Abstract
Abstract. The second genus and species of recently established planthopper family Inoderbidae, Ingensala xiai gen. et sp. nov., is described based on a well-preserved specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin (Burmese) amber, and it can be definitely attributed to Inoderbidae mainly based on its head structure, pronotum, and mesonotum without median and lateral carinae and tegmen venation. Ingensala gen. nov. is superficially similar to Eofulgoridium regarding its venation pattern, rather than to the Inoderbidae type genus Inoderbe, and further confirmed that Inoderbidae might descend from the Jurassic planthopper family Fulgoridiidae. The early fork of CuA and the stem CuA bearing many branches also can be found in Jurassic Qiyangiricaniidae and Eocene Weiwoboidae. Ingensala gen. nov. also superficially resembles some Tropiduchidae: Tropiduchinae. The new genus differs from the type genus Inoderbe to a large extent according to its wide head, frons without fastigium, antennae not so elongate, the tectiform condition of wings' position in repose, large, broad and translucent tegmen, triangular basal cell, single CuA1, legs covered with short setae, and the lack of filamentous wax on body. Therefore, two new subfamilies (Inoderbinae stat. nov. and Ingensalinae subfam. nov.) are established for these two genera respectively. The diversification in planthoppers could be the result of pressure of environmental changes during the mid-Cretaceous, and Inoderbidae provides more information for us to understand the Cretaceous stage of Fulgoroidea evolution and diversification.
Highlights
The Hemiptera is the fifth largest order among insects and the largest outside the hyperdiverse Holometabola (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005; Szwedo, 2018)
Ingensala gen. nov. can be assigned to Hemiptera according to its piercing–sucking mouthparts and can be attributed to Fulgoromorpha due to structure of head capsule with carinae, antennae positioned below the compound eyes, short basicubital triangle and presence of the metatibio-tarsal pecten, and it can be referred to the superfamily Fulgoroidea based on a combination of the following characters: head capsule with margins carinate, clypeus with lateral carinae; antennal pedicel with lentiform flattened plaque sensory organs and whip-like flagellum, tegulae present, tegmen with narrow appendix transversely wrinkled and “Y-shape” veins on clavus
The similar shape of tegmen, triangular basal cell, the costal area with more than 10 transverse veinlets, MP forked late, CuA forked near the same level of ScP + R fork, CuP reaching margin at about 3/5ths of tegminal length, Pcu + A1 reaching claval margin slightly beyond half of tegminal length are all same features present in both genera, Ingensala and Eofulgoridium, but the colour pattern and numerous transverse veinlets of Eofulgoridium is lacking in Ingensala (Martynov, 1937; Zhang et al, 2003)
Summary
The Hemiptera is the fifth largest order among insects and the largest outside the hyperdiverse Holometabola (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005; Szwedo, 2018). The suborder Fulgoromorpha, commonly known as planthoppers, is one of the main groups of hemipterans (Bartlett et al, 2018; Szwedo, 2018), and it contains three superfamilies: the extinct Permian Coleoscytoidea Martynov, 1935, extinct Permo-Triassic Surijokocixioidea Shcherbakov, 2000, and one extant superfamily Fulgoroidea Latreille, 1807, known in the fossil record since the Triassic (Szwedo et al, 2004; Zhang et al, 2021). The fossil record of Fulgoromorpha dates back to the Permian, pre-Jurassic Fulgoromorpha were not numerous and diverse (Shcherbakov, 2004). Coleoscytoidea only contains 3 genera and 10 species, and Surijokocixioidea only includes 7.
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