Short Setae Research Articles

Tinamiphilopsis temmincki sp. n., a New Quill Mite Species from Tataupa Tinamou, and the Early History of Syringophilid Mites.

The quill mite fauna of the Syringophilidae family (Acariformes: Prostigmata), which is associated with palaeognathous birds of the Tinamiformes order, remains poorly studied. Thus far, only two species of syringophilid mites have been documented on four species of tinamous. In this study, we present a description of a new species, Tinamiphilopsis temmincki sp. n., which was found on the Tataupa Tinamou (Crypturellus tataupa) in South America. This newly identified species differs from others in the genus due to the short hysteronotal setae d2 in females, unlike the long setae d2 found in females of other Tinamiphilopsis species. In addition to describing the new species, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the primitive syringophilid genera. The results reveal that the Tinamiphilopsis genus does not emerge as a sister group to all other syringophilids. Instead, it is deeply embedded within the radiation of quill mites associated with neognathous birds. This study provided evidence that mites belonging to the genus Tinamiphilopsis initially parasitised Neoavian birds before host switching to tinamous birds. This placement carries significant implications for our understanding of the evolution of quill mites and their relationship with their avian hosts.

A new, widespread genus of Baetidae from South Asia (Insecta, Ephemeroptera).

Material collected on different islands across South Asia revealed a new genus of Baetidae with a widespread distribution, Arcobaetisgen. nov. The larvae present important similarities with Nigrobaetis, but have paraglossae dorsally with an arc of long, spine-like setae in distal area; long, slightly feathered setae between prostheca and mola of both mandibles; and very slender legs with row of short setae at dorsal margin of femur. The male imago has an extraordinarily small 3rd (apical) segment of gonostylus, which is much narrower than the apex of the 2nd segment. The new genus includes five species: A.sumbawensissp. nov. is described from Sumbawa (Indonesia) based on larvae, A.sumatrensissp. nov. from Sumatra (Indonesia) based on larvae, A.bornensissp. nov. from Borneo (Brunei) based on larvae, and A.sripadaisp. nov. (type species) is described from Sri Lanka based on a reared male imago with its larval and subimaginal exuviae; A.gracilentus (Chang & Yang, 1994), comb. nov. from Taiwan, formerly described in Margobaetis Kang & Yang, 1994, a subgenus of Baetis Leach, 1815, and subsequently transferred to the genus Nigrobaetis Kazlauskas (in Novikova & Kluge), 1987, is transferred to the new genus. A key to the larvae of all species is provided. Morphological similarities and the relationship of the new genus to other genera of Baetidae are discussed.

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) - a numerical model of setae acting in concert.

Suspension feeding via setae collecting particles is common within Crustacea. Even though the mechanisms behind it and the structures themselves have been studied for decades, the interplay between the different setae types and the parameters contributing to their particle collecting capacities remain partly enigmatic. Here, we provide a numerical modeling approach to understand the relationship among the mechanical property gradients, the mechanical behavior and the adhesion of setae, and the feeding efficiency of the system. In this context, we set-up a simple dynamic numerical model that takes all of these parameters into account and describes the interaction with food particles and their delivery into the mouth opening. By altering the parameters, it was unraveled that the system performs best when the long and short setae have different mechanical properties and different degrees of adhesion since the long setae generate the feeding current and the short ones establish the contact with the particle. This protocol can be applied to any system in the future as the parameters (i.e., properties and arrangement of particles and setae) can be easily altered. This will shed light on the biomechanical adaptations of these structures to suspension feeding and provide inspiration for biomimetics in the field of filtration technologies.

Morphological ontogeny of Eubelba danubedeltaica sp. nov. (Acari, Oribatida, Damaeidae) and comments on Eubelba Miko

The morphological ontogeny of Eubelba danubedeltaica sp. nov. is described and illustrated. The adult of E. danubedeltaica is most similar to E. sculpta (Mihelčič, 1957) which differs from E. danubedeltaica by the presence of tubercle E2p, slightly longer seta c1 and leg IV, and thicker and clearly barbed epimeral, genital, aggenital and anal setae whereas in E. danubedeltaica tubercle E2p is absent and these setae are thinner and most are smooth, except for finely barbed genital and anal setae that are clearly visible at a high SEM magnification. In the juveniles of E. danubedeltaica, most prodorsal setae are of medium size, except for short seta in in the nymphs and very long setiform bothridial seta which are strongly curved in the distal part. Most gastronotal setae of juveniles are long, or very long, except for medium-sized c3, la, lm and h2, and short h3 in the larva, and medium-sized c3 and p2 in nymphs. The nymphs are quadrideficient and eupheredermous, i.e. they have lost the d-series setae and carry the exuvial scalps of previous instars using a cornicle located between setal pair h3. In all juveniles, the famulus ɛ on tarsus I is sunken but is emergent in the adult. Seta d accompanies solenidion σ on genua I–III and φ on tibiae II–IV.

Barnacles as biological flow indicators.

Hydrodynamic stress shapes the flora and fauna that exist in wave-swept environments, alters species interactions, and can become the primary community structuring agent. Yet, hydrodynamics can be difficult to quantify because instrumentation is expensive, some methods are unreliable, and accurately measuring spatial and temporal differences can be difficult. Here, we explored the utility of barnacles as potential biological flow-indicators. Barnacles, nearly ubiquitous within estuarine environments, have demonstrated notable phenotypic plasticity in the dimensions of their feeding appendages (cirri) and genitalia in response to flow. In high flow, barnacles have shorter, stockier cirri with shorter setae; in low flow, barnacles have longer, thinner cirri with longer setae. By measuring the relative differences in cirral dimensions, comparative differences in flow among locations can be quantified. We tested our hypothesis that ivory barnacles (Amphibalanus eburneus) could be useful biological flow indicators in two experiments. First, we performed reciprocal transplants of A. eburneus between wave protected and wave exposed areas to assess changes in morphology over 4 weeks as well as if changes dissipated when barnacles were relocated to a different wave habitat. Then, in a second study, we transplanted barnacles into low (<5 cm/s) and high flow (>25 cm/s) environments that were largely free of waves and shielded half of the transplanted barnacles to lessen flow speed. In both experiments, barnacles had significant differences in cirral morphologies across high and low flow sites. Transplanting barnacles revealed phenotypic changes occur within two weeks and can be reversed. Further, ameliorating flow within sites did not affect barnacle morphologies in low flow but had pronounced effects in high flow environments, suggesting that flow velocity was the primary driver of barnacle morphology in our experiment. These results highlight the utility of barnacles as cheap, accessible, and biologically relevant indicators of flow that can be useful for relative comparisons of flow differences among sites.

A new bathyal species of Pardaliscoides (Amphipoda, Amphilochidea, Pardaliscidae) from off the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.

A new species of pardaliscid amphipod is described and illustrated from a single male specimen collected from bathyal sediments (2125 m depth) in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The new species is morphologically closest to Pardaliscoides fictotelson Barnard, 1966, previously documented from Southern California, at 218 m depth. The new pardaliscid differs from other species in the genus in having antenna 1 with a 10-articulate accessory flagellum; maxilliped palp very long; pereopods 5-7 elongate, slender; basis pereopod 7 expanded; telson with a short U-shaped cleft and pointed lobes; uropods 1-2 outer ramus curved, peduncle flat, longer than rami; uropod 3 rami flat, fleshy-lined, with marginal distal short robust setae. An identification key for all known species in the Pardaliscoides genus is also provided. The new species increase the number of Pardaliscoides species documented to six worldwide.

Body setae of a carnivorous caterpillar are an antagonistic trait against a defensive trait of prey: A case study of the aphidophagous larvae of Taraka hamada (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Abstract To feed on prey efficiently, predators must overcome the prey's defensive traits. However, there are fewer reports on the antagonistic traits of predators than there are on the defensive traits of prey. Here, we focus on prey–predator interactions between social aphids and aphidophagous lepidopteran larvae. Larvae of Taraka hamada (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are specialist predators of the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica (Homoptera: Aphididae), and later instar larvae have long lateral body setae. Because this aphid produces defensive individuals (soldiers), we hypothesised that T. hamada larvae have an antagonistic trait that prevents attacks by soldiers and tested whether that trait might be their lateral body setae. To test whether a larva's lateral body setae constitute an antagonistic trait against the soldier's physical defence, we compared the rate of aphid consumption per unit time and the vulnerability to attack by soldiers between larvae with short lateral body setae and larvae with long lateral body setae in the presence of soldiers. Our results showed that the aphid consumption rate of larvae with long lateral body setae was significantly higher than that of larvae with short lateral body setae. Furthermore, the larvae with short lateral body setae were more vulnerable to soldier attacks than the larvae with long lateral body setae. These results imply that the length of the lateral body setae of T. hamada larvae affects their vulnerability to soldier attacks and that the lateral body setae are an antagonistic trait against the soldiers of this social aphid.

Bulbophyllum sondangii (Orchidaceae), a new species from Da Lat Plateau, southern Vietnam

A new species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae), named as B. sondangii discovered in Da Lat Plateau (Da Lat Town area, Lam Dong Province of southern Vietnam) is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to B. andersonii and B. trongsaense, but can be distinguished by a short seta at the apex of median sepal and petals; almost entire margin of petals except the fimbriate apex; lip with auricles at base; and stelidia apiculate at apex. The paper presents the taxonomical description, data on distribution, ecology, phenology and conservation status, as well as notes and the comparison of the newly described plant with morphologically similar species.

A new species of Linothele Karsch, 1879 (Araneae: Dipluridae) from south-eastern Ecuador

We describe a new species of Linothele Karsch, 1879 from the south-eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by the presence of abundant bright whitish-golden curly setae on the carapace; a patternless grey abdomen in adults, with short whitish-golden setae, short black setae and long and erected black setae, and lacking maculae; the elongate and apically tapered spermatheca with 3–5 elongated vesicles placed medially; the prominent metatarsal tubercle and tibial megaspine in leg I in the male, and the male palpal bulb longer than wide, with flattened apical part of the embolus. We comment on the bulb morphology and ontogenetic colour variation of Linothele and discuss the distribution of some Linothele from the eastern Andes and Amazonian lowlands.

New species and new records of Polynema-group genera (Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) from India

Two new species of the Polynema group of genera (Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae), Palaeoneura razii Anwar, Zeya and Usman sp. nov. and Acmopolynema misbahae Anwar, Zeya and Usman sp. nov. are described from India. Palaeoneura razii is quite remarkable in having short axillar setae and the posterior margin of the fore wing without a distinct lobe and curve. Hence, together with another described species, P. farmani Amer and Zeya from India, this new taxon is placed in the informal farmani species group of the genus Palaeoneura. In addition, we record new country and state records for two other species, A. dilemma Triapitsyn and Berezovskiy and A. malabaricum Subba Rao, respectively. A key to the Indian genera of the Polynema group is also provided. Article LSID: http://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D844F28F-6883-4B17-B433-23D3231CE719 Species LSID: Palaeoneura razii Anwar, Zeya & Usman http://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:864A3309-9A66-4722-8F1C-40F32E0AAB82 Acmopolynema misbahae Anwar, Zeya & Usmanhttp://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E4721150-0824-4085-BEAD-376D7EBDE03

Mangrovomyia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Iranian mangroves (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Hydrophorinae)

The genus Mangrovomyia Grichanov et Gilasian gen. nov. is described from Iran, including two new species, M. naserzadehae Grichanov et Gilasian sp. nov. and M. mofidii Grichanov et Gilasian sp. nov. The new genus is believed to be most closely related to the genera Hydrophorus Fallén, Epithalassius Mik and Paraliptus Bezzi in the subfamily Hydrophorinae, differing in peculiar characters of body setation, antenna, wing and male genitalia. The most distinct synapomorphies appear to be the very short and thick arista-like stylus; trapezoidal postpedicel with oblique transverse furrow; frons, face and clypeus covered with numerous setae, and anterior half of mesonotum covered with a field of numerous short setae and devoid of strong bristles. Mangrovomyia mofidii sp. nov. differs from M. naserzadehae sp. nov. in femora yellow (vs. black), fore tibia with thick and golden-brown (vs. thin and black) apical spine-like setae, katepisternum entirely covered with numerous setae (vs. without setae), and other features. Mangrove habitats of the new species are briefly discussed.

Synopsis of the genus Greeffiella (Nematoda: Desmoscolecida), with the description of two new species from the Sea of Japan and the Black Sea

The genus Greeffiella Cobb, 1922 includes twelve species inhabiting all oceans of the world. Updated brief and illustrated diagnoses, an identification key and data on the geographical and bathymetrical distribution of all Greeffiella species are given. Two new species are described and illustrated: G. japonica sp. nov. from the Sea of Japan and G. pontica sp. nov. from the Black Sea. The genus is recorded from the Sea of Japan for the first time, and G. japonica sp. nov. completes the list of the free-living nematode species inhabiting the shelf of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. This species is characterised by 70 annules dorsally and 62 ones ventrally, the ocelli located on the annules 19 and 29, somatic setae 11‒25 μm long, six pairs of subdorsal tubular setae on the body, the vulva surrounded by dense fine hair-like setae, located between the annulus 37 and 38, the tubular anus, and the terminal tube 10 μm long. Greeffiella pontica sp. nov. mentioned by the authors in 2021 as Greeffiella sp. was collected in the northwestern shelf of Crimea (the Black Sea) at a depth of 56 m and is characterised by the following characters: 67‒70 annules dorsally and 67‒68 ones ventrally, the absence of ocelli, somatic setae 12‒42 μm long, seven pairs of subdorsal tubular setae on the body, the vulva surrounded by short sparse setae, not visible anus, and the presence of three thin terminal tubes 13 μm long.

Filling gaps in the life history of the snapping shrimp Alpheus petronioi: morphology of the first post-embryonic stages reared in laboratory

ABSTRACT Larval characteristics play an important role in life history, phylogenetic and systematic studies. The morphology of the first post-embryonic stages (zoeae I–III) of the snapping shrimp Alpheus petronioi were described in detail and illustrated based on laboratory-hatched larvae. The morphological characteristics of the species were compared with available descriptions of other Alpheus species with known first zoeal stages. We provided a combination of characteristics useful for the diagnosis of the early zoeal stages of A. petronioi. The species can be separated from the first zoeal stage of the other species of the genus using the following structures: basial endite of maxillule with 2 stout spines (both without rows of spinules), and 2 small plumose setae; endopod of maxillule with 1 terminal denticulate seta, 1 short terminal simple seta and 1 subterminal spine; basial endite of maxilla bilobed, with 4 and 5 simple setae on proximal and distal lobe, respectively and basis of second maxilliped with 5 (3 strong and 2 slender) simple setae arranged (2 + 2 + 1). This is the first study on the biology of A. petronioi after its description, adding new information on its life history.

A new species of Nitokra Boeck, 1865 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Ameiridae) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

Biological samples obtained from a coastal system of northern Colombia yielded male and female specimens of an undescribed harpacticoid copepod of the diverse ameirid genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865. The new species is a member of the genus group III. We describe the new species based on adult male and female individuals. Nitokrapuebloviejensis sp. nov., appears to be most closely related to N.vietnamensis Tran & Chang, 2012, but they can be separated by the following characters: 1) number of setal elements on second segment of mandibular palp, 2) P1ENP/EXP ratio, 3) relative lengths of P2, P3ENP/EXP, 4) number of elements on male P5EXP and ENP, and 5) segmentation of male antennule. In addition, N.puebloviejensis sp. nov. can be confused with two other congeners: N.taylori Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 from South Africa and Colombia and N.kastjanensis Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008 from the White Sea, but the new species can be distinguished from them by: 1) number of setae on the maxillule coxa, 2) P1ENP/EXP ratio, 3) P2,P3ENP/EXP ratio, 4) female and male P5 setophore, 5) setation pattern of female P5EXP and ENP, 6) structure of female P6, 7) ornamentation of female anal operculum, 8) number of setae on male P5EXP, and 9) the male antennule segmentation. Most importantly, the presence of a group of five short setae on the medial surface of the maxilliped syncoxa allows the new species to be readily distinguished from its congeners. Only two subspecies and one species of this genus have been hitherto recorded from Colombia. A key to the 23 known American species of Nitokra is provided.

Morphological ontogeny of Punctoribates ghilarovi (Acari, Oribatida, Punctoribatidae)

The morphological ontogeny of Punctoribates ghilarovi Shaldybina, 1969 is described and illustrated. This species is most similar to P. mundus Shaldybina, 1973, but is larger than the latter species. The juveniles of P. ghilarovi are light brown, with most prodorsal setae of medium size, except for long seta ro in the larva, and short and smooth seta ex in all instars. The larva has 12 pairs of gastronotal setae, including h3, the nymphs have 15 pairs. Most of them are medium sized and barbed, except for slightly longer dm, dp, lm, lp and h1, and short and smooth h3 in the larva, and short and smooth da and dm, slightly longer dp, and clearly longer h1, h3 and lp in the nymphs. In all juveniles, a humeral organ is present.

Taxonomic study of the genus Gammarus (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) from Xinjiang, China, with description of a new species.

A new species, Gammarus hoboksar Hou, sp. nov., is described from the Irtysh River basin of Xinjiang, China. The species differs morphologically from its congeners by calceoli of antenna II absent; merus and carpus of pereopods IIIIV with short setae; inner ramus of uropod III about 0.79 times the length of outer ramus, terminal article of outer ramus about 0.24 times the length of first article; telson cleft, with spines and setae on surface and three spines on distal end. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rRNA and COI gene sequences supported the species distinctness. A key to the genus Gammarus with nine species and a map of their distributions are provided.

Two new species of oribatid mites of Leptotocepheus (Acari, Oribatida, Otocepheidae) from Malawi

Two new species of oribatid mites of the genus Leptotocepheus (Oribatida, Otocepheidae) are described from Malawi. Leptotocepheus malawiensis sp. nov. differs from the related species L. macromucronatus by the well developed, spindle-form bothridial seta with distinctly elongate, pointed tip distally (versus slightly developed, fusiform, without elongate, pointed tip distally). Leptotocepheus zombaensis sp. nov. differs from the related species L. trimucronatus by the comparatively short notogastral setae la, h3, p1 and p3, longest notogastral setae h1 and h2 (versus all notogastral setae slightly differs in length) and long interlamellar seta (versus medium-sized).

A new species of the genus Coraebus from China (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae).

A new species of the genus Coraebus Gory Laporte, 1839 from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan in China is described and illustrated: Coraebus bimaculatus sp. nov. It is similar to C. violaceipennis Saunders, 1866, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the elytral surface with spots, posterior margin of ventrite V distinctly concaved, elytral apices with small serrations, and parameral membrane of male terminalia with very short setae. This new species has distinct sexual dimorphism in the numbers of elytral spots and the tibiae shape.

Ingensalinae subfam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea: Inoderbidae), a new planthopper subfamily from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from Myanmar

Abstract. The second genus and species of recently established planthopper family Inoderbidae, Ingensala xiai gen. et sp. nov., is described based on a well-preserved specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin (Burmese) amber, and it can be definitely attributed to Inoderbidae mainly based on its head structure, pronotum, and mesonotum without median and lateral carinae and tegmen venation. Ingensala gen. nov. is superficially similar to Eofulgoridium regarding its venation pattern, rather than to the Inoderbidae type genus Inoderbe, and further confirmed that Inoderbidae might descend from the Jurassic planthopper family Fulgoridiidae. The early fork of CuA and the stem CuA bearing many branches also can be found in Jurassic Qiyangiricaniidae and Eocene Weiwoboidae. Ingensala gen. nov. also superficially resembles some Tropiduchidae: Tropiduchinae. The new genus differs from the type genus Inoderbe to a large extent according to its wide head, frons without fastigium, antennae not so elongate, the tectiform condition of wings' position in repose, large, broad and translucent tegmen, triangular basal cell, single CuA1, legs covered with short setae, and the lack of filamentous wax on body. Therefore, two new subfamilies (Inoderbinae stat. nov. and Ingensalinae subfam. nov.) are established for these two genera respectively. The diversification in planthoppers could be the result of pressure of environmental changes during the mid-Cretaceous, and Inoderbidae provides more information for us to understand the Cretaceous stage of Fulgoroidea evolution and diversification.

A New Species of Free-living Marine Nematode (Ptycholaimellus: Chromadoridae: Chromadorida: Nematoda) from Mangrove Wetlands in China.

This study presents a new species of free-living marine nematode, Ptycholaimellus luoyang sp. nov., from mangrove wetlands in China. The identification was confirmed by analyzing morphological characteristics and three genes: COI, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA. This species is distinguished from allied species by its short cephalic setae, cylindrical pharynx with anterior swelling, sclerotized transverse ridges occurring near the dorsal tooth, rod-like gubernaculum and proximal, arch-like, slightly waved, middle curved, and distally pointed spicules. The Bayesian topology was regarded as morphological evidence of P. luoyang sp. nov. being a distinct species. Interspecific and intrageneric thresholds of the K2P distance divergence have been presented here for the first time.