Short-term Weather Fluctuations Research Articles

A prenatal acoustic signal of heat reduces a biomarker of chronic stress at adulthood across seasons.

During development, phenotype can be adaptively modulated by environmental conditions, sometimes in the long-term. However, with weather variability increasing under climate change, the potential for maladaptive long-term responses to environmental variations may increase. In the arid-adapted zebra finch, parents emit "heat-calls" when experiencing heat during incubation, which adaptively affects offspring growth in the heat, and adult heat tolerance. This suggests that heat-call exposure may adjust individual phenotype to hot conditions, potentially compromising individual sensitivity to cool weather conditions. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated individual prenatal acoustic and postnatal thermal experiences during development, and sought to assess subsequent chronic responses to thermal fluctuations at adulthood. We thus measured heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratios in adults, when held in outdoor aviaries during two summers and two winters. We found that birds exposed to heat-calls as embryos, had consistently lower H/L ratios than controls at adulthood, indicative of lower chronic stress, irrespective of the season. Nonetheless, in all birds, the H/L ratio did vary with short-term weather fluctuations (2, 5 or 7days), increasing at more extreme (low and high) air temperatures. In addition, the H/L ratio was higher in males than females. Overall, while H/L ratio may reflect how individuals were being impacted by temperature, heat-call exposed individuals did not show a stronger chronic response in winter, and instead appeared more resilient to thermal variability than control individuals. Our findings therefore suggest that heat-call exposure did not compromise individual sensitivity to low temperatures at adulthood. Our study also reveals that prenatal sound can lead to long-term differences in individual physiology or quality/condition, as reflected by H/L ratios, which are consistent with previously-demonstrated reproductive fitness differences.

Simulation-Based Approach for Lookahead Scheduling of Onshore Wind Projects Subject to Weather Risk

Executed outdoors in high-wind areas, adverse weather conditions represent a significant risk to onshore wind farm construction activities. While methods for considering historical weather data during pre-construction scheduling are available, approaches capable of quantitatively assessing how short-term weather fluctuations may impact upcoming construction activities have yet to be developed. This study is proposing a hybrid simulation-based approach that uses short-term precipitation, wind speed, and temperature forecasts together with planned and as-built activity durations to develop lookahead (e.g., upcoming 14-day) schedules for improved project planning and control. Functionality and applicability of the method was demonstrated on a case study of a 40 MW onshore wind project, and the method was validated using event validity, face validation, and sensitivity analysis. As expected, favorable weather conditions experienced during the tested lookahead periods resulted in a negligible impact (less than 10% reduction) on the productivity of weather-sensitive activities, which translated into a project delay of one day. The responsiveness of the framework was confirmed through sensitivity analysis, which demonstrated a 50% reduction in productivity resulting from poor weather conditions. The ability of the method to provide decision-support not currently offered by commercially-available scheduling systems was confirmed by subject experts, who endorsed the ability of the method to enhance lookahead scheduling and to facilitate the monitoring and control of weather impact uncertainty on project durations.

Weather fluctuations affect the impact of consumers on vegetation recovery following a catastrophic die-off.

Prolonged droughts exacerbated by climate change have been widely documented to interact with consumers to decimate vegetation in many ecosystems. Although climate change is increasing within-year variation in precipitation and temperature, how weather fluctuations affect the impact of consumers on vegetation processes remains poorly understood. In a salt marsh that has recently experienced drought-associated vegetation die-off, we investigated how top-down control of plant recovery by a prominent salt marsh grazer varies with weather. Our results showed that grazing-driven plant mortality varied strongly with weather in spring, with intense grazing occurring during cool, wet days immediately following rain. Intense grazing on cool, wet days across the generally dry spring season had a strong impact that eliminated plant seedlings that could otherwise have become tolerant of grazing in the following summer, thereby restricting vegetation recovery and contributing to the persistence of an unvegetated salt barren state. Thus, weather fluctuations can modulate the impact of consumers on vegetation recovery, a fundamental process underlying the fate of ecosystems after disturbances. A multi-timescale perspective on top-down control that combines the impact of short-term fluctuations in weather and that of long-term variation in mean climate can not only help understand ecosystem dynamics in an increasingly variable climate, but may also inform conservation strategies or recovery plans for ecosystems that are already lost to climate change.

Can farmers adapt to higher temperatures? Evidence from India

Abstract Projections suggest that the damages from climate change will be substantial for developing countries. Understanding the ability of households in these countries to adapt to climate change is critical in order to determine the magnitude of the potential damages. In this paper, I investigate the ability of farmers in India to adapt to higher temperatures. I use a methodology that exploits short-term weather fluctuations as well as spatial variation in long-run climate. Specifically, I estimate how damaging high temperatures are for districts that experience high temperatures more or less frequently. I find that the losses from high temperatures are lower in heat-prone districts, a result that is consistent with adaptation. However, while adaptation appears to be modestly effective for moderate levels of heat, my results suggest that adaptation to extreme heat is much more difficult. Extremely high temperatures do grave damage to crops, even in places that experience these temperature extremes regularly. The persistence of negative impacts of high temperatures, even in areas that experience high temperatures frequently, underscores the need for development policies that emphasize risk mitigation and explicitly account for climate-change-related risks.

Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States.

Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change. The combined value of market and nonmarket damage across analyzed sectors-agriculture, crime, coastal storms, energy, human mortality, and labor-increases quadratically in global mean temperature, costing roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product per +1°C on average. Importantly, risk is distributed unequally across locations, generating a large transfer of value northward and westward that increases economic inequality. By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).

Migration and Climate Change in Rural Africa

We analyse whether migration is an adaptation that households employ to cope with climate in Ghana and Nigeria. If migration is part of the present adaptation portfolio of households in developing countries, it is reasonable to expect that it will also be an adaptation to future climate change. It is important to stress that we are interested in long-term climatic conditions rather than in short-term weather fluctuations. The data to test these predictions are drawn from two different household surveys: the Nigeria General Household Survey and the Ghana Living Standard Survey. We find a hill-shaped relationship between temperature in the dry sea son and the propensity to migrate in households that operate farms. We also find a significant hill-shaped relationship between precipitations in the wet seasons and the propensity to migrate in farm households. Climate has instead no significant impact on the propensity to migrate in non-farm households. Climate change scenarios generated by General Circulation model reveal that, ceteris paribus, migration may decline in Ghana and in Nigeria.

Migration and Climate Change in Rural Africa

We analyse whether migration is an adaptation that households employ to cope with climate in Ghana and Nigeria. If migration is part of the present adaptation portfolio of households in developing countries, it is reasonable to expect that it will also be an adaptation to future climate change. It is important to stress that we are interested in long-term climatic conditions rather than in short-term weather fluctuations. The data to test these predictions are drawn from two different household surveys: the Nigeria General Household Survey and the Ghana Living Standard Survey. We find a hill-shaped relationship between temperature in the dry sea son and the propensity to migrate in households that operate farms. We also find a significant hill-shaped relationship between precipitations in the wet seasons and the propensity to migrate in farm households. Climate has instead no significant impact on the propensity to migrate in non-farm households. Climate change scenarios generated by General Circulation model reveal that, ceteris paribus, migration may decline in Ghana and in Nigeria.

Five reasons why it is difficult to talk to Australian farmers about the impacts of, and their adaptation to, climate change

Some recent funding programmes in Australia on climate adaptation have expected active engagement with farmers in research projects. Based on our direct experience with 30 farmers and their advisors, we list five reasons why it is difficult to gain traction with farmers in discussing the likely impacts of climate change on their farms and the possible adaptation options they should be considering in preparation for a future changed climate. The reasons concern the slow and uncertain trajectory for changes in climate relative to the time horizon for farm decision-making, when set against short-term fluctuations in weather, prices, costs and government policy. Farmers have optimism for ongoing technological progress keeping abreast of any negative impacts of climate on their production. As one moves from incremental to transformational adaptation options, biophysical research has less to offer because decisions become based more on business structure, portfolio management, off-farm investments and geographical diversification. Some farmers also doubt the intentions of climate change researchers and are wary of anything they may have to offer. We propose there is an actionable decision space where agricultural science and economics can contribute to meaningful analysis of impacts and adaptation to climate change by farmers. This will involve emphasising the principles of farm management rather than defining optimal farm plans; the use of scenario planning to explore possible futures in a turbulent environment for farming; a focus on short-term adjustments as a path to longer term adaptation; re-gaining the trust of some farmers towards climate change scientists through better communication strategies; and understanding the linkages between adaptation options and enabling factors and technologies.

Life changes as polar regions thaw

Summary Spiders and shrubs grow bigger, while ice shields are shrinking. Climate change is already affecting biotopes in both polar regions, while scientists are trying to establish what is happening and why. Michael Gross reports.

A respiratory alert model for the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, USA

Respiratory morbidity (particularly COPD and asthma) can be influenced by short-term weather fluctuations that affect air quality and lung function. We developed a model to evaluate meteorological conditions associated with respiratory hospital admissions in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, USA. We generated ensembles of classification trees based on six years of respiratory-related hospital admissions (64,620 cases) and a suite of 83 potential environmental predictor variables. As our goal was to identify short-term weather linkages to high admission periods, the dependent variable was formulated as a binary classification of five-day moving average respiratory admission departures from the seasonal mean value. Accounting for seasonality removed the long-term apparent inverse relationship between temperature and admissions. We generated eight total models specific to the northern and southern portions of the valley for each season. All eight models demonstrate predictive skill (mean odds ratio = 3.635) when evaluated using a randomization procedure. The predictor variables selected by the ensembling algorithm vary across models, and both meteorological and air quality variables are included. In general, the models indicate complex linkages between respiratory health and environmental conditions that may be difficult to identify using more traditional approaches.

What Does Climate Change Have To Do with Human Health? with John Balbus

Climate change is not just a problem for rivers and reservoirs that are running dry, or forests and grasslands that are seeing an increased incidence of wildfire, or Arctic wildlife stressed by rapidly changing ecosystems. It’s a problem for human health, too, as John Balbus discusses with host Ashley Ahearn. It can be tricky to attribute specific health effects to climate change, which reflects trends in the weather averaged over decades. But short-term weather fluctuations are known to alter the risk of several diseases. As short-term fluctuations become long-term patterns, health effects also may adopt new patterns.

The effect of short-term weather fluctuations on temperatures inside lizard nests, and on the phenotypic traits of hatchling lizard

Can short-term stochastic variation in local weather conditions modify the thermal conditions inside lizard nests, and thus (potentially) the developmental rates, hatching success, and phenotypic traits of hatchlings from these nests? This hypothesis requires that (i) natural nests are poorly buffered thermally, such that ambient regimes affect temperatures inside the nest, and (ii) short-term thermal variations modify attributes of the offspring. Field data on natural nests of the sub-alpine skink Bassiana duperreyi confirm the existence of this first effect, and laboratory experiments substantiate the latter. Exposure to warmer-than-usual temperatures for 2 weeks during the 9- to 16-week incubation period doubled hatching success, and significantly modified hatchling phenotypes (hatching dates, offspring size and locomotor performance). The proportion of development completed prior to this exposure influenced the degree of response. Exposure to a brief «window» of higher-than-usual temperatures soon after oviposition had more effect on hatching time, egg survival and hatchling phenotypes than if the exposure occurred later in development. Thus, minor variations in weather conditions during incubation may have substantial effects on reptile populations.

The effect of short-term weather fluctuations on temperatures inside lizard nests, and on the phenotypic traits of hatchling lizards

Abstract Can short-term stochastic variation in local weather conditions modify the thermal conditions inside lizard nests, and thus (potentially) the developmental rates, hatching success, and phenotypic traits of hatchlings from these nests? This hypothesis requires that (i) natural nests are poorly buffered thermally, such that ambient regimes affect temperatures inside the nest, and (ii) short-term thermal variations modify attributes of the offspring. Field data on natural nests of the sub-alpine skink Bassiana duperreyi confirm the existence of this first effect, and laboratory experiments substantiate the latter. Exposure to warmer-than-usual temperatures for 2 weeks during the 9- to 16-week incubation period doubled hatching success, and significantly modified hatchling phenotypes (hatching dates, offspring size and locomotor performance). The proportion of development completed prior to this exposure influenced the degree of response. Exposure to a brief «window» of higher-than-usual temperatures soon after oviposition had more effect on hatching time, egg survival and hatchling phenotypes than if the exposure occurred later in development. Thus, minor variations in weather conditions during incubation may have substantial effects on reptile populations.

Responses of foliar photosynthetic electron transport, pigment stoichiometry, and stomatal conductance to interacting environmental factors in a mixed species forest canopy.

We studied limitations caused by variations in leaf temperature and soil water availability on photosynthetic electron transport rates calculated from foliar chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (U) in a natural deciduous forest canopy composed of shade-intolerant Populus tremula L. and shade-tolerant Tilia cordata Mill. In both species, there was a positive linear relationship between light-saturated U (Umax) per unit leaf area and mean seasonal integrated daily quantum flux density (Ss, mol per square m per day). Acclimation of leaf dry mass per area and nitrogen per area to growth irradiance largely accounted for this positive scaling. However, the slopes of the Umax versus Ss relationships were greater on days when leaf temperature was high than on days when leaf temperature was low. Overall, Umax varied 2.5-fold across a temperature range of 20-30 degrees C. Maximum stomatal conductance (Gmax) also scaled positively with Ss. Although Gmax observed during daily time courses, and stomatal conductances during Umax measurements declined in response to seasonally decreasing soil water contents, was insensitive to prolonged water stress, and was not strongly correlated with stomatal conductances during its estimation. These results suggest that photorespiration was an important electron sink when intercellular CO2 concentration was low because of closed stomata. Given that xanthophyll cycle pool size (VAZ, sum of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin) may play an important role in dissipation of excess excitation energy, the response of VAZ to fluctuating light and temperature provided another possible explanation for the stable Umax. Xanthophyll cycle carotenoids per total leaf chlorophyll (VAZ/Chl) scaled positively with integrated light and negatively with daily minimum air temperature, whereas the correlation between VAZ/Chl and irradiance was best with integrated light averaged over 3 days preceding foliar sampling. We conclude that the potential capacity for electron transport is determined by long-term acclimation of U to certain canopy light conditions, and that the rapid adjustment of the capacity for excitation energy dissipation plays a significant part in the stabilization of this potential capacity. Sustained high capacity of photosynthetic electron transport during stress periods provides an explanation for the instantaneous response of U to short-term weather fluctuations, but also indicates that U restricts potential carbon gain under conditions of water limitation less than does stomatal conductance.

Long-term vegetation dynamics mediated by herbivores, weather and fire in aJuniperus-Quercussavanna

Long-term (45-yr) basal area dynamics of dominant graminoid species were analyzed across three grazing inten- sity treatments (heavily grazed, moderately grazed and ungrazed) at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Re- search Station on the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Grazing inten- sity was identified as the primary influence on long-term variations in species composition. Periodic weather events, including a severe drought (1951-1956), had little direct influ- ence on composition dynamics. However, the drought inter- acted with grazing intensity in the heavily grazed treatment to exacerbate directional changes caused by grazing intensity. Species response to grazing was individualistic and noisy. Three response groups were identified. Taller, more produc- tive mid-grasses were most abundant under moderate or no grazing. Short grasses were most abundant under heavy graz- ing. Intermediate species were most abundant under moderate grazing and opportunistic to weather patterns. Graminoid diver- sity increased with the removal or reduction of grazing inten- sity. The moderately and ungrazed treatments appeared most resistant to short-term weather fluctuations, while the heavily grazed treatment demonstrated significant resilience when graz- ing intensity was reduced after over 110 yr of overgrazing. Identification of a 'climax' state is difficult. Significant directional change, which took nearly 20 yr, appears to con- tinue in the ungrazed treatment after 45 yr of succession. The observed, relatively linear patterns of perennial grass compo- sition within the herbaceous patches of this savanna were generally explained by traditional Clementsian succession. However, when dynamics of the herbaceous community are combined with the woody component of this savanna, the frequency and intensity of fire becomes more important. Across the landscape, successional changes follow several pathways. When vegetation change is influenced by several factors, a multi-scale model is necessary to demonstrate interactions and feedbacks and accurately describe successional patterns. Ab- sence of fires, with or without grazing, leads ultimately to a Juniperus/Quercus woodland with grazing intensity primarily influencing the fuel load and hence fire intensity.

Dynamics of Large Herbivores in Deserts: Kangaroos and Caribou

The dynamics of desert plant-herbivore systems are similar whether the deserts are hot or cold, an assertion we support with information on the dynamics of red kangaroos and caribou. The essence of these systems is structural simplicity combined with high year-to-year variation in weather. We argue that such conditions simplify study of the mechanisms underlying changes in rate of increase of herbivores. Except where the herbivore is intrinsically regulated by spacing behaviour, the systems are best summarised by the functional and numerical responses of the herbivores to available forage, coupled with the growth response of the plants. A graphing of rate of increase against density provides little insight even though these systems are density-dependent in the formal sense. We show that long-term aperiodic fluctuations characteristic of such systems are, at least for kangaroos, a mathematical consequence of unpredictable short-term fluctuations in weather. Even when the weather has no time trend there will be marked trends in numbers of herbivores, either up or down, on a time scale of one or two decades. Such trends are intrinsic to the system and do not necessarily reflect special and persistent causes. Similar fluctuations of caribou numbers may be, at least in part, of similar origin.

The regional hydrologic impacts of global climate change: the role of climate models

The requirement to increase understanding of the complex interaction between society and the environment is well documented. Dramatic evidence of the vulnerability of anthropogenic systems to short-term weather fluctuations abounds. Taking an historical perspective provides an equally impressive picture of the potential upheaval caused by longer term climate changes. However, the past (and present) may not provide an adequate analogue for the future. The greenhouse theory of climate change suggests that the changes in climate regime to be expected from enhanced atmospheric CO2 will be of similar magnitude to the glacial-interglacial mean temperature difference, but will occur in a fraction of the time. Consequently, considerable emphasis is being placed on the role of physical climate models in determining projections of future global and regional temperature and precipitation patterns. The latter climate changes will have important implications for the distribution (in time and space) of water, a principal natural resource and basic requirement for a variety of human activities. Consequently, climate models are being applied to the question of determining the regional hydrologie response to global climate change. The latter objective is a prerequisite to assessing the likely impacts on the water resources sector. This paper reviews current progress in achieving this aim and outlines some future research directions.

The regional hydrologic impacts of global climate change: the role of climate models

The requirement to increase understanding of the complex interaction between society and the environment is well documented. Dramatic evidence of the vulnerability of anthropogenic systems to short-term weather fluctuations abounds. Taking an historical perspective provides an equally impressive picture of the potential upheaval caused by longer term climate changes. However, the past (and present) may not provide an adequate analoque for the future. The greenhouse theory of climate change suggests that the changes in climate regime to be expected from enhanced atmospheric CO 2 will be of similar magnitude to the glacial-interglacial mean temperature difference, but will occur in a fraction of the time. Consequently, considerable emphasis is being placed on the role of physical climate models in determining projections of future global and regional temperature and precipitation patterns. The latter climate changes will have important implications for the distribution (in time and space) of water, a principal natural resource and basic requirement for a variety of human activities. Consequently, climate models are being applied to the question of determining the regional hydrologic response to global climate change. The latter objective is a prerequisite to assessing the likely impacts on the water resources sector. This paper reviews current progress in achieving this aim and outlines some future research directions.

Attractiveness of Manitoba traps to the headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae): the effects of short-term weather fluctuations, carbon dioxide and target temperature and size

AbstractThe numbers of adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) caught in Manitoba traps in north-eastern England varied greatly between successive 30-min periods. Weather variables accounted for 49·4% of this variation, but only wind speed and sunshine showed significant simple correlations with fly catch. Using principal component analysis of weather data, three principal components accounted for 67·3% of the variation in catch. The two components most highly correlated with catch were composed mainly of wind speed, sunshine, shade temperature and radiant temperature. These two principal components were used as covariates in an analysis of the effects of a heated target and carbon dioxide on trap effectiveness. Heating the target to blood temperature increased the catch of females 1·8-fold but had only a slight effect on the catch of males. The presence of CO2 increased the female catch nearly fivefold and the male catch more than fourfold. There was no interaction between the two stimuli of heat and CO2. A separate experiment showed no significant difference in catch between CO2-baited traps using spheres 0·6 or 0·3 m in diameter as the target.