Short Face Research Articles

Influence of facial components in classIII malocclusion esthetic perception of orthodontists, patients, and laypersons.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different facial components (face length, lip volume, nose size, and cheekbone contour) on the perception of facial attractiveness of patients with Angle classIII malocclusion in different categories of responders (orthodontists, laypersons, patients) with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulations. An ideal standard 3D face was manipulated to create aclassIII facial malocclusion. Four facial components were modified (face length, lip volume, nose size and cheekbone contour) and the resulting simulations were used to obtain 2D figures and 3D videos, which were evaluated in asurvey by orthodontists, patients, and laypersons. No significant differences were detected between the 2D figures and 3D video simulations. Good correspondence was shown between the three categories of responders for the most and the least attractive faces. Smaller lips and bigger nose, regardless to the vertical dimension (short or long face), were found to be the least attractive features with agreement of all respondents. Regarding classIII facial attractiveness perception, the sum of all facial features and not the alteration of asingle component alone seems to play akey role in the perception of facial attractiveness. The 2D or 3D perspective did not play asignificant role in perception and the analyzed categories of responders did not show significant differences when perceiving facial attractiveness of the utilized simulations.

On 3-Colouring Of Graphs with Short Faces and Bounded Maximum Vertex Degree

On 3-Colouring Of Graphs with Short Faces and Bounded Maximum Vertex Degree

Extending the “Reach” of the Short-Scar Facelift with Energy Devices—An Early Report

Facial rejuvenation has become more popular. A wider breadth of the patient population is seeking procedures to preserve their youthful facial attributes and to remedy age-related deleterious changes. Along with this increasing interest in facial rejuvenation is also the expressed desire for any interventions to be relatively low risk, with limited recovery, and with achievable positive results. Many new technologies have become available in an attempt to improve age-related facial changes. The radiofrequency (RF)-based technologies are largely directed toward skin tightening and toward reducing and remodeling subcutaneous fat. It can be contemplated that the combination of RF-based technology with limited surgical procedures may extend the patient selection for less invasive procedures while improving potential results. This is a report of the combination of radiofrequency technologies-percutaneous and transcutaneous-with short scar face techniques in facial rejuvenation.

Dento-Skeletal Abnormalities in School-aged Children in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate skeleto-dental abnormalities in 9-11-year-old school children, in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional descriptive study, a random cluster sampling was done among 19 school districts. A total of 1,429 socioeconomically and ethnically diverse Iranian schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years were studied. A brief questionnaire including background information such as gender and age was completed by the parents. Clinical examinations included the evaluation of sagittal and vertical skeletal relationship, Facial form (facial index), and the presence of significant asymmetry. Results: There were 758 males and 671 females with the mean age of 10 years±8 months. According to the sagittal skeletal relationship, the most prevalent type was convex (63%) that presenting the skeletal Cl II jaw relation; followed by straight (32.9%); and then concave (4.1%). In the vertical skeletal relationship, 73.9% of the children had an average facial relationship, 18.4 % had a long face pattern; and 7.8% had a short face pattern. Regarding facial form in the frontal view, the most common was the average form (79.3%); followed by narrow (14%); and broad (6.7%). The prevalence of significant facial asymmetry was 15.2%. Conclusion: The prevalence of dento-skeletal abnormalities were high. The majority of the Iranian schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years, had at least one dento-skeletal abnormality, even though it is commonly preventable.

How Can Bad News Increase Price? Short Squeezes After Short-Selling Attacks

We examine market returns following short-selling attacks, where short sellers publicly disclose the negative information that led them to short their targets. Counterintuitively, we find that for a significant proportion of these attacks (about 30%), the initial market reactions are positive. Consistent with short squeezes being a major driver of these positive returns, we demonstrate that about half of initially positive returns fully reverse over the following quarter, relative to about a third of initially negative returns, and this asymmetric reversal pattern cannot be explained by short sellers profitably covering their positions, by misleading disclosures, or by market attention. Further, short covering levels are high for target firms with initially positive returns that reverse, further suggesting that price pressure from short sellers forced to close their positions explains some of these positive returns. We find that short squeezes are difficult to predict ahead of time but may be triggered by conditions on the day of the attack, including insider purchases, highlighting the difficulty short sellers face in avoiding this risk. Lastly, short squeezes impose substantial costs on short sellers, leading to an average loss of $70 million per suspected squeezed campaign relative to estimated profits of $35 million per successful campaign.

Some peculiarities of excavation of three flat seams strata using draglines

One of the methods of increasing the efficiency of dragline operation is to optimize their work when mining the end sections of the cuts. This is especially important when the length of the work front is relatively short. With mining operations going deeper, and the complication of mining and geological conditions of bedding, it often becomes necessary to mine shorter face sections. However, as a rule, design bureaus do not take into account and do not visualize excavation of end sections, because these are, in fact, special cases of standard excavation schemes. Nevertheless, it significantly complicates the organization of mining operations due to the need to create routes for draglines to ascend and descend to the dump tiers. Scientific literature does not pay enough attention to this issue due to its complexity and the need for a full-scale field experiment, which in modern conditions is often very problematic. This article establishes the relevance of the above-mentioned issue and identifies directions for further research.

Defining dysmorphic facial features in congenital Zika syndrome.

Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) constitutes a recently identified malformation caused by Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Limited data is available to date on the facial dysmorphic features of these patients. This study evaluated the facial dysmorphisms of children with CZS, compared with clinically healthy children, using clinical examination and standardized photographic images. Sixty-three children with CZS (9.70 ± 3.2 months-age), and 31 Controls (8.67 ± 6.2 months-age) joined the study. Seven out of 15 indices differed between groups: midfacial height (MFH)/horizontal facial reference (HFR) (p = .0003), interalar distance/HFR (p = .0027), nasal root depth/MFH (p = .0030), posterior nasal length/MFH (p = .0002), vertical position of the ear/MFH (p <.0001), ear length/MFH (p = .0005), chin height/total facial height (CH/TFH) (p <.0001). A CH/TFH of 0.229 showed 93.9% sensitivity and 80.6% specificity in diagnosing CZS. Children with CZS had broad, short faces, decreased intercanthal distance, short posterior nasal length, prominent nasal root, broad nasal wings, and high-set and long ears. Increased chin height index provided the most accurate diagnostic potential.

Morphometric characteristics of cervical vertebrae in subjects with short, normal, and long faces.

The prolonged change in the head posture alters the morphological characteristics of cervical vertebrae. The difference in the head posture among subjects with short, normal, and long anterior facial heights might have a significant influence on the morphological characteristics of cervical vertebrae. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of cervical vertebrae in subjects with short, normal, and long faces. Based on Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA) on lateral cephalograms, 135 subjects were equally divided into three groups, i.e. Group I [Short face], II [Normal face], and III [Long face]. The angular variables like Atlas-dens angle (ADA), Pars interarticularis-dens angle (PDA), Pars interarticularis-vertebrae angle of C3 vertebrae (PVA3), Pars interarticularis-vertebrae angle of C4 vertebrae (PVA4), Lamina-Pars interarticularis angle of C2 vertebrae (LP2), Lamina-Pars interarticularis angle of C3 vertebrae (LP3), and Lamina-Pars interarticularis angle of C4 vertebrae (LP4) in the first four cervical vertebrae were measured, analyzed, and compared. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Bonferroni, and Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were used. The P value of 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. All parameters except PDA and PVA3 were comparable among the groups. The PDA was 54.350 ± 1.870, 57.890 ± 1.550, and 60.290 ± 2.830 in Group I, II, and III, respectively; these differences were statistically significant [P < 0.001]. The PVA3 was 42.700 ± 5.640 in Group I, 45.850 ± 3.820 in Group II, and 45.590 ± 5.530 in Group III subjects that were also statistically significant [P < 0.01]. A fairly strong positive correlation was observed between FMA and PDA. A significant difference was found in the PDA among subjects with short, normal, and long faces. The vertical height of the face had a strong correlation with the morphology of axis vertebra.

Housebuilding of the Itkul Culture population in the subtaiga — forest-steppe Trans-Urals

This paper presents the results of the analysis of housebuilding tradition and graphical reconstruction of nine buildings from three stages of the eastern branch of the Itkul Culture (end of the 8th — 6th c. BC): Itkul (end of the 8th — first half of the 7th c. BC); Karagay-Aulsky (second half of the 7th c. BC); and Vak-Kurovsky (6th c. BC). The fortified settlements, whose buildings have been studied, are located in the valley of the Tobol River (subtaiga — northern forest-steppe zone, Western Siberia): Karagai Aul 1; Karagai Aul 4; Vak-Kur 2; and Sanatoriy Lesnye Gorki 1. By means of constrained reconstruction based on the analysis of planigraphy and stratigraphy of the excavation site, basic elements of the building frame, viz., the postholes marking the boundary and belonging to the building structure, were identified. Then the specifics of the building frame, techniques employed in construc-tion of walls and roof, and building materials were determined. In the final step of the reconstruction, a series of drawings of the buildings were created. As a result of the analysis of the building remains, a long-lasting house-building tradition of the western Itkul Culture population has been recorded — the use of a pile-dwelling structure built on the day surface. In terms of the shape, elongated sub-rectangular and polygonal-rounded dwellings have been identified. The wall framework consisted of two pillars joined by a beam at the top. These modules consti-tuted perimeter of the structure and were held together by a second row of joists. The framework of the walls and the ridge beam were fixed to each other by scaffold poles placed on the ridge beam at one end and on the wall joist at the other end. The space between the frame elements was filled with tilted timber logs, whole or split lengthwise, and the walls at the top would be insulated with bark and hay or have a soil filler. The roof of the buil-dings was mainly double-slope and a four-slope roof has been recorded only in one instance. The exit from the building was located in one of the walls, usually the short (face) wall. Annexes (lofts?) have been recorded for four buildings. The pile-dwelling structures of above-ground type have a broad range of territorial and chronological analogies; although in the Tobol River region at the turn of the Bronze to the Early Iron Age they appeared in a developed form. The origins of this phenomenon in the studied territory can be established by further research.

Selective breeding in domestic dogs: How selecting for a short face impacted canine neuroanatomy.

The range of cranial morphology seen in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is a direct result of thousands of years of selective breeding. This article is the first to investigate how selection for reduced faces in brachycephalic dogs impacted the neuroanatomy of the canine brain through the analysis of endocasts. Previous research has demonstrated global effects on the shape of the bony cranium as the result of these breeding practices; however, these studies have largely focused on the bony structures of the skull and failed to consider the influence of facial reduction on the soft tissues of the brain. We generated endocasts from an existing set of clinically-obtained CT scans representing a variety of dogs with various cranial morphologies. These dogs represented four breeds as well as a comparative sample of dogs of unknown breed. We recorded three-dimensional coordinate data for 31 landmarks representing various gyri, sulci, and other neuroanatomical landmarks that allowed us to analyze differences in shape of the endocasts. Through geometric morphometric analyses, we determined that the endocast shape variance in this sample is correlated with cephalic index, and thus the selection for facial reduction has caused a perceivable effect on canine neuroanatomy. Additionally, we found the majority of the shape variance in the sample to be associated with olfactory anatomy; however, the rest of the morphology also correlates with cephalic index. The results of this article indicate that modern breeding practices and the selection for dogs with short faces have significantly influenced canine neuroanatomy.

Nahoum Index in Brachyfacial Patients: A Pilot Study.

Our aim is to test the Nahoum Index as a support in the cephalometric study of vertical dimension and therapeutic orientation in adult patients suffering from Class II malocclusion, deep bite, or short face syndrome. Twenty-three patients with molar Class II and an overbite >4 mm were stratified into two groups: orthodontic (G2) and surgical orthodontic (G1). The ANB angle and Nahoum Index were calculated for cephalometric tracing pre- and post-treatment. The difference between the ANB and Nahoum Index values were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. In G1, the Nahoum Index decreased from 0.954 to 0.797, and the ANB angle decreased from 5.2° to 3.2°. In G2, the Nahoum Index decreased from 0.825 to 0.817, and the ANB angle decreased from 4.4° to 4°. In G1, the difference between before and after treatment was significant for the Nahoum Index only. The difference between before and after values was not significant in the G2 group. It is possible to indicate the Nahoum Index of 0.934 as the limit value in case of which a patient may be treated with orthodontics only. This limit is the opposite of the limit proposed by Nahoum for vertical excess cases and respect the same interval. Therefore, we can consider the range 0.81-0.934 to indicate borderline patients, and >0.934 to indicate surgical patients. If the ratio is close to the normal value as 0.81, the treatment will be orthodontic; if it is further increased, the treatment will be surgical.

Eyes Versus Faces: Morphologic Characteristics of Human Eyes in Different Facial Forms.

To evaluate the static eye characteristics of female patients with short, normal, and long faces. Standardized full face frontal photographs of 163 female patients in the age range of 15 to 25 years were screened to evaluate their facial index (FI). Based on FI, 27 were short face (group I), 31 were normal face (group II), and 26 were long face (group III) photographs. All 84 photographs were then analyzed manually to determine various static eye characteristics. Descriptive statistics, 1-way analysis of variance and posthoc test (Bonferroni) for multiple comparisons were used. A P-value of 0.05 was considered as level of significance. The eye index was significantly different in group I, group II, and group III patients (P < 0.001). The position of the eyes in relation to width of face was significantly less in short (P < 0.05) faces and more in long (P < 0.001) faces compared to normal faces. The intereye distance was equal to the length of 1 eye in all 3 types of faces. Among all types of faces, the intereye distance was nearly half of the interpupillary distance and approximately one-fourth of the face width. The eye divergence was significantly less in long faces compared to short (P < 0.001) and normal faces (P < 0.05). The static morphologic characteristics of eyes were significantly different among females with different facial morphologies.

Refinements in Tailoring the Lift-and-fill Facelift.

Individualizing facelift techniques through proper preoperative analysis is an important technique that can successfully enhance the patient’s overall result.1–5 Accurate preoperative analysis is key in the decision-making process for how the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is shaped and lifted. Techniques that center on SMASectomy and SMAS stacking with wide skin undermining allow for exceptional results without the need for an extended sub-SMAS dissection.5–13 The area to be undermined is first injected with 120 mL per side of dilute lidocaine (1:400,000) solution with epinephrine. Skin incisions and flap undermining are identical in both approaches. The procedure is started by creating a curvilinear skin incision parallel to the root of the helix followed by a separate intertragal incision. The incision continues following the lobule facial sulcus, leaving approximately 1 mm of facial skin on the lobule. Next, the incision is completed staying 2–3 mm onto the postauricular skin, then curving at the auricularis posterior down along then into the hairline. The skin flap is sharply dissected off the underlying SMAS as outlined below. These zones are not based on anatomical landmarks but are instead used to help simplify the flap undermining process. (See Video [online], which demonstrates the authors’ lift-and-fill facelift.) {"href":"Single Video Player","role":"media-player-id","content-type":"play-in-place","position":"float","orientation":"portrait","label":"Video 1.","caption":"SMAS Stacking. Video 1 from “Refinements in Tailoring the Lift and Fill Facelift”","object-id":[{"pub-id-type":"doi","id":""},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-stream-id","id":"1_7nq17ych"},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-source","id":"Kaltura"}]} There are 3 zones of dissection: The first zone is composed of 2 lines: the first from the alar base to the tragus and the second from the tragus down to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. The second zone is from posterior to the sternocleidomastoid to the post auricular neck area. The third zone is everything cephalic from a line drawn from the alar base to the lobule. Differences in facial length must be recognized because altering the direction of SMAS movement can help balance final facial shape.5,14 Facial analysis can identify variations in facial structure: long versus short and narrow versus wide. The most common combinations of these being long/narrow and short/wide.15 Identification of the long side of the face will dictate the direction of SMAS pull, with long faces requiring a horizontal pull and short faces necessitating a more oblique vector. Facial fullness is also an important factor to consider when deciding between SMAS plication (SMAS stacking) and SMASectomy. Faces with excess facial fullness need to have volume removed, which is accomplished with SMASectomy to create a more balanced facial structure. For the SMASectomy, only a superficial portion of the SMAS is excised, preserving the facial nerve branches below.16,17 If the face is overly thin, then this may be corrected through SMAS stacking, which creates more fullness in the malar region. Therefore, for the esthetic management of a long/narrow face, SMAS stacking with a horizontal vector of pull allows for malar fullness while correcting for excess facial length. Similarly, a short/wide face is best treated with SMASectomy and plication in a more oblique vector to maintain facial length while correcting for excess malar fullness, creating a more youthful look. Filling of deflated facial fat compartments using autologous fat is an essential supplement to any rhytidectomy. The “lift-and-fill” technique has modernized facial rejuvenation, with precise volume augmentation as a compulsory component of complete facial rejuvenation.15,18 We are able to accurately and precisely augment deflated facial fat compartments while the SMAS and its involved structures are selectively repositioned. The superficial and deep fat compartments as well as the lift-and-fill technique have been extensively researched with excellent long-term results.15 A complete understanding of preoperative facial structure allows for the surgeon to customize the lift-and-fill facelift technique to produce increased balance and correction of preoperative asymmetries. By altering the direction of SMAS pull and through the manipulation of SMAS volume, a complete restoration of malar fullness and facial width is accomplished.

The Ganong Dancer of Java: A Changing Traditional Technique to Acrobatic

ABSTRACT This article will describe a unique phenomenon that occurs in the area of traditional dance with acrobatic techniques. The focus of this article is on the dancer figure Ganong who is one of the main roles in Reyog dance. The dancer's full name is the role of Bujang Ganong. Bujang Ganong (Ganongan) or Pujangga Anom is one of the energetic figures in Reyog Ponorogo. Hilarious figure at the same time has more expertise in martial arts. So that in every Reyog Ponorogo show, the performance is always eagerly awaited by the audience especially among the children. Bujang Ganong portrays the figure of a young governor who is nimble, strong-willed, clever, witty and supernatural. Physically, Bujang Ganong is depicted as having a small body, short and ugly face, big nose, big round eyes, bulging teeth, long-toothed and long-haired dreadlocks. Bujang Ganong in the past obyog reyog art does not play much role. Bujangganong only became a complement and as a humorous figure entertaining the audience, to break the ice. Acting hilariously at will followed by gamelan, teasing reyog barong, teasing jathil and also interacting teasing the audience. Not many dances and acrobatic Bujang Ganong performed at that time. This article is a methodological exploration combined from an ethnocoreological approach and a gymnastic approach. Visually the influence of the gymnastic sport element is very strong in the form of movements that are outside the dance rhythm. For this reason, this article examines the elements of acrobatic techniques such as what currently appear to be the dominant style of performance in Ganong dance.

Short Face Dentofacial Deformities: Changes in Social Perceptions, Facial Esthetics, and Occlusion After Bimaxillary and Chin Orthognathic Correction.

The purpose of this study was to document changes in social perceptions and facial esthetics, and document occlusion outcomes in a series of short face (SF) dentofacial deformity (DFD) subjects. The investigators hypothesized that subjects would achieve positive change in social perceptions and facial esthetics, and maintain a long-term corrected occlusion after undergoing bimaxillary and chin osteotomies.A retrospective cohort study was implemented. Photographic records and occlusion parameters were studied preoperatively and >2 years after surgery. The first outcome variable was social perceptions of SF subjects, judged by laypersons. The second outcome variable was facial esthetics, judged by professionals. The third outcome variable was occlusion maintained long-term.Fifteen subjects met inclusion criteria. Mean age at operation was 33 years. Consistent facial contour deformities at presentation included deficient maxillary dental show and downturned oral commissures. As a group, there was improvement (P < 0.05) in 11 of 12 social perceptions, judged by laypersons, all subjects achieved correction of the facial esthetic parameters studied by professionals, and all subjects maintained a favorable occlusion long-term.In SF DFD subjects, bimaxillary and chin surgery proved effective to improve social perceptions, to correct facial contour deformities, and in achieving a long-term corrected occlusion.

Craniofacial Morphology of Juvenile Mice with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disorder affecting the synthesis and structure of type I collagen (Col1) due to autosomal dominant mutations in proa1(I) or proa2(I) collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2). Clinical manifestations of the severe OI type III include bone fragility, reduced physical stature, low bone mineral density, and midface hypoplasia resulting in a “triangle face” phenotype. To investigate the influence of Col1 on juvenile craniofacial morphology, we used the homozygous OI murine (OIM−/−) mouse model at the weaning stage (21 days).The OIM−/− mouse has a nonlethal recessively inherited mutation of the COL1A2 gene and exhibits adult cranial and post‐cranial phenotypes similar to humans with severe OI type III. OIM−/− and wild type (WT) littermates were weaned at 21 days and scanned in‐vivo with a Skyscan 1176 micro‐CT system. Craniofacial landmarks were collected using 3D Slicer software. Interlandmark distances (ILDs) and centroid sizes were calculated using Past 2.17 software. ILDS were scaled against skull/mandible centroid size to account for the effect of overall body size on shape analyses. Mann‐Whitney U‐tests were used to compare both absolute and relative (scaled) ILDs between the genotypes.Craniomandibular centroid sizes and absolute linear distances (skull, rostrum, palate, and mandible lengths) demonstrate that the OIM−/− mice are smaller overall than their WT littermates. When scaled to centroid size, juvenile OIM−/− mice have a decrease in nasal length, midface height, and mandibular diastema length and an increase in hemimandible length compared to WT mice. For a given skull length, OIM−/− mice have shorter faces in both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions.The morphometric changes seen in the juvenile OIM−/− mice replicate the “triangle face” that is commonly seen in human pediatric populations with OI. This suggests that this mouse model can potentially be used to investigate the structural changes underlying the human OI phenotype and potential therapeutic interventions. The results of this study can be used to inform future studies of craniofacial developmental in older OIM−/− mice.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by an Indiana University Collaborative Research Grant and the Ralph W. and Grace Showalter Trust.

Selective Breeding in Domestic Dogs: How Selecting for a Short Face Impacted Canine Neuroanatomy

Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) exhibit a wide range of cranial morphologies. This diversity in skull shape is largely the result of modern selective breeding practices. This project investigates the impact of selection for facial reduction on canine neuroanatomy. Previous research has indicated that the breeding for reduced faces in dogs has led to global impacts in the shape of their skull and mandible. This previous research has largely failed to consider, however, the impact of these breeding practices on the soft neuroanatomical tissue. We generated endocasts from an existing set of clinically‐obtained CT scans. This sample consists of a variety of dogs with various cranial morphologies representing four known breeds as well as a comparative sample of dogs of unknown breed. We recorded three‐dimensional coordinate data for 31 landmarks representing various gyri, sulci, and other neuroanatomical landmarks. Placing landmarks at these locations allowed us to analyze differences in shape of the endocasts. Using geometric morphometric analysis, we found that the endocast shape variance in this sample is correlated with cephalic index and as a result, it is clear that selection for facial reduction has caused a perceivable effect on canine neuroanatomy. Furthermore, we found that the majority of the shape variance in the sample was associated with olfactory anatomy. Despite this fact, when the olfactory anatomy‐associated landmarks were excluded from the sample, the rest of the brain morphology was also correlated with cephalic index. The results of this project indicate that modern breeding practices, specifically the selection for dogs with squished faces, have significantly impacted canine neuroanatomy.

Kajian Teknis Penggalian Lapisan Tanah Atas dan Kaksa untuk Meningkatkan Laju Pemindahan Tanah pada Kapal Keruk 21 Singkep 1 di Perairan Air Kantung, Sungailiat, Bangka

One of the parameters of dredgers succeed is the rate success of overburden and kaksa per hour. For Dredger 21 Singkep 1 in September 2016 its LPT reach 493 m3/h, so it is still not yet achieved the ideal LPT dredger with bowl measuring 24 cuft of 782,44 m3/hour. The technical study on the excavation of top soil and kaksa done through the stages of research that consists of data collection, grouping the data as well as data processing and analysis. The results of this study indicateLPT ideal on the excavation of top soil for 978,05 m3/hour can be achieved by setting an average depth of 0.54 m emphasis ladder on the side wire speed of 6.82 m/minute and the pull wire speed setting aside that is equal to 8,04 m/minute at an average depth of 0.46 m emphasis ladder, while ideal in the excavation layer kaksa’s LPT of 586.83 m3/hour can be achieved by setting an average depth of 0.26 m emphasis ladder on the side of the wire speed 8.73 m/minute and the pull wire speed setting aside of 11.16 m/ minute at an average depth of 0.20 m emphasis ladder. LPT excavation of topsoil using face long methods reaches 845.38 m3/hour, or an increase of 19.7% from the LPT on short face methods that is equal to 652.78 m3/hour.

Short Selling and the Game-Ending Greater Fool

Equity short sellers face a risk that an acquirer - called here the "game-ending greater fool" - will acquire the short target at a premium to the short price even if the short seller is correct about overvaluation. If short sellers account for this risk, even partially, then prices may be too high even in markets that allow unrestricted short selling.

The Effect of Maxillary Posterior Space Discrepancy on the Molars and Overbite in Class II Malocclusions with Different Vertical Patterns

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the influence of maxillary posterior space discrepancy (MPDD) on angulation and vertical position of molars in patients with skeletal class II malocclusions, presenting long, short, and normal vertical growth patterns. In total, 120 lateral cephalograms of patients (mean age: 23 years) with skeletal class II malocclusion were evaluated. Patients were divided into six groups based on their vertical growth pattern (normal, long, and short faces) and the presence or absence of maxillary posterior discrepancy. Maxillary molars' sagittal angulation and vertical position were measured on cephalograms via Dolphin™ three-dimensional (3D) software (version 11.5). The comparison between groups with the same vertical dimension and different status of MPDD was done with independent t test. The analysis of analysis (ANOVA) was used to make pairwise comparison between all six groups. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of molar position and MPDD on the anterior overbite. The results showed that the angulation of the maxillary first molar was not statistically different between groups with the same vertical dimension but varied in terms of MPDD. The maxillary second molar was more distally inclined in patients with MPDD than those without MPDD with short and normal facial types (p value = 0.016 and p value = 0.001, respectively). The second molar had significantly more distal angulation in long face patients than short and normal face participants, without considering the status of MPDD. The upper first and second molars were erupted more in patients with long than short or normal faces, without any influence of MPDD. The presence of MPDD caused more distal inclination of the maxillary second molar, in skeletal class II patients with short and normal vertical growth patterns. The status of MPDD and its effect on the maxillary second molar teeth should be considered in skeletal class II patients with short and normal vertical growth patterns.