-19, and an abundance of disorderly and inaccurate information from different sources was the primary cause of panic.Conclusions and Relevance: Major public health events elicit psychosocial and behavioral changes that reflect the different phases of the biologic curve. Sufficient medical supplies and improved organization and accurate information during epidemics may reduce panic and improve compliance with requested changes in behavior. We need to recognize this natural phenomenon and our public policy preparedness should attempt to move the social/psychological curve to the left in order to minimize and flatten the biologic curve.

Multi-criteria decision-making model for optimal planning of on/off grid hybrid solar, wind, hydro, biomass clean electricity supply

Worldwide, the emerging trend of hybrid renewable energy sources integration in modern power systems is increasing due to privileged prices and clean electricity supply. However, the optimal planning of rural hybrid systems is a challenging and complex task, especially when different alternatives and sustainability aspects are considered. This paper develops an integrated decision-making approach for the optimal planning of a 100% renewable energy supply system comprising solar, wind, hydro, and biomass sources in a rural area located in Pakistan. An hourly-based design optimization analysis of twelve on/off-grid electrification alternatives is performed. The optimization model simultaneously addresses five sustainability criteria related to economy, reliability, ecology, society, and topography aspects. Furthermore, a novel hybrid decision-making model has developed to identify the unique best configuration with on-grid and off-grid options. The proposed model combines fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis technique for order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution, and evaluation based on distance from average solution methods. The results reveal that the solar-hydro-biomass battery with a life cycle cost of 10.9 M$ is the top-ranking off-grid system. When the hybrid system is connected to the grid, the solar-hydro-battery has found the most appropriate design with a life cycle cost of 12.96 M$. Both scenarios have a negligible capacity shortage of 0.09%. Ecologically, the optimal off-grid system produces only 408.37 kg/yr of CO2 due to the significant energy share of solar and hydro sources (99.3%). The optimal on-grid system produced the minimum CO2 with 29,177.89 kg/yr compared to other alternatives. Also, employing the optimal on/off-grid designs require land area and jobs of 96.6 m2, 14 jobs, and 118 m2, 15 jobs, respectively. Overall, the developed approach with the presented case study offers a valuable benchmark and guidelines for investors and stakeholders to create realistic investment plans for the energy industry looking to push efficient inducements to encourage the high dissemination of renewables.

Finding the way out to African swine fever: Analysis of Chinese government’s subsidy programs to farms and consumers

African swine fever (ASF) has eliminated a third of China’s pig population since August 2018 and lifted pork prices to record levels. To rebuild the supply of the country’s staple meat and maintain social stability, the Chinese government is offering subsidies to farms (the compulsory culling subsidy, CCS) and consumers (the price subsidy, PS, or the revenue subsidy, RS). To gain a better understanding about how these subsidy programs impact different stakeholders and facilitate pork supply recovery, we develop a game-theoretic framework to analyze the government’s optimal subsidy programs under different settings. Our analysis generates the following insights: (i) The PS and RS are equivalent in terms of improving different stakeholders’ welfare. (ii) The optimal subsidy program evolves from subsidizing farms only (SF) to subsidizing both farms and consumers (SB) and, finally, to subsidizing consumers only (SC) as the government emphasizes more on consumer welfare. (iii) If a farm is confronted with the breeding capacity shortage problem, in addition to the government’s relative emphasis on different stakeholders, the optimal subsidy program is jointly decided by two thresholds regarding the breeding capacity and subsidy budget, respectively. (iv) If the farms’ yields are partially correlated, offering subsidies may discourage their production enthusiasm and reduce their profits. Specially, the SC policy dominates the highly correlated case and the structure of the optimal subsidy programs in the lowly and moderately correlated cases is characterized. (v) If there are multiple farms competing in the market, the SF (SC) policy is optimal when the government emphasizes more on farms’ profits (consumer welfare); otherwise, the SB (SF) policy is optimal if the subsidy budget is large (small) while the total number of the farms is small (large).

Short-term physician rescheduling model with feature-driven demand for mental disorders outpatients

Physician rescheduling for a short term is common and critical when the guideline schedule for a long-term horizon needs adjustments. However, this topic is less studied in the literature. In this study, we develop a physician rescheduling model (PRM) with capacity allocation for outpatients. As in practice, the stochastic demand is assumed to be nonstationary and driven by auxiliary features. The capacity shortage risk is measured by the certainty equivalent that has shortage probability and expected shortage guarantees. To mitigate the capacity shortage risk, the Minimized Risk Tolerance Level (MRTL) decision criterion against the demand uncertainty is adopted for risk-averse hospital managers. Based on that, a bi-objective formulation that jointly considers PRM and MRTL is proposed to balance the operational costs and capacity shortage risk. We establish the tractability by an exact iterative algorithm that exploits the integer property of capacity and show that it finds all Pareto solutions. The case studies based on the real-life data of mental disorders demonstrate that our PRM performs well in handling the tradeoff between the capacity shortage risk and rescheduling costs.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electricity Generation Based on Anloga (Ghana) Wind Regime

This paper assesses the performance of electricity generation using wind/hydrogen/fuel-cell technology. The intermittency of renewables, especially wind, and the need for storage of excess energy make them unattractive for continuous generation of electricity. This paper focuses on the wind resource of Anloga (Ghana) and the potential of hydrogen production from water electrolysis. The assessment of this system covers three main areas including the potential energy generation, environmental impacts, and economic impacts. The paper adopted analytical models of energy generation of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies and further performs their assessment using HOMER software. It was revealed that the annual electricity production from the hydrogen fuel cell is 25,999kW/yr, with an annual capacity shortage of 392kW/yr representing a 10% capacity shortage. The levelized cost of electricity was 0.602$/kWh and the emissions have been completely minimized as compared to diesel generation plants.

БЮДЖЕТНІ МОЖЛИВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ ЩОДО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ВАКЦИНАЦІЇ ПРОТИ COVID-19 В УМОВАХ РОЗВИТКУ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РИНКУ ВАКЦИН

Оцінено бюджетні можливості України щодо проведення вакцинації проти COVID-19 в умовах становлення нового глобального ринку вакцин. Розкрито засади сучасного етапу формування глобального ринку вакцин проти COVID-19. Визначено передумови формування глобального дефіциту вакцин проти COVID-19, які спричинені, передусім, обмеженнями і глобальною нестачею виробничих потужностей вакцин і дефіцитом сировини та компонентів для їх виробництва. Виявлено фактори формування політики ціноутворення на сучасному глобальному ринку вакцин проти COVID-19, основними з яких є: невизначеність і широкий діапазон встановлених виробниками цін на вакцини; високий рівень конкуренції між виробниками вакцин і боротьба за захоплення більшого сегмента глобального ринку; гостра конкуренція між державами за доступ до потенційно необхідного обсягу доз вакцин. Показано розрив у доступі до вакцин проти COVID-19 у розвинутих країнах і країнах, які розвиваються, що поглиблює нерівність між ними в плані постпандемічного економічного відновлення. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що повільна і нерівномірна вакцинація проти COVID-19 зумовлює втрати ВВП як у розвинутих країнах, так і в країнах, що розвиваються. Розглянуто один з підходів міжнародних інституцій, застосування якого на практиці може сприяти подоланню глобального дефіциту вакцин і стимулювати їх виробництво, а саме тимчасова відмова від захисту інтелектуальної власності та патентів на вакцини проти COVID-19. Доведено необхідність збільшення бюджетних можливостей для проведення вакцинації проти COVID-19 в Україні з метою досягнення колективного імунітету і захисту різних груп населення.

An Overview of the Technical Challenges Facing the Deployment of Electric Cooking on Hybrid PV/Diesel Mini-Grid in Rural Tanzania—A Case Study Simulation

This paper lays out a methodology that could be used by mini-grid developers to assess the design readiness and future design requirement to accommodate electric cooking (eCook). While mini-grids in developing countries continue to grow in popularity, typically their designs are not yet sufficiently developed to accommodate large power appliances. Moving towards clean cooking using electricity will cause technical risks for mini-grids in terms of voltage drop, voltage unbalances and capacity shortage. In this paper, these parameters are studied on a mini-grid network modeled in OpenDSS/MATLAB as a simulation platform, where the selected mini-grid topology is hub and spoke. Two network studies are considered, the first investigates the limitations of the mini-grid in terms of the generation capacity available to supply the demand for different levels of eCook penetration, while the second focuses on the network constraints for different eCook penetrations. In general, the results show that voltage drop and voltage imbalance issues can be reasonably and affordably addressed by using cables of a larger cross-sectional area. The main issue prohibiting higher penetrations of eCook centre on generation capacity requirements, which led to a techno-economic analysis being conducted to assess future mini-grid sizes as well as targeting economic and environmental objectives and meeting the overall demand on a generically representative mini-grid in a rural region in East Africa. The discussion section in this paper highlights the main barriers to the accommodation of eCook on rural mini-grids and presents suggestions for future work that addresses new design specifications for the next generation of eCook mini-grids.

Behavioural Change in Green Transportation: Micro-Economics Perspectives and Optimization Strategies

The increasing demand for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging is putting pressure on the power grids and capacities of charging stations. This work focuses on how to use indirect control through price signals to level out the load curve in order to avoid the power consumption from exceeding these capacities. We propose mathematical programming models for the indirect control of EV charging that aim at finding an optimal set of price signals to be sent to the drivers based on price elasticities. The objective is to satisfy the demand for a given price structure, or minimize the curtailment of loads, when there is a shortage of capacity. The key contribution is the use of elasticity matrices through which it is possible to estimate the EV drivers’ reactions to the price signals. As real-world data on relating the elasticity values to the EV driver’s behaviour are currently non-existent, we concentrate on sensitivity analysis to test how different assumptions on elasticities affect the optimal price structure. In particular, we study how market segments of drivers with different elasticities may affect the ability of the operator to both handle a capacity problem and properly satisfy the charging needs.