Short-term Shock Research Articles

Economic Echoes of Conflict: Evaluating the Palestine-Israel War’s Influence on Middle Eastern Markets

ABSTRACT This study examines the Palestine-Israel conflict’s effects on Middle Eastern financial markets, including conventional and Islamic indices. Employing wavelet cross-correlation, global VAR (GVAR), and Granger causality analyses, we identify complex patterns in pre-conflict geopolitical risk (GPR) and stock returns, including diverse lead/lag behaviors and amplitude fluctuations. Post-conflict, these dynamics show smoother adjustments and stronger cross-correlations. The pre-conflict wavelet GVAR analysis reveals country-specific reactions to anticipated GPR shocks, marked by asymmetric responses starting around 20 days post-shock and varying across nations. This period also features significant shock spillovers in stock returns, both positive and negative. During the conflict, initial reactions include substantial spikes in raw stock returns, suggesting possible co-crash scenarios. These evolve into predominantly positive short-term shock spillovers, with medium and long-term responses suggesting stock markets as potential safe havens. Lastly, wavelet Granger causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between GPR and stock returns over the long term, with specific countries showing varied causality patterns during the conflict. The inclusion of Islamic indices demonstrates homogeneous responses to GPR shocks, similar to conventional markets, highlighting the integrated nature of these markets. This study underscores the complex temporal dynamics of market responses to geopolitical shocks and provides insights for policymakers and investors.

Time varying characteristics of factors affecting carbon price in emission trading scheme in China: Evidence from SV-TVP-VAR approach

Analysis of the factors influencing the price of carbon emissions trading in China and its time-varying characteristics is essential for the smooth operation of the carbon trading system. We analyse the time-varying effects of public concern, degree of carbon regulation, crude oil price, international carbon price and interest rate level on China’s carbon price through SV-TVP-VAR model. Among them, the quantification of public concern and the degree of carbon emission regulation is based on microblog text and government decisions. The results show that all the factors influencing carbon price are significantly time-varying, with the shocks of each factor on carbon price rising before 2019 and turning significantly thereafter. The short-term shock effect of each factor is more significant compared to the medium- and long-term, and the effect almost disappears at a lag of six months. Thanks to public environmental awareness, low-carbon awareness and the progress of carbon market management mechanisms, public concern has had the most significant impact on carbon price since 2019. With the promulgation of relevant management measures for the carbon market, relevant regulations on carbon emission accounting, financing constraints, and carbon emission quota allocation for emission-controlled enterprises have become increasingly mature, and carbon price signals are more sensitive to market information. The above findings provide substantial empirical evidence for all stakeholders in the market, who need to recognize that the impact of non-structural factors on the price of carbon varies over time. Government intervention also serves as a key aspect of carbon emission control and requires the introduction of relevant constraints and incentives. In particular, emission-controlling firms need to focus on the policy direction of the carbon market, and focus on the impact of Internet public opinion on business production while reducing carbon allowance demand and energy dependence.

Response and self-regulation of PD/A granular sludge to oxytetracycline stress

This paper investigated the operational characteristics and self-regulation mechanism of the partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) granular system under the stress of oxytetracycline (OTC), an emerging pollutant that accumulates in municipal wastewater treatment plants through various pathways, posing significant challenges for its future promotion in engineering applications. The results indicated that OTC concentrations below 100 mg/L intensified its short-term inhibition on the PD/A granular sludge system, decreasing functional bacterial activity, while between 150 and 300 mg/L, PD's NO3−-N to NO2−-N conversion ability diminished, and Anammox activity was significantly suppressed. Under long-term high OTC stress (20–30 mg/L), nitrogen removal suffered, and batch tests revealed significant inhibition of PD's NO3−-N to NO2−-N conversion, dropping from 73.77 % to 50.17 %. Anammox bacteria activity sharply declined from 1.81 to 0.39 mg N/gVSS/h under OTC stress. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content rose from 185.39 to 210.86 mg/gVSS, indicating PD/A sludge's self-protection mechanism. However, EPS content fell due to cell lysis at high OTC (30 mg/L). The decreasing relative abundance of Candidatus_Brocadia (2.32 % to 0.93 %) and Thaure (12.63 % to 7.82 %) was a key factor in the gradual deterioration of denitrification performance. This study was expected to provide guidance for the PD/A process to cope with the interference of antibiotics and other emerging pollutants (short-term shock and long-term stress).

Wish You Were Here? The Economic Impact of the Tourism Shutdown from Australia’s 2019-20 ‘Black Summer’ Bushfires

Tourism, including education-related travel, is one of Australia’s top exports and generates substantial economic stimulus from Australians travelling in their own country, attracting visitors to diverse areas including World Heritage rainforests, picturesque beachside villages, winery townships and endemic wildlife. The globally unprecedented 2019-20 bushfires burned worst in some of these pristine tourist areas. The fires resulted in tourism shutting down in many parts of the country over the peak tourist season leading up to Christmas and into the New Year, and tourism dropped in many areas not physically affected by the fires. Our research quantified the cost of the short-term shock from tourism losses across the entire supply chain using input-output (IO) analysis, which is the most common method for disaster analysis; to this end, we also developed a framework for disaggregating the direct fire damages in different tourism sectors from which to quantify the impacts, because after the fires, the economy was affected by COVID-19. We calculated losses of AU$2.8 billion in total output, $1.56 billion in final demand, $810 million in income and 7300 jobs. Our estimates suggest aviation shouldered the most losses in both consumption and wages/salaries, but that accommodation suffered the most employment losses. The comprehensive analysis highlighted impacts throughout the nation, which could be used for budgeting and rebuilding in community-and-industry hotspots that may be far from the burn scar.

EXPERIENCE IN CREATING STANDS FOR TESTING REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OF CRITICAL OIL AND GAS FACILITIES

Link for citation: Odnokopylov G.I., Sarkisov D.Yu. Experience in creating stands for testing reinforced concrete structures of critical oil and gas facilities. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 140-152. In Rus. The relevance of the work is caused by the increased probability of short-term shock and explosive dynamic loads due to terrorist acts and other emergency situations affecting the construction structures of critical buildings and structures of oil and gas facilities. An example of such impacts is the recent terrorist attack on the Nord Stream gas pipelines. Due to the large number of parameters affecting the physical process of deformation of structures with this type of impact, experimental research is currently an integral part of scientific research in this area. Such studies are especially relevant for reinforced concrete structures, which, on the one hand, are very widely used in construction, and on the other, have a complex nonlinear nature of deformation. To conduct experimental research, it is necessary to design and implement specialized stands, with the help of which it is possible to create a short-term dynamic effect on the structure. A review of the literature data has shown that test stands based on drop-weight stands are most often created for conducting such studies. In such stands, the energy of a falling load is used to destroy structures. It follows from the above that the design and improvement of stands for research of reinforced concrete structures on the effect of short-term dynamic loads is an urgent task of practical importance. The purpose of the work is to describe the structures of the test stands created on the basis of the drop-weight stand in the laboratory of the Reinforced Concrete and Stone Structures Department, Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, to identify their main advantages and indicate disadvantages; as well as to state further development paths in the field of design and implementation of such stands. Methods: theoretical analysis of literature and Internet sources, modeling, experimental research. Results. Various modifications of test stands based on a drilling rig for research of reinforced concrete structures have been designed and implemented. The main advantages and disadvantages of such stands are shown and further ways of their development are formulated.

Estimating the impact of the outbreak of wars on financial assets: Evidence from Russia-Ukraine conflict

This study analyzes the performance of the Shanghai Composite Index, S&P 500 index, WTI oil price, and LBMA gold price when wars took place, especially the Russia-Ukraine conflict. We employ empirical methods to explore the stability, instantaneous shock, and short-term shock regarding the abovementioned financial assets. We first adopt the event study method to ascertain whether the cumulative abnormal returns of the selected assets are significant when wars break out. Then, we use the permutation test to examine the significance of price level changes. Results show that only the Shanghai Composite Index is relatively stable. Second, the difference-in-differences model indicates that the 3 unstable assets all suffered positive shocks in their price levels within several days after the Russia-Ukraine conflict broke out. The parallel trend test confirms the validity of establishing the difference-in-differences model. Third, regression discontinuity is designed to measure the impact in a longer event window, suggesting the robustness of conclusions of the difference-in-differences model and revealing an upward trend before the conflict and a downward trend after the conflict of the financial assets. The study suggests that investors consider adjustments to investment strategies and governments take precautions to diminish the risk of the outbreak of wars.

Evaluation of Accelerator Pedal Strength under Critical Loads Using the Finite Element Method

The core idea of the research consists in a formulation of boundary conditions of a mechanical accelerator pedal’s strength in an Ansys environment, whose conditions are equivalent to full-scale tests under the critical loads defined by the UNECE’s Regulation No. 13. The lack of regulatory requirements for the strength of pedal types other than brake pedals is a major gap in vehicle certification, especially when it comes to agricultural machinery. In such cases, the authors suggest being guided by UNECE R 13 regarding the strength of the accelerator and other types of pedals and checking their behavior under loads of at least 1000 N. The real value of the yield strength of the material (Silumin 4000) is very important, both in the physical real-life experiments and in FEA simulation. The critical case of a short-term shock loading of the pedal in its extreme position has been considered separately. With the help of the Ansys Explicit Dynamics module, results of a pedal’s behavior were obtained; it lost its integrity and suffered destruction. It is also necessary to check the intermediate stress values depending on the loads for direct and hybrid tasks using the Transient Structural module in order to estimate other critical cases of the pedal behavior.

Assessment of factors of sustainability of manufacturing sector in industrial regions of Russia

Changing geopolitical environment in the world determines the chief priority of existence and development of the state, which is maintenance of the national sovereignty based on economic, technological and financial autonomy and independence. The basis of economic security of the country is the manufacturing sector. The study is devoted to identifying the ability of manufacturing sector of those industrial regions of Russia where manufacturing industry occupies a significant share of economics to maintain stability in conditions of external pressure since 2008 on the example of crises of various nature. The basic methods applied in the study are the indicative and comparative methods and the correlation analysis method. The authors present the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of development of the manufacturing sector of industrial regions of Russia, their investment and innovation activity in the industry and territorial perspective and the dependence of the regions’ development on foreign trade. It is pointed out that industrial regions are still of great significance in the development of manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation but their share in Russia is declining in such key indicators as gross regional product, volume of goods shipped, number of employees, etc. The authors conclude that in the majority of industrial regions high investment activity in manufacturing sector has greatly provided for sufficient resilience level which ensured rapid restoration of production volumes after 2008 crisis and smooth adaptation to the growing sanctions pressure that started in 2014. At the same time in nine of the 23 industrial regions under study, manufacturing sector was able to cope with the short-term shock of 2008 but prolonged impact of external factors that started in 2014 resulted in a slowdown in the trajectory of development. However, there is a risk of growing systematic character of the crisis in these regions, and it requires changing the approaches to the existing industrial policy and conducting additional analysis and assessment of the efficiency of the government support measures for manufacturing sector in order to develop the most effective industrial policy for every separate region. The results of the study can be useful for regional and federal authorities implementing economic and industrial policy.

Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak Intensify the Resource Misallocation in China’s Food Production?

Resource misallocation is one of the important manifestations of agricultural supply-side distortion and an important causal factor that hinders food production increase and affects food security. Did the COVID-19 pandemic intensify China’s food production misallocation? The extent and consequences require quantitative assessment and scenario analysis. In this paper, we use a combination of input-output model and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, and further incorporate the most important input factor in agriculture—intermediate inputs—into the model. At the same time, simulation of the pandemic impact from the demand and supply sides, respectively, and scenario analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China’s food production. The results of the study show that: first, compared with the baseline level before the epidemic, the overall TFP growth of China’s food industry chain decreased, and the TFP growth rate of the food distribution sector decreased most significantly. Second, there are significant factor misallocation distortions of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs. Third, in the short term, the period of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a decline in the vitality of the national labor market, but the return of non-farm employed labor in rural areas instead reduced the degree of labor misallocation in the food sector. Fourth, the demand side has a greater impact on China’s food production, among which the consumer demand has a particularly strong impact on the resource allocation of food production, and the short-term shock will mainly have a more obvious impact on the allocation of labor factors and the allocation of intermediate input factors in the food industry chain. Accordingly, this paper proposes that in order to guarantee China’s food security and adapt to the short-term characteristics of the era when the COVID-19 pandemic is rampant, China should make efforts in four areas: rational allocation of food production resources and factors, solid construction of the whole food industry chain, stable guarantee of the food market system and transfer to enhance social expectations.

Borsa İstanbul'da Pandemi Dönemindeki Uzun Vadeli İHA Performansına İlişkin Karşılaştırmalı Bir ÇKKA Uygulaması

The aim of the study is to help financial decision makers by making long-term performance analysis of initial public offerings with a comparative analysis perspective. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are used in problems with complex answers. The pandemic, which spreads throughout the world in the first quarter of 2020, created a short-term shock effect in the capital markets, but capital markets survived this shock with new investors. While the number of shareholders in Borsa Istanbul was 1.3 million before the pandemic, this number exceeded 3.3 million afterwards. An increase in this number also means an increase in the number of financial decision makers. At this research, the long-term performance of 49 initial public offerings, which took place in Borsa Istanbul before the pandemic is analyzed with a comparative MCDA perspective. To that end, the study, in which CRITIC weighting technique and ARAS, MOORA, TOPSIS, COPRAS and ELECTRE III methods were used, examined 10 periods during the pandemic process. As a result of the research, which is the most comprehensive MCDA study in the field of IPOs, the MOORA method has been recommended to financial decision makers because it produced superior results compared to other 4 methods analyzed.

Promoting efficient production of scytonemin in cell culture of Nostoc flagelliforme by periodic short-term solar irradiation

The ultraviolet-screening pigment scytonemin is bio-synthesized in some sheathed cyanobacteria, exhibiting important ecological and medicinal values. Scytonemin is recognized to be predominantly induced by ultraviolet (UV)-A/B, but UV radiation is often inhibitory for cyanobacterial biomass increase. Here, we found that short-term shock (within 1 h) of natural sunlight could trigger a persistent production of scytonemin in cell suspension culture of Nostoc flagelliforme for several days. We thus exposed the cultures to solar radiation with different time intervals and durations, and found that everyday 30-min solar irradiation was the most effective for achieving the scytonemin production with less growth inhibition. Besides, the technological potential could be advanced by supplementing NaHCO3 or tryptophan in the cultural medium. This work presents a good example of rationally utilizing environmental solar radiation for effectively producing UV-inducible biochemicals in cyanobacteria.

1기 신도시 재정비 발표가 일산신도시 대상 아파트 가격에 미치는 영향 연구

This study empirically analyzed the impact of the announcement of the 1st new town redevelopmentplan on the price of apartments subject to redevelopment in Ilsan New Town. The actual transaction ofapartments over 30 years ago was turned into data, and a trend analysis and multiple regression analysiswere conducted. First, the transaction volume of Ilsan New Town is similar to that of the entire city of Goyang, but theactual transaction price is higher than the average of the entire city of Goyang. It seems that thelocation conditions, such as the subway station, are relatively good, and there are expectations forreorganization. Second, as a result of multiple regression analysis, the variables that have a positive (+) effect on theapartment price are the number of households, exclusive area, number of floors, and distance to thesubway station. Consistent with previous studies, it was found that the closer the apartment is, the moreit has a positive effect on the apartment price. The results of this study suggest that the announcement of the 1st phase of new town reorganizationis not a continuous factor influencing apartment sales prices in the Ilsan area, but appears to have beenreflected in housing price fluctuations as a short-term shock. It is presumed to be the reason for thecalm of anxiety and the return to wait-and-see attitude.

한우는 언제 비쌀까?

The objective of the study is to examine the structural characteristics of Hanwoo price volatility. GJR-GARCH is employed to analyze the asymmetric price volatility in response to good and bad news. And two competing hypotheses, mixed distribution hypotheses (MDH) and sequential information arrival hypothesis (SIAH), are utilized to test how information dissemination affects price volatility through trading volume. The results reveal that calendar effects exist in both the volatility and the rate of change in Hanwoo price. In particular, after the implementation of a five-day week, a decreasing rate of price is higher on Monday than on any other days of the week and Tuesday shows the highest price increasing rate. And also unlike the financial market, Hanwoo price exhibits a reverse leverage phenomenon in which price volatility decreases when bad news occurs. This asymmetry rapidly reduces the effect of short-term shock, but the shock persists for a long time.

Is presidential popularity a threat or encouragement for investors?

The economic situation of the post-epidemic is facing huge downward risks, and the government actively introduces stimulus measures to improve the current economic situation. In this crisis, the president’s role in asset price gradually deepened. Hence, we utilise a wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile approach to uncover the complex and unstable relationships between presidential popularity and the currency performance of asset price. We find the significant negative impact of the government popularity on the stock market and oil prices, especially in the medium quantile. This suggests that political stalemates will not always be suitable for financial markets. Instead, this will hinder the investment because it expresses the uncertainty of the direction. On the contrary, the U.S. dollar presents a highly positive relationship with the government popularity. Investors can avoid the trust risk of the president through the adjustment of the asset portfolio. The result is consistent with the asset pricing model, suggesting that investor sentiments significantly influence the performance of assets. Meanwhile, the duration of impacts caused by short-term shock will eventually be repaired for a long time. The approval ratings will harm the investor sentiment in the short term, but the market will digest this over time.

The association of COVID-19 nexus on China's economy: A financial crisis or a health crisis?

This paper analyses the interaction between the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), unemployment rate, stock market, consumer confidence index (CCI), and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index in China within a time-frequency framework. We compare the changes in economic indicators during the global financial crisis (GFC) and study the different impacts of the two events on China’s economy. An unprecedented impact of COVID-19 shocks on the unemployment rate, CCI, EPU index, and stock market volatility over the low frequency bands is uncovered by applying the coherence wavelet method to China monthly data. The COVID-19 effect on the stock market volatility and the EPU index is substantially higher than on the unemployment rate and the CCI. On the contrary, the GFC’s impact on the unemployment rate is much greater than that on the EPU index and CCI. Additionally, the impact of the GFC on the economy is more cyclical in the long-term, while the COVID-19 pandemic is a short-term shock with a relatively short oscillation cycle. This study concludes that the economic impact of COVID-19 will not spread into a financial crisis for China and believe that the COVID-19 pandemic is more of a health event than an economic crisis for Chinese economy.

Dynamical Coupling between Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Solar Wind in Outer Heliosphere

Voyager 2 (V2) observed that pickup ions (PUIs) and anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) have a significant influence on the solar wind structures in the outer heliosphere. In particular, the maxima in energetic particle intensities often lagged behind the shock front, while the flow velocity in some cases featured a precursor in front of the shock. These two effects are believed to be caused by the cease of ACR injection from PUIs at large heliocentric distances, and the backward diffusion of ACRs, respectively. This paper investigates the dynamical coupling between the ACRs and the solar wind in the outer heliosphere by means of a time-dependent numerical MHD simulation, in which the ACRs are treated as a massless fluid that only contributes its pressure to the system. Two types of inner boundary conditions were used, namely a synthetic short-term shock event and an extended period of data-driven solar wind variability based on the OMNI database. The lag of the ACR pressure maximum relative to the shock front, and the extended shock precursor were reproduced by the numerical results. The increase rate of the lag is related to the corresponding diffusion coefficient and the injection efficiency from PUIs to ACRs. The model was also applied to the termination shock, where simulations likewise showed that the peak in the ACR distribution can be located a short distance downstream of the shock front, indicating that the time-dependent diffusive shock acceleration mechanism is a candidate to interpret the lag between the ACR pressure peak and the shock front observed by V2.

Saline short-term shock and rapid recovery on anammox performance

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) is an environmental-friendly biological nitrogen removal process, which has been developed as a promising technology in industrial wastewater treatment. However, anammox nitrogen removal under high saline conditions still faces many challenges. This study investigated the performance of anammox sludge under saline short-term shock and the strategy of rapid recovery. Salinity concentration, saline exposure time, and NaCl/Na2SO4 ratio were selected as three critical factors for short-term shock. The activity inhibition of anammox sludge were tested by using response surface methodology (RSM). Our results showed that, compared with the NaCl/Na2SO4 ratio, the salinity concentration and saline exposure time were the significant factor causing the anammox inhibition. The addition of glycine betaine (GB) in moderate amounts (0.1–5 mM) was found to help anammox to resist in relative low saline shock intensities (e.g., IC25 and IC50), with the activity retention rate of 94.7%. However, glycine betaine was not worked effectively under relatively high saline shock intensities (e.g., complete inhibition condition). Microbial community analysis revealed that Brocadiaceae accounted for only about 7.6%–13.2% at inhibited conditions. Interestingly, 16S rRNA analysis showed that the abundance of activated Brocadiaceae remarkably decreased with time after high-level saline shock. This tendency was consistent with the results of qPCR targeted hzsA gene. Finally, based on quorum sensing, the anammox activity was recovered to 93.5% of original sludge by adding 30% original sludge. The study realized the rapid recovery of anammox activity under complete inhibition, promoting the development and operation of salt-tolerant anammox process.

China's lithium supply chain: Security dynamics and policy countermeasures

This paper used the system dynamics method to model the lithium supply chain in China, which was simultaneously driven by both demand and price dynamics. We focused on the long-term security dynamics in the context of resource constraints and the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in China. We then simulated the impact of the short-term shock caused by the Coronavirus on the security of the domestic lithium supply chain. Based on scenario analysis, China's lithium supply chain exhibited prominent consumption-driven characteristics. Long-term changes in China's ultimate recoverable lithium reserves would not have a significantly impact on lithium supply chain security. Contrary to this, the development of the EVs industry would result in a significant increase in China's demand for lithium, which might adversely affect the security of the country's supply chain for lithium in the future. The domestic lithium supply chain was able to withstand the short-term impact of the Pandemic, but overcapacity was intensified as a result.

The impact of long-term and short-term health shock on the labour supply and labour income of migrant workers in China: the mediating role of medical insurance

ABSTRACT Using national data from China Labour-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), we apply Heckman two-step model and instrumental variable method to analyse the impact of long-term and short-term health shock on the labour supply and labour income of migrant workers as well as the mediating effect of medical insurance. Results indicate that both long-term and short-term health shock significantly reduce the labour supply and labour income of migrant workers. In particular, the negative effect of short-term health shock on labour supply proves greater than that of long-term health shock, and the negative effect of long-term health shock on labour income proves greater than that of short-term health shock. Medical insurance mitigates the negative effect of short-term health shock on the labour supply and labour income of migrant workers, yet produces no remarkable mediating effect on migrant workers who suffer from long-term health shock.

P275 HOLDING AREA IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT : A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE ADHERENCE TO INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES IN CASES OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM IN ELDERLY

Abstract Premises Pulmonary embolism is a disease still characterized by high mortality. Despite a great development of the guidelines it is not clear what adherence to them is in real life, especially in the emergency room. Purpose of the Study See if and how, in the real life of an Emergency Department, adherence to the Guidelines varies according to the area to which the patient is addressed. Methods Monocentric retrospective observational study, on a group of geriatric patients (<75 y) that include all the people accessed to our ED, where they received acute PE dignosis. Enrolment started on 2016 and finished on 2019. We collected data from medical history, physical examination, lab tests, imaging; we calculated characteristic scores from the diagostic/therapeutic algorhitm, both regarding PE risk (Wells, Geneva and Years), and the 30–day mortality risk presentazione (sPESI). We then analized guidelines adherence in three decision–making turning–points: 1 Correct applicarion of decisional scores examined, which classify the patient in low, intermediate or high risk of PE, calculated with Wells and simplified Geneva score; 2 Correct therapy administration since the ED as suggested by the guidelines; 3 The eventual observation in the medium–intensity care area with close monitoring for the subpopulation of patients with finding of right ventricular dilation or myocardial enzymes impairement (considered at high risk of short–term shock and mortality). Results we enrolled 249 patients, with a mean age of 83 years and female prevalence (F = 62%). Of these, 69% were referred by Triage to medium–high intensity of care, the remaining 31% was directed to low intensity of care. 42.5% of the total patients were referred to OBI. The two areas of intensity of care showed similar adherence to guidelines (approximately 50%) without there being a statistically significant difference between the two areas (p > 0.05) Adherence to guidelines was higher in the holding area – OBI (75 %) compared to that of those managed in theaters (50%) in a statistically significant way (p < 0.001). Conclusions The study suggests that holding areas located in Emergency Departments can considerably increase adherence to international guidelines.